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Organization of production - Kurochkin A.S.

1.2 Organization of production: the nature and objectives

The essence of the category "production"

Material production is the process of creating material goods necessary for the existence and development of society.

Production is a natural condition of human life and the material basis of other activities.

Production exists at all stages of the development of human society. Its content defines the process of labor, which involves the following three components:

• expedient activities, or directly work;

• the object of labor, that is, everything that the expedient human activity is directed at;

• Means of labor, especially tools - machines, equipment, tools, through which a person transforms objects of labor, adapting them to meet their own needs.

The product of material production is a material good, which is a combination of the substance of nature and labor. The material good satisfies the needs of man and society directly as a vital means, as an object of consumption and indirectly as a means of production. Consumables are used for personal consumption and meet the natural needs of people in food, clothing, housing, and spiritual needs. The means of production consist of objects of labor and means of labor and are used only for production consumption.

The essence of the category "organization"

The word "organization" has many "meanings, among which three stand out:

• organization as a system;

• organization as a state of the system;

• organization as a process. Organizations as a system are inherent:

• Integrity - it is assumed that the system is a collection of specific elements with inherent properties and the nature of the relationship. Thus, the system stands out from the infinite variety of objects of the material world;

• divisibility - it is assumed that the system can be divided into subsystems and elements, which, in turn, have systemic properties. The system under study enters as a component or subsystem into a wider set of elements, that is, into a system of a higher level.

For organizational systems, the existence of a goal is characteristic - the same set of interrelated elements represents different systems depending on the purpose with respect to which it is considered. Thus, the machine is a system designed to perform certain technological operations. For a research engineer, this is a system designed to obtain dynamic or operational characteristics. Depending on the purpose, these or other properties of the elements of the system and their connections are investigated.

The functioning of the system as a whole is ensured by the links between its elements. There are three types of links:

• functionally necessary - by means of them the relations defined for this or that system, for example, socio-economic (relations of management, subordination, social, etc.) are formed;

• synergistic (joint action) - when joint actions of some parts of the system elements provide an increase in their overall effect to a value exceeding the sum of effects from the same parts acting independently;

• excess - superfluous or contradictory.

Organization as a state of the system implies its organization, that is, the existence of a certain order or degree of orderliness of the system, including its structure and functioning.

Many shortcomings in production activity are explained by organizational features. Therefore, improving the organization based on the application of the theory of the organization and its laws is an important reserve for increasing the efficiency of production systems.
Organization as a process is a manifestation of social activity that arose on the basis of the social division of labor. The functional purpose of the organization as a process is the creation of new and qualitative improvement of previously created and functioning systems of any type. Therefore, to organize - means either to create a system again, or to improve its state in the process of functioning in accordance with changing internal and external conditions. Organization as a form of social activity is always concrete, like other types of labor. Specificity of the organization is determined by its object. For the production system, the organization of production, the organization of labor and the organization of management are of great importance.

Organization as a process carried out by people, it took shape in a huge in scale independent object. Therefore, a special group of professional workers - managers, specialists in management organization - was also singled out.

Definition of the concept of production organization

The science of the organization of production, or, as it is often called now, the scientific organization of production as a new science was born a little over a hundred years ago. Over the years, she has experienced both rapid upsurge and decades of stagnation.

At the same time, at present there is no unambiguous definition of the content of "organization of production" in the literature. Attempts to give a definition that would most fully reflect the essence of the organization of production, were made at the beginning of the 20th century. Many scientists and specialists: K. Adametsky, I. Budryansky, Yu. Milonov, etc. In the late 30's and early 40's B. Katzenbogen, Yu. Lyubovich formulated the most accurate definitions of the concept of "organization of production."

Many scientists in the 60's and 80's also proposed their own definitions of the subject "organization of production." These definitions can be grouped into two versions:

• a science that studies the actions and manifestations of objective economic laws in the production and economic activities of enterprises;

• rational connection in space and time of personal and material elements of production for various purposes.

In 1956, the Institute for the Organization of Production (USA) formally adopted this definition: the science of the organization of production covers the design, improvement and implementation in practice of integrated systems, including people, materials and equipment.

With the transition of the CIS countries, including Ukraine, to market relations, new requirements to the organization of production are brought to the forefront. In a competitive environment, production should:

• be flexible, capable at any time to restructure to produce new types of products;

• be optimal, able to function at the lowest cost;

• produce high quality products and precisely in time.

