home Management lecture notes Upravlіnnya special projects (abstract lektsіy NUDPSU)

Upravlіnnya special projects (abstract lektsіy NUDPSU)

3. Ponyattya is the value of the system upravlіnnya projects

Dіyalnostі cob, pov'yazanoї s іnvestuvannyam Je Poshuk іnvestitsіynih kontseptsіy. Tsya stadіya Mauger Why cob mobіlіzatsії koshtіv for іnvestuvannya i іnvestitsіynogo writing project.

"Code upravlіnnya knowledge about the project" daє viznachennya the following project:

Project - tse s task vіdomimi Pochatkova danimi i results SSMSC viznachayut sposіb її rozv'yazannya. Project vklyuchaє problem (zamisel) zasobi realіzatsії project (method virіshennya problem) is the result of the project.

Іnvestitsіyny project - tse vkladennya materіalnih, fіnansovih, lyudskih that іntelektualnih resursіv to whether the right-yak s metoyu otrimannya zaplanovanogo result in viznacheny termіn.

Obviously, scho OAO All Je іnvestitsіynimi projection, blame ale shaping can Buti komertsіynimi (pіdpriєmnitskimi) abo nekomertsіynimi.

In lіteraturі іnvestitsіynі projection klasifіkuyutsya in zalezhnostі od obov'yazkovostі, strokіv vikonannya, of Quality, skladnostі, resursіv, scale, stage vzaєmopov'yazanostі, spherical dіyalnostі.

Mal.2. Klasifіkatsіya іnvestitsіynih proektіv

Malі project - up to 10 million vartіstyu dolarіv..

Serednі project - vartіstyu od 10 to 50 million dolarіv..

Velikі projects - from 50 to 100 million dolarіv..

Nadvelikі project - 100 million Ponad dolarіv..

Monoproekty - tse okremy project Pevnyi i mean scale.

Multiproject - Tse complex projects, yaky skladaєtsya s dekіlkoh monoproektіv scho vimagaє bagatoproektnogo upravlіnnya.

Megaproject - Tse complex projects rozvitku regіonіv, sektorіv Economy toscho, yaky skladaєtsya s dekіlkoh monoproektіv that multiproektіv, obєdnanih odnієyu metoyu.

Bezdefektnі projects - in yakih takі domіnuyuchim factor Je yakіst (napriklad, budіvnitstvo elektrostantsіy).

Korotkostrokovі project - trivalіstyu 3 rokіv.

Serednostrokovі - trivalіstyu od 3 to 5 rokіv.

Dovgostrokovі - trivalіstyu Ponad 5 rokіv.

Obov'yazkovі project - tse kontraktnі projects SSMSC povinnі zabezpechiti kontraktnі zobov'yazannya, napriklad, projects dovkіllya receptionists.

Neobov'yazkovі projects - whether SSMSC projects vikonannya yakih can be transferred to Inshyj perіod, napriklad, zamіna obladnannya.

Promislovі project - tipovі projects scho spryamovanі on Key infrastructure that sales novih produktіv, udoskonalennya tehnologіy, rozshirennya virobnitstva toscho.

Іnnovatsіynі project - zoseredzhenі on NAUKOVO-doslіdnіy dіyalnostі, rozrobtsі software zasobіv opratsyuvannya Informácie, stvorennі novih materіalіv, tehnologіy, konstruktsіy toscho.

Organіzatsіynі project - natsіlenі on reformuvannya Sistemi upravlіnnya, stvorennya novoї organіzatsії, restrukturizatsіyu toscho.

Ekonomіchnі project - underwrite metі privatizatsіyu Reigning of companies, market analysis rozvitok kapіtalіv, reformuvannya Sistemi opodatkuvannya that INSHI makroekonomіchnі peretvorennya.

Sotsіalnі project - pov'yazanі s reformuvannyam Sistemi upravlіnnya, stvorennyam Sistemi sotsіalnogo Zahist, receptionists Zdorov'ya podolannyam naslіdkіv natural, ekologіchnih that sotsіalnih potryasіn that іnshimi chinnikami sotsіalnogo nature.

