home Management Organization of production - Kurochkin A.S.

Organization of production - Kurochkin A.S.

Organization of warehouse production maintenance

Warehousing is an integral part of any enterprise. It is an operational unit designed to ensure the uninterrupted operation of all production facilities and sites. The functions of the warehouse economy include:
• Acceptance of material values;

• preliminary preparation of materials for production consumption (sorting, drying, etc.);

• ensuring the preservation of material values;

• supply of production with all necessary materials and equipment of sites and workplaces;

• shipment of finished products.

Warehousing of a large industrial enterprise is a complex system consisting of a network of warehouses with special devices and equipment for moving, stacking and storing materials, as well as weighing and measuring equipment, computers and fire fighting equipment.

Warehouses are one of the most important elements of the warehouse system - buildings, structures and devices designed to accept, place and store the goods received on them, prepare them for consumption and release them to the consumer. Objective necessity in specially equipped places for the maintenance of stocks exists at all stages of the flow of material flow, starting from the primary source of raw materials and ending with the final consumer. This explains the presence of a large number of different types of warehouses (Figure 24).

Fig. 24. Material warehouses in the production process of an industrial enterprise: - the direction of material flows;

1 - supply; 2 - production; 3 - marketing

Material warehouses at the industrial enterprise are divided into supply, production and sales.

The supply stores are under the responsibility of the logistics service. They store raw materials and materials designed to ensure a continuous and uninterrupted production process.

Production includes warehouses of semi-finished products and intermediate inter-shop (casting, forgings, etc.). They are subordinate to the management of the shops.

Sales warehouses are managed by the company's sales service. They store finished products that are shipped to consumers. The time of storage of products in the warehouse is regulated by the accumulation of shipping standards and is completed according to the plans for the delivery of products.

By types of processed materials, warehouses are divided into specialized and universal.

Specialized warehouses are designed to store certain types of materials (metals, fuel, mine materials, fuel, etc.), universal - for storing various types of materials.

In addition, the warehouse includes special devices: storage silos for bulk materials, storage tanks for liquids, etc.

Warehouses are classified and by other attributes. In a wide range, the sizes of warehouses vary from small premises with a total area of ​​several hundred square meters to giant warehouses covering hundreds of thousands of square meters.

The warehouses differ in the height of the cargo packing. In some, the cargo is stored at a height not exceeding human growth, in others special devices are required that can lift and accurately load the cargo into a cell at a height of 24 m or more.

Warehouses can have different structures: they can be located in separate rooms (closed), have only a roof or roof and one, two or three walls (semi-enclosed). Some goods are generally stored outdoors on specially equipped sites, in so-called open warehouses. A special regime can be created and maintained in the warehouse, for example, temperature, humidity.

The warehouse can be used to store goods of one enterprise (individual warehouse), as well as on leasing terms or leased to individuals or legal entities (collective warehouse, or warehouse-hotel).

Distinguish warehouses and the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations: non-mechanized, mechanized, complex-mechanized, automated and automatic.

An essential feature of the warehouse is the possibility of delivering and exporting goods using road, rail or water transport. Warehouses that have a branch railway branch for the supply and cleaning of wagons are called Prirelny.

Warehouse operations can be divided into two groups:

• warehouses themselves (or by the storage system - unloading and acceptance of incoming cargo, placement and storage of products, release to consumers, etc.);

• auxiliary production character (unpacking, sorting, manning, assembling materials and products for shipment, packaging of finished products, etc.).

The volume of warehouse operations is determined by:

• the total volume and interval of supplies and shipments of materials;

• the size of shipments and shipments of materials;

• type and type of materials, conditions of storage;

• a list of supporting operations;

• the condition of mechanization and automation of warehouse operations;

• type of transport, etc.

The main warehouse operations are carried out in the storage system. The composition and sequence of their implementation are shown in Fig. 25.

Fig. 25. Storage system operations

Organization of container economy

Tarnage is an independent subsidiary business unit, closely related to the warehouse economy, in particular, with the sales warehouse. This relationship is explained by the fact that commercial products, as a rule, are sent to consumers in a certain package, container. This is necessary in order to ensure the safety of material values ​​in the process of performing loading and unloading operations and their transportation.

Tara is a product where materials, semi-finished products or finished products are placed for the purpose of their qualitative and quantitative preservation during transportation from the place of production to the place of storage or consumption. Purpose of packaging:

• protect the cargo from damage due to mechanical influences (shocks, shocks), pollution and environmental influences (temperature, atmospheric precipitation, etc.);

• protect cargo from losses during storage and transportation;

• Reduce loading and unloading time and create convenience when handling cargo.

