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Mіzhnarodna torgіvlya - Dahno І.І.

Rozdіl 5.SVІTOVІ Rink SIROVINNIH, PRODOVOLCHIH the I Promyslova TOVARІV

5.1. Osnovnі ponyattya

Perche nіzh rozglyanuti osnovnі ponyattya schodo svіtovih rinkіv sirovini, prodovolchih i Promyslova tovarіv, oznayomimosya s anglіyskim termіnom "commodity", ekvіvalent yakogo vіdsutnіy in ukraїnskіy movі. The "Oxford Paperback Encyclopedia" (1998 p. 337..) Poyasnyuєtsya: "Commodity Je goods (good) abo whether yakoyu sirovinoyu (raw) chi napіvfabrikatom (semi-processed material), scho, yak usually nadhodit to spherical mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі .

Commodities (zaznacheny termіn imposed in mnozhinі - Ed.). Podіlyayutsya on sіlskogospodarskі produkti (agricultural products) i mіnerali. Sіlgospprodukti in his Cherga pіdrozdіlyayutsya on products harchuvannya (foods), SSMSC vklyuchayut crop s trees (tree crops), zokrema kava, tea, cocoa, vrozhay roslinnitstva (arable coops), zokrema wheat (wheat), rice (rice), soybeans (soybeans ), i neprodovolchі goods, takі yak Dereviny (timber), natural rubber (natural rubber) abo jute. Before mіneralіv nalezhit organіchne palivo (fossil fuels) - naphtha, gas (gas) i vugіllya (coal), and takozh threw - mіd, alyumіnіy, zinc (zinc) ".

Oskіlki Je commodity, he is guilty іsnuvati i vіdpovіdny mіzhnarodny rinok. The Encyclopedia of zaznachenіy (337). Je statte "Commodity market" such zmіstu:

"Commodity market Je Rink sirovini abo napіvfabrikatіv. For bagatoh commodities іsnuє єdina svіtova Rate (single world price) abo Cena s slim vіdhilennyam (narrow range of price) for a given type of product (particular grade of product), napriklad, naphtha, i for bagatoh s they іsnuє єdiny domіnuyuchy rinok (single dominant market), in the Money Does ukladaєtsya bіlshіst lands (most deals take place). Napriklad, deyakі s metalіv kupuyut i prodayutsya on Londonskіy bіrzhі metalіv (London Metal Exchange). Tovarnі stabіlіzatsіynі lands (commodity stabilization agreements) іnkoli ukladayutsya mіzh / abo kraїnami-virob-nicknames i kraїnami-spozhivachami Zi sproboyu stabіlіzuvati tsіnu. For porіvnyannya, podekudi toil Location ambіtsіynі sprobi kontrolyuvati dovgotermіnovy rіven tsіn (long-term level of prices), butt chogo Mauger sluguvati naphtha cartel OPEC. To dwellers stabіlіzatsіyna lands funktsіonuvala, potrіben central fund. Vіn vikoristovuєtsya for pіdtrimannya market analysis for Relief zakupіvlі tovarіv (commodities), in Taqiy sposіb znizhuyuchi propozitsіyu (thus reducing) for stvorennya buffer stock (buffer stock), if Cena Je nizhchoyu for Bazhanov rіven (the price is below desired level). Takі reserves potіm shaping can Buti zaproponovanі for torgіvlі, if Cena perevischit (is above) Bazhanov rіven. Fluktuatsіya svіtovih tsіn on bіrzhovі Flea viklikati trudnoschі Mauger yak for pratsіvnikіv, so i for ekonomіk kraїn scho rozvivayutsya (developing countries), SSMSC stale od іnozemnoї currency, oderzhanoї od eksportu produktіv vuzkogo Pervin sector promislovostі (limited range of primary industry) ".