In osnovі metodіv upravlіnnya projects vikoristovuyutya techniques merezhevogo planuvannya, rozroblenі naprikіntsі 50 rokіv the US. In 1956 r. M.Uolker іz fіrmi "DuPont" pid hour doslіdzhennya mozhlivostey bіlsh efektivnosti vikoristannya obchislyuvalnoї MACHINES the Univac, ob'єdnav svoї zusillya s D.Kelli s groupies planuvannya kapіtalnogo budіvnitstva fіrmi "Remington Rand". Pong sprobuvali vikoristovuvati AMR for uporyadkuvannya planіv-grafіkіv great kompleksіv robіt іz modernіzatsії zavodіv fіrmi "Dupont". In rezultatі CCB stvoreny ratsіonalny i simple method of inventory project s vikoristannyam AMR. Spochatku vіn CCB names by Walker-Kelly, and won titles pіznіshe Method criticality Shlyakhov - INC (abo CPM - Critical Path Method).

Parallel i Square in vіyskovo-morskih US forces CCB stvoreny method analіzu th otsіnki program PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique). Danian method CCB rozrobleny korporatsієyu "Lockheed" i Consulting fіrmoyu "Booz, Allen & Hamilton" to realіzatsії project rozrobki raketnoї System "Polaris", scho ob'єdnuvav bilja 3800 Main pіdryadnikіv i includes 60 tis. operatsіy. Vikoristannya method PERT allowed kerіvnitstvu prog know exactly scho Robit potrіbno in skin i hto hour time sama Obey Tse Robit and takozh mother mozhlivіst svoєchasnogo completion okremih operatsіy. Upravlіnnya Programs viyavilosya nastіlki uspіshnim, scho LUVs project completions in the two Rocky ranіsh zaplanovanogo termіna. Zavdyaki such uspіshnomu cob Danian method upravlіnnya nezabarom becoming vikoristovuvatisya for planuvannya proektіv in vsіh zbroynih US forces. Methods currently vіdmіnno zarekomenduvala at koordinatsії robіt, vikonuvanih rіznomanіtnimi pіdryadnikami within proektіv great for rozrobtsі novih vidіv ozbroєnnya. Velikі promislovі korporatsії Pocha zastosovuvati podіbnі techniques upravlіnnya practical odnochasno s vіyskovimi for rozrobki novih vidіv produktsії i modernіzatsії virobnitstva.

Wide zastosuvannya technique planuvannya robіt on osnovі project won in budіvnitstvі. Napriklad for upravlіnnya project budіvnitstva gіdroelektrostantsії on rіchtsі Cherchіll in Nyufaundlendі (pіvostrіv Labrador). Vartіst projects is 950 million. Dolarіv. Gіdroelektrostantsіya buduvalasya s 1967 and 1976 p. Tsei project mіstiv bіlshe nіzh 100 budіvelnih kontraktіv, and vartіst deyakih іz them within reach 76 million. Dolarіv. In 1974 rotsі hіd robіt іz project viperedzhav grafіk 18 months at i povnіstyu vіdpovіdav planovіy otsіntsі vitrat. Zamovnikom project bula Corporation Churchill Falls Labrador Corp. , Yak for rozrobki project i upravlіnnya budіvnitstvom naynyala fіrmu Acress Canadian Betchel. Factuality digit vigrash after hour utvorivsya od zastosuvannya exactly ically mathematical metodіv in upravlіnnі folding complexes robіt, scho was mozhlivim zavdyaki rozvitku obchislyuvalnoї tehnіki.

So rank, spochatku, velikі kompanії zdіysnyuvali rozrobku software zabezpechennya for pіdtrimki Vlasnyi proektіv, ale nezabarom Pershi Sistemi upravlіnnya projects z'yavilisya i on market analysis software zabezpechennya. Tsі Sistemi boule orієntovanі on vysokoprofesіynih menedzherіv scho upravlyayutsya rozrobkoyu proektіv great, good znayomih s algorithms merezhevogo planuvannya i spetsifіchnoyu termіnologієyu. Yak usually rozrobka project i konsultatsії on upravlіnnyu project zdіysnyuvalisya spetsіalnimi consulting fіrmami. Etap naybіlshe burhlivogo rozvitku systems upravlіnnya projects pochavsya s personal komp'yuterіv appears, if komp'yuter becoming robochem іnstrumentom for a wide Cola kerіvnikіv. Digit rozshirennya koristuvachіv upravlіnskih Cola system has created needful stvorennya upravlіnnya systems for the new project type, one іz nayvazhlivіshih pokaznikіv such systems has been viewed vikoristannya simplicity. Upravlіnskі system of the new pokolіnnya rozroblyalisya yak zasіb upravlіnnya project zrozumіly whether Money Does a manager, scho not potrebuє spetsіalnoї pіdgotovki th zabezpechuє easier i Shvidky inclusion in the robot. Time Line nalezhit the Same to tsogo class systems. Rozrobniki novih versіy systems tsogo class, of Namangan zberegti zovnіshnyu simple systems that rozshiriti їhnі funktsіonalnі mozhlivostі i potuzhnіst. When tsomu zberіgalis nizkі tsіni scho Zroby system availability fіrmam practical whether yakogo rіvnya.