The transition to market relations radically changes views on the organization of production, creating conditions for the best use of technology and people in the production process and thereby increasing its effectiveness.

Traditional approaches that regard the organization of production as its specialization, co-operation and concentration, as a kind of "amplifier" for the use of fixed assets, go to the background.

Taking into account the requirements of a market economy, a definition of the organization of production has been formed in the domestic literature:

Coordination and optimization in time and in space of all material and labor elements of production in order to achieve the maximum production result in the shortest possible time with the least expenditure (O. Vikhansky, G. Kozhekin, R. Fathutdinov).

The main tasks of organization of production

The concepts and factors considered above testify to the multifaceted nature of the tasks facing the organization of production. The solution of these problems will allow to answer the question what managers, specialists in the organization of production should do at the enterprise, for successful management. After all, for managers and specialists of the enterprise, the opportunities for successful external maneuvers are only opened when they clearly understand the state of their production, its current and prospective opportunities, and actively use them to achieve their goals.

Practice shows that even at related enterprises there are specific tasks of the organization of production, in particular, a set of tasks related to the provision of raw materials, the best use of labor, raw materials, equipment, production areas, improving the range and quality of products, developing new products,

Such tasks are based on the totality of elements that actually make up production. The interaction model of these elements, which are the corresponding closely interconnected subsystems of the "production" system, is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. General model of the aggregate of interacting elements of the production system

If the production manager affects one of the system elements, for example, the subsystem of joint labor, then the state of the remaining subsystems changes. In the process of studying the object of production, a complex interaction develops, encompassing the spheres of study of various sciences (Table 1).

Thus, the production manager is confronted in his practical activity with a very complex object of management, where the joint labor of people, tools, objects of labor, economics are combined in time and space, forming a certain process, the result of which is the production of a given product. It should be noted that many tasks of production organization are solved by managers and specialists of other areas of activity: the organization of labor, production techniques, technology, etc. Without considering the details of the work in detail, it is important to distinguish between their functions and the organization of production. The functional difference will be considered using the example of the function of technology and the function of organizing production.

Technology determines the methods and options for manufacturing products. The function of technology is to determine the possible types of machines for the production of each type of product, other parameters of the technological process, that is, technology determines what needs to be done with the object of labor and with what means of production to make it into a product with the necessary properties.

The function of the organization of production is the determination of specific values ​​of the parameters of the technological process on the basis of

Table 1

SCHEME OF PRODUCTION OBJECT AND SPHERE OF ITS STUDY

Note. The scope of production organization covers the process of connecting subsystems 1-4 into a single production process, which is studied by the science of the organization of production.

Analysis of possible options and selection of the most effective in accordance with the purpose and conditions of production. In other words, the organization of production determines how best to combine the object and tools, as well as labor, to turn the object of labor into a product with the necessary properties with the least expenditure of labor and the means of production.

At the same time, it must also be taken into account that in each specific case the organization of production economically justifies the efficiency of the implemented activity, since it is not enough to carry out certain measures to increase it, ensuring an increase in the productivity of equipment or reducing the labor intensity of products, improving its quality or reducing raw material costs. The efficiency of production is determined by methods of efficient use of the totality of the elements of production.

As noted, the basic elements of production closely interact. In this case, the peculiarities of the organization of production consist in examining in the interrelation of all the elements of production and the choice of such methods and conditions for their use that are most appropriate for the purpose of production. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that if the tasks of the technology are to increase the potential for increasing the volume of output, improving its quality, reducing the resource consumption rates for its production, the task of organizing production is to determine the methods and conditions for achieving these opportunities, taking into account external and internal working conditions Enterprise.

Many questions of the organization of production are considered together with technology. However, the organization of production involves the solution of specific problems:

• Deepening of specialization;

• improvement of forms of organization of production;

• fast (flexible) reorientation of production to other types of products;

• ensuring continuity, proportionality and rhythm of the production process;

• improving the organization of labor and production in time and space;

• creation of a logistics system;

• exclusion of intramuscular downtime of equipment (downtime is caused by imperfect operational and production planning and logistics as a result of lack of proper justification, calculations, optimal production volumes, lots of parts, stocks of raw materials and materials, work in progress, finished goods stocks);

• Reduction of the duration of the production cycle;

• uninterrupted supply of raw materials, materials with a decrease in stocks of raw materials and materials;

• improvement of product range;

• determining the optimal specialization of units and workplaces;

• determination of optimal capacity, the need for reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production.