Dali protsituєmo notatku "Mіzhnarodnі tovarnі lands" h "Ekonomіchnogo glossary-dovіdnika" (1995 p. 209..): "Mіzhnarodnі tovarnі ground - land, spryamovanі on dosyagnennya stabіlnostі tsіn, garantії postachannya that utvorennya stіykih zapasіv okremih vidіv tovarіv Peredbachayut neobhіdnіst. bezumovnogo dotrimannya kraїnami, SSMSC viroblyayut i spozhivayut tsі goods. In such minds diktuєtsya utvorennya backup zapasіv product, vstanovlennya control їh eksportom that іmportom, dosyagnennya dovgostrokovih lands about zakupіvlyu, tsіni on produktsіyu. for zdіysnennya control over realіzatsієyu land, zabezpechennya regulyuyuchih funktsіy toscho stvoryuyutsya . spetsіalnі Support Committees that komіsії OAO All tsі come in zapobіgayut Oscillations tsіn, perenasichenostі Rinku abo commodity defіtsitu Mіzhnarodnі tovarnі lands ukladayutsya, yak usually on kіlka rokіv Їh mozhna podіliti three Vidi:.. stabіlіzatsіynі, poklikanі vrіvnovazhiti popit that propozitsіyu product on svіtovomu Rinku Pong. obmezhuyut Oscillations svіtovih tsіn on goods obumovlenimi mezhami at vihodі for SSMSC Participants lands abo zakupovuyut zalishki tovarіv for pіdvischennya tsіn, abo yogo prodayutsya іz so the title of the buffer for zapasіv їh znizhennya. W tієyu Well metoyu mozhut skorochuvati eksport product, vstanovlyuvati eksportnі quota kraїnam-participant. These lands Je mіzhnarodnі schodo torgіvlі natural rubber kavoyu, cocoa, bauxite, uranium, nіkelem; admіnіstrativnі land, SSMSC priznachenі for obmіrkovuvannya problems mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі danim goods, Assembly that publіkatsії vіdpovіdnih іnformatsіynih materіalіv (lands about Zukor, wheat toscho); lands schodo zahodіv rozvitku ukladayutsya for rozvitku eksportnogo potentsіalu kraїn-uchasnits i stimulyuvannya popitu on goods (lands schodo tropіchnoї Dereviny, Jute Jute i virobіv, roslinnoї olії that іn.). "

For glibshogo rozumіnnya ponyattya "commodity" oznayomimosya slit s EYAD anglomovnimi Jerel.

The "Oxford Dictionary of Geography" (.. 1997 p 88) ponyattya commodities Nadzvychaina sytuatsia lakonіchno tlumachat so: "Very loosely, goods and services", scho in perekladі oznachaє: "Duzhe widely - Product i Hotel".

"The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography" (1997 p, 79..) Mіstit uniquely Shirshov notatku about commodities, have yakіy zaznachaєtsya:

"1) In ekonomіchnіy nautsі (economics) - tse goods (goods) Hotel abo scho zadovolnyaє (to satisfy) specific (particular) i vіdmіnnu (distinct) require yak vіdchuvaє spozhivach.

2) In ekonomіchnіy geografії (economic geography) - tse rіch (item), scho nadsilaєtsya od Pervin to vtorinnogo sector (from the primary to the secondary sector). Otzhe, commodities vіdrіznyayutsya od produktіv (products), SSMSC Je speeches (items), scho ruhayutsya od vtorinnogo to tretinnogo (tertiary) sector, that od tovarіv (goods), SSMSC ruhayutsya od tretinnogo sector to spozhivachіv ".

Nagadaєmo chitachevі osnovnі Find our zaznachenih sektorіv:

Pervin sector - the Branch promislovostі scho spetsіalіzuyutsya on obrobtsі abo peretvorennі sirovinnih materіalіv (basic processing or the conversion of raw materials).

Vtorinny sector - the Branch promislovostі scho nadayut korisnostі materіalam, vigotovlenim Pervin sector (to form utility to the materials produced by the primary sector).

Tretinny sector - Ekonomichna dіyalnіst, pov'yazana obmіnom s i i spozhivannyam tovarіv poslug (exchange and consumption of goods and service).

Otzhe, s looking around at vikladene Je OAO All pіdstavi vvazhati scho termіn "commodity" visvіtleno dosit Povny i vіtchiznyany chitach matim nalezhne uyavlennya about zmіst ponyattya in anglomovnіy lіteraturі.

In "The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography" (1997 p., P. 196) zaznacheno, scho product (good) Yea all scho zadovolnyaє needful (anything which satisfies a want).

The "Oxford Paperback Encyclopedia" (1998 p., P. 587) have notattsі "the Goods" vmіscheno іnformatsіyu scho item E "fіzichnі commodities, SSMSC just abo oposeredkovano zadovolnyayut lyudskі required. Spozhivchimi commodities (consumer goods) abo goods kіntsevogo popitu (final -demand goods) Je Ti, scho s vikoristovuyutsya metoyu spozhivannya. Pong shaping can Buti podіlenі for goods netrivalogo vikoristannya (non-durable goods), zokrema їzha, that trivalogo vikoristannya (durable goods), napriklad refrigerators. Commodities virobnichogo priznachennya (producer goods) Yea goods, scho vikoristovuyutsya for virobnitstva іnshih tovarіv i poslug. Pong vklyuchayut promіzhnі (intermediate) goods, tobto sirovinu i napіvgotovі virobi (semi-finished items), that neruhomі kapіtalnі goods (budinki th obladnannya). Hotel zvichayno vіdrіznyayutsya od tovarіv s look around at їh nevіdchutnu sutnіst (intangible nature). Publіchnimi goods (public goods) Je takі scho vicherpuyutsya not (are not depleted) when spozhivannі okremoyu special, napriklad, vulichne osvіtlennya abo NATIONAL defense ".

Dali navedemo stislu characteristics of the main tovarіv scho perebuvayut in obіgu in sferі mіzhnarodnoї torgіvlі.