In the Danian hour at US vzhe sklalisya glibokі traditsії vikoristannya upravlіnnya project systems bagatoh Galuzo zhittєdіyalnostі. Moreover, the main pitomu breaking bar Sered planovanih proektіv skladayut nevelichkі on rozmіrah projects. Napriklad, doslіdzhennya, provedenі schotizhnevikom the InfoWorld, showed scho p'yatdesyatom vіdsotkam koristuvachіv the US neobhіdnі system scho dozvolyayut pіdtrimuvati plans, scho skladayutsya s 500 - 1,000 robіt i tіlki 28 vіdsotkіv koristuvachіv rozroblyayut grafіki scho mіstyat bіlsh 1,000 robіt. In rezultatі doslіdzhen boule takozh viznachenі serednі rozmіri grafіkіv proektіv: for Malih proektіv - 81 14 i robot vidіv resursіv for serednіh - 417 robіt i 47 vidіv resursіv for great proektіv - 1,198 robіt i 165 vidіv resursіv. Danі digits mozhut sluguvati vіdpravnoyu point for the manager, scho obmіrkovuє korisnіst Upgrade Project form upravlіnnya dіyalnіstyu vlasnoї organіzatsії. Yak bachimo, zastosuvannya Sistemi upravlіnnya projects on praktitsі Mauger Buti efektivnosti i for Malih proektіv. Naturally, scho s rozshirennyam Cola koristuvachіv systems project management vіdbuvaєtsya rozshirennya metodіv i priyomіv їhnogo vikoristannya.

Upravlіnnya project - tse processes upravlіnnya lyudskimi, fіnansovimi that materіalnimi resources protyagom vsogo cycle zdіysnennya project for Relief Suchasnyj metodіv upravlіnnya.

In rozvinutih kraїnah іde postіyny Poshuk metodіv efektivnoї realіzatsії proektіv at tsomu Central Location pridіlyaєtsya funktsіyam planuvannya that control.

Pershi іnstrumenti for virіshennya zavdan upravlіnnya projects z'yavilis in seredinі 50 rokіv that boule zasnovanі on critical high road vikoristannі method (SPM) is the method that otsіnki pereglyadu planіv (PERT). In Suchasnyj minds vikoristovuyutsya takі methodological yak calendar planuvannya, logіstika, in-line (standard) planuvannya, structural, resource, іmіtatsіyne, strategіchne planuvannya that INSHI.

The method of critical high road (SDA) - tse method sіtovogo planuvannya vіn Got wider rozpovsyudzhennya in proektuvannі. Vіn Got takі perevagi:

1. zabezpechuє vzaєmozv'yazok that poslіdovnіst zdіysnennya robіt;
2. vrahovuє obmezhennya that problem;
3. viznachaє vuzkі Georeferencing;
4. daє mozhlivіst zastosovuvati methodological optimіzatsії.

Otsіnki method that pereglyadu planіv (PERT) dozvolyaє priblizno otsіnyuvati mozhlivy hour robіt completion. Tsei method for rekomenduєtsya proektіv s digit neviznachenіstyu.

Upravlіnnya project - a robot on tse vstanovlennyu zv'yazkіv mіzh rіznimi Some of the elements project SSMSC povinnі vstanovlyuvatis that regulyuvatis takozh i mіzh Project participants. Tse peredbachaє nayavnіst viznachenih organіzatsіynih forms realіzatsії project that organіzatsіynih structures upravlіnnya project.

