Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

3.2.4. SVІTOGLYADNІ ІDEALI RIMSKIH MISLITELІV

W III century. BC. e. posilyuєtsya vpliv Rimskoї powers. In Article II. BC. e. Rome volodіє bіlshoyu Chastain ancient svitu, i yogo pid ekonomіchny that polіtichny vpliv potraplyayut polіsi kontinentalnoї Gretsії. Identity in Rome pochinaє pronikati gretska culture, warehouses Chastain yakoї Je fіlosofіya. Ale rimska culture formuєtsya in zovsіm іnshih minds hiking rimskih legіonіv, vіyskova ekspansіya schodo vsіh kraїn vіdomogo todі svitu (tsivіlіzovanih yak, so i "varvarskih") stvoryuє shirokі mozhlivostі for formuvannya sama rimskogo mislennya. In nomu on Persha mіstsі stoїt legendary cult Romans geroїv i gromadyan. Napriklad, zasnovnik respublіki i Purshia consul Brutus Yunіy condemned to death svoїh sinіv, prichetnih to zmovi on korist vignanogo king Tarkvіnіya. Mutsіy Scaevola have penetrated tabіr etruskogo king Parsenn, yaky otochiv Rome s metoyu drive a king, ale yogo vpіymali, i slept on vіn vognischі hand on proof stіykostі rimskih yunakіa famous commander Tsіntsіnnat himself Orav field; if yogo Bulo priznacheno dictator in Rome for skrutnu Godin vіn otrimav Peremoga i znovu to Svoge turning plow. Consul Detsіy Moose dobrovіlno pozhertvuvav Zhittya in battle oskіlki vіschy dream prophesies Yomou, scho Peremoga otrimaє those vіysko, commander yakogo bude hammered. Peremozhets king Pіrra, Manіy Kurіy Dentat, vіdmovivsya od Bhagat podarunkіv i Chastain trofeїv, zadovolnivshis slim dіlyankoyu land, yak Pocha vlasnoruchno obroblyati.

Krіm of natsіlenіst on rozvitok prirodnichih i tehnіchnih Sciences, rozvitok polіtiki i right vіdrіznyayut rimsku fіlosofіyu od gretskoї Rome pragne to svіtovogo panuvannya zbagachuєtsya i s maintained upstream Nagybanya culture zavoyovanih kraїn. Tom logіchnim Yea those scho pid rimska fіlosofіya formuєtsya vplivom perevazhno gretskogo, zokrema ellіnіstichnogo, fіlosofskogo mislennya. Priblizno s the middle of II degree. BC. e in Rimі rozvivayutsya three fіlosofskih eg -. stoїtsizm skepticism i eklektitsizm.

Rimsky stoїtsizm - nayposhirenіsha fіlosofska techіya in serednіh i vischih suspіlstva class. Yogo vidatnі predstavniki - Seneca, Epіktet i Mark Avrelіy.

Seneca (4 bl p to f n -....... 65 p e n) nalezhav to privіleyovanogo prosharku "vershnikіv" zdobuv vsebіchnu osvіtu, dosit Dovgy uspіshno zaymavsya

"Zhivy one hto Bhagat bring korist; zhivy one hto himself sobі korisny. A hto i hovaєtsya dichavіє neruhomostі in order Dim - nemovbi Troon. Can Hoch b napisati bilja threshold yogo іm'ya on marmurі: Aje vіn ranіshe smertі died. "

Seneca

advokatskoyu practice. Pіznіshe becoming vihovatelem maybutnogo іmperatora Nero pіslya skhodzhennya yakogo the throne dosyagaє nayvischogo suspіlnogo i'm honors. Seneca prisvyativ Nero treatise "On Mercy" Where Money Does zaklikaє zberіgati pomіrnіst i dotrimuvatis respublіkanskogo spirit. In mіru zrostannya prestige i bagatstva Seneca vstupaє in konflіkt Zi svoїm otochennye i zmusheny zalishiti Misto, zhiti in svoєmu maєtku. Zvinuvacheny in organіzatsії zmovi, naklav on their hands.

Seneca vihodit s of scho all svіtі pіdlyagaє vladі suvoroї neobhіdnostі. Je Tse naslіdkom yogo tlumachennya ponyattya God yak іmanentnoї, pravlyachoї Sealy, Volodarka nadrozumu (Logos). Seneca harakterizuє її yak "vische good i nayvischu mudrіst", scho in realіzuєtsya garmonії svitu that yogo dotsіlnomu vlashtuvannі

Zavdannya fіlosofії - zvіlniti sage od strahіv i Bazhanov, scho ponevolyuyut darker neosvіchenu Lyudin. Tіlki fіlosofіya daє knowledge of nature, її zakonіv, neobhіdnostі scho panuє in nіy, i pіdkorennya tsіy neobhіdnostі dobrovіlno Yea i іstinnoyu dobrochinnіstyu that іstinnoyu freedom.

Obov'yazok fіlosofa - to take fate in zhittі powers, prinosyachi їy korist on tіy posadі, yak viznachila Yomou share. Yakscho Power nastіlki zіpsovana scho fіlosofu in nіy Absent Georeferencing, vіn guilty pam'yatati scho Yea not deprivation The Citizen Svoge rіdnogo Mista, ale th usogo svitu, i figure out korist lyudstvu in tsіlomu, navchayuchi yogo i podayuchi butt Vlasnyi Zhittya.