The composition and organization of the container economy depend on the type of the enterprise's products, the requirements of the consumer for its packaging, packaging and packaging, and also on cooperation with the supplier enterprises

Packaging and packaging materials. Usually, a part of packaging and packaging equipment of an enterprise is produced independently, for which special units (shops, sections) are created. The main part of the packaging is received by enterprises from specialized enterprises - barrels, glass jars, metal containers, etc.

The use of packaging and packaging in production includes such compulsory operation as marking (the type of cargo, its quantity, transport requirements, consignor and consignee, special requirements for cargo security, etc.).

Mechanization of loading and unloading and storage works

Despite the general development of mechanization and automation of production processes, loading and unloading and warehousing work is still one of the spheres of production where heavy, low-productivity, unprestigious manual labor predominates. These works, as noted, employ 30-40% of the total number of auxiliary workers. And the number of employees in these jobs increases by 1-1.5% per year.

Mechanization and automation of transport, handling and warehousing operations have a significant economic effect. Calculations show that 100 thousand rubles. (The calculation is taken in the prices of 1990) of capital investments in the mechanization of transport and storage operations make it possible to release more than 50 workers engaged in unskilled labor [37]. At the same time, it is very important to choose the most suitable machines and mechanisms that make it possible to perform these works most efficiently.

When choosing trucks for carrying out loading and unloading operations, one should be guided by the economic efficiency of certain machines and mechanisms.

Various types of carts, conveyors, cranes, auto-, electric loaders, etc. are used for warehouse processing of packed and piece cargo. For handling bulk goods, grab cranes, conveyors, bunkers, etc. are used. When choosing the type of machine or mechanism, special attention should be given to operational reliability and accordingly Conditions and scope of the proposed work.

To move goods in the horizontal and inclined directions for small distances, various hand trolleys are used. The expediency of using them is limited by the mass of the cargo being transported and by the manpower of the worker. Therefore, most enterprises use electric trucks (electric cars) of different carrying capacity for this.

When moving loose bulk materials and piece cargo it is advisable to use conveyors of various designs and screw devices.

For the movement of goods in the vertical direction, electric stackers, freight elevators, elevators are used.

A significant place in the performance of loading and unloading operations is occupied by mechanisms that move loads in mixed directions - horizontal, vertical and inclined.

Auto- and electric loaders allow loading and unloading railway cars and cars, moving and lifting loads to a high altitude, performing stacking operations. The presence of removable load-gripping devices allows using these mechanisms for processing piece, packed and loose cargoes, using them at various production and warehouse operations.

For loading and unloading large-sized and heavy loads, cranes of various designs are designed.

Self-propelled gantry cranes installed on the automobile, pneumatic and caterpillar tracks, have good maneuverability, the ability to rotate around the axis for 360 and maintain large areas with small overall dimensions, with a high speed of movement. Their shortcomings are small stability, high mass and high cost.

Mobile gantry cranes (bridge, gantry, bicycle) are widely used in processing not only heavy and bulky goods, but, most importantly, with a large number of them or the need for their constant movement.

Hand cranes and electric hoists (crane-beams) are used when it is necessary to move loads of 0.25-5 tons for relatively small distances (up to 250 m). They move on a monorail suspension track and are controlled from the ground.

In the warehousing enterprises of enterprises, stackers and interstellar lifts are widely used. They carry out the following operations within the warehouses: transportation of cargo, stacking in rack cells or in stacks, partial or complete removal of goods from the cells of the racks. Their advantage - the possibility of remote control from the console manually or with the help of computer programs.

Test questions and tasks

1. New elements of the organization of equipment repair in the systems of EMSP and TSTOR, implemented at industrial enterprises.

2. How is the category of complexity established for each unit of equipment?

3. What is the difference and how are the volumes of repair work calculated for the year and for the cycle?

4. What factors contribute to saving energy in the enterprise?

5. The enterprise passes on release of new production. How to establish the planned energy consumption necessary for the production of new products based on the energy balance?

6. What kind of job creation system in mass production is progressive?

7. What is the difference between the stock of the instrument in the workshop (KFM) and the MIS? How is it established in each case?

8. What indicators of the performance of vehicles are improved in the organization of the modular-sectoral method of their repair?

9. What new transportation management systems at the enterprise increase the efficiency of the use of vehicles?