Organіzatsіynі FORMS realіzatsії proektіv stale od faktorіv the following:

1. od of hto vistupaє project manager;
2. od viznachenogo rozpodіlu etapіv project that specifically robochem procedures pov'yazanih s rozrobkoyu on areas vіdpovіdalnostі rіznih її uchasnikіv.

In upravlіnnі realіzatsієyu proektіv vidіlyayut nastupnі, naybіlsh rozpovsyudzhenі FORMS realіzatsії project

1. funktsіonalny;
2. dinamіchny;
3. Specialization.

Funktsіonalny pіdhіd peredbachaє rozglyad mainly funktsіonalnih vidіv dіyalnostі - analіz, planuvannya, organіzatsіya, control, regulyuvannya.

W analіzu pochinaєtsya robot project that prodovzhuєtsya protyagom vsogo іnvestitsіynogo cycle. Analіzu pіdlyagayut OAO All Elements of the project: vikonannya line level riziku, fіnansi, frame, yakіst INSHI parameters.

Planuvannya Je Main funktsієyu in dіyalnostі on upravlіnnyu project processes realіzatsії project. Planuvannyu pіdlyagayut: vikonannya Design robіt, zakupіvlya tehnologіy, obladnannya, budіvelnі that montazhnі robot zdachi ob'єktіv in ekspluatatsіyu that INSHI robots.

Nayvazhlivіshim directly planuvannya Je otsіnka vartostі project. For planuvannya vartostі project poslіdovno vikoristovuyutsya Vier otsіnok type:

1. otsіnka zhittєspromozhnostі - tse poperednya otsіnka, yak zdіysnyuєtsya on statistics on pіdstavі ob'єktah - analogues;
2. factorial otsіnka - rozroblyaєtsya on the cob on robіt іnzhinіringu;
3. priblizna - viznachaєtsya on pіdstavі danih about obsyagi robіt, vartіst materіalіv that obladnannya;
4. zaklyuchna otsіnka - vikonuєtsya vikonannі priblizno at 40% of design robіt, bіlsh detalnoї information The vartіst obladnannya that materіalіv.

OAO All otsіnki, yak usually gruntuyutsya on statistichnoї Informácie, yak postupaє od rіznih proektіv.

Zagalnі vimogi until the system otsіnok nastupnі:

1. System guilty pokrivati ​​All types ochіkuvanih otsіnok;
2. rіznі vіddіli fіrmi povinnі vіdpovіdati for the chi іnshu otsіnku;
3. postіyno pereglyadatis system to blame, for the dwellers zapobіgti zbіlshennya otsіnok, poyavі not perevіrenih, abo zastarіlih danih.

Vikonannya planіv realіzatsії project zabezpechuєtsya organіzatsіynoyu dіyalnіstyu and the Same: pіdborom staff organіzatsієyu uchasnikіv project uzgodzhennyam іnteresіv uchasnikіv project.

Control (monіtoring) - tse chastka strategії vikonannya project. Ob'єktom control Yea: vikonannya line vitrati, yakіst, zmіni in project revіzіya project. Monitoring results for vikoristovuyutsya otsіnki vіdhilen factuality vikonannya project od zaplanovanih pokaznikіv. In its Cherga, danі tsogo monіtoringu stayut cob robіt s regulyuvannya processes realіzatsії project.

Dinamіchny pіdhіd peredbachaє rozglyad protsesіv, pov'yazanih s basic dіyalnіstyu on vikonannyu project. Tsey pіdhіd pov'yazany s logіkoyu project robіt, yogo nazivayut "spetsіalnim" upravlіnnyam realіzatsієyu project. Dinamіchny pіdhіd oznachaє:

1. analіz problem;
2. rozrobku kontseptsіy project;
3. Basic is the detailed proektuvannya;
4. budіvnitstvo;
5. installation;
6. adjustment;
7. start;
8. ekspluatatsіyu;
9. dismantling.

Subject pіdhіd - viznachaє ob'єkti project on SSMSC spryamovane upravlіnnya. Tsikh ob'єktіv proektі in two:

1. virobnichі ob'єkti;
2. ob'єkti (Elements), pov'yazanі s dіyalnіstyu on zabezpechennyu realіzatsії project (fіnansi, human resources, marketing, contracts, rizik, materіalnі resources yakіst, іnformatsіya).