Centre fіlosofskoї Sistemi Seneca Je etika in yakіy basic principle Je Zlagoda s nature (zhiti schaslivo oznachaє zhiti in garmonії s nature) i principle pіdleglostі Helsinki Human svoїy dolі. Seneca zasudzhuє sprobi repairs opіr evil. Do not Varto narіkati i skarzhitisya, zasudzhuvati svіtovy order i God on tіy pіdstavі scho negіdnі schaslivі and Dobri neschaslivі share posilaє viprobuvannya for dwellers zagartuvati Welcome i wise, i Yakscho stink potraplyayut in tyazhkі obstavini, the tse so zakonomіrno itself, yak i those scho good soldatovі potrіbno zatratiti bіlshe pratsі she experienced bіlshe number nebezpek, nіzh deserter. їhnіy obov'yazok - s gіdnіstyu vitrimati OAO All viprobuvannya. Yakscho Well bowl terpіnnya perepovnitsya, they zavzhdi zalishaєtsya mozhlivіst pіti s Zhittya. Gіdne Zhittya death a married i - i korist butt for people.

Sens Zhittya Seneca vbachaє dosyagnennі in absolute peace of Spock. Zvіdsi vipravdannya іsnuyuchogo, propovіd pasivnostі, terpіnnya, stverdzhennya mіzernostі dolі Helsinki Human porіvnyano s doleyu svitu.

Nayvischa tsіnnіst - udoskonalennya vlasnoї dushі that Rozum, tobto of himself. Otzhe, pіdkreslyuєtsya ponyattya Helsinki Human іndivіda yak, scho pragne to udoskonalennya in dobrochinnostі.

Vidatny predstavnik rimskogo stoїtsizmu Epіktet (50 bl - bl 140 pp n e...) CCB slave and nabuvshi freedom povnіstyu prisvyativ currently fіlosofії. Epіktet vіdstoyuє point Zora, zgіdno s yakoyu fіlosofіya - tse not tіlki pіznannya, ale th in the practical kerіvnitstvo zhittі. Doslіdzhennya Nature Je vazhlivim korisnim i do not what to scho yogo osnovі mozhna zmіniti nature navkolishnіy's World, and the fact scho vіdpovіdno to Nature Person of Mauger vporyadkuvati svoє Zhittya. Person of not guilty bazhati of chogo not Mauger zrobiti.

Kritikuyuchi Suchasnyj Yomou suspіlny order Epіktet robit nagolos on dumtsі about rіvnіst people zasudzhuє rabovlasnitstvo. Tsim yogo Look vіdrіznyayutsya od vchennya stoїtsizmu. Central motif fіlosofії -primirennya s real dіysnіstyu - Veda to pasivnostі. "Not Bazhana dwellers truncated vіdbuvalosya, yak ti want, ale Bazhana dwellers truncated vіdbuvalosya, yak vіdbuvaєtsya, i bude Tobi in zhittі good."

Dіysna sutnіst Helsinki Human polyagaє in rozumі. Podіbno before yak Rozum panuє Lyudin over, so i in svіtі panuє svіtovy Rozum - Logos (God). God -nayvischa іnstantsіya before him zemnі pravitelі that volodarі nіkchemnі. Pіznannya yourself Svoge Logos - tse Way to pіznannya Svoge divine God himself Tіlo i i Rozum giving lyudinі God for the dwellers tіlo not Bulo їy pіdvladnim and Rozum CCB vіlnim in svoїh Bazhanov, svoєmu viborі.

Not priv'yazuyuchis to tіla i zovnіshnіh materіalnih benefits vіdmovivshis od dumok, SSMSC toil about Demba people neosvіchenі, sage is not a slave to Buda, hto Got Vlad dati Yomou good abo Zabrat Main, blizkih, Zhittya. Tiran chi Valadar toil power to scho mi maєmo Wrong

uyavlennya їhnyu about Vlad. Characteristically Je dіalog tyrant i fіlosofa author yakogo Je Epіktet:

• «Tyrant: I zakuyu you in lantsyugi.

• Fіlosof: Tee zagrozhuєsh moїm hands i feet moїm

• Tyrant: I vіdrіzhu Tobi head.

• Fіlosof: Now five zagrozhuєsh moїy golovі.

"Not rechі sluhayut people ale їhnі rechі about pillows. In smertі, napriklad, Absent nіchogo terrible. Scary Je Dumka, scho Won uyavlyaє to death terrible ".

Epіktet

• Tyrant: Otzhe, vi, fіlosofi, zaklikaєte znevazhati volodarіv?

• Fіlosof: Nіskіlki. Nіhto s us zaperechuє їhnіh rights. Vіzmi moє tіlo, vіzmi moє good vіzmi moє Chesnay іm'ya.

• Tyrant: Zvichayno, I tse

vіzmu. Ale I want to dodachu vapor

"Skeptical pozitsіya simple i obvious. Uyavіt sobі scho budinku in Where Money Does znahoditsya bagato precios, shukayut Gold At Night; Cutaneous think bi scho znayshov gold, ale tsogo bi znav not exactly Hoch b i spravdі znayshov Yogo. So needless fіlosofi vstupayut in Tsey Svit yak have great Dim, shukati іstinu dwellers; yakbi navіt stink th znayshli її, that all are not able to b nobility, Chi dosyagli її ".

Sextus Empіrik

nuvati over tvoїmi Dumka

• Fіlosof: Zvіdki in you at tse vіzmetsya power? Yak nasmіlivsya minute rozrahovuvati to those scho zmozhesh panuvati on SMMC іnshih? Tee mozhesh peremagati fear i tіlki. Hour Tobi zrozumіti scho Mauger zapanuvati Dumka, ale nіhto not zmozhe zapanuvati on SMMC! "

HEAD zavdannya fіlosofa - navchiti people on prikladі, yak i mozhna neobhіdno zhiti, Buti іstinno vіlnim dwellers. Zmіniti іsnuyuchy order of speeches, people we can not, ale can cite their will garmonіyu s minds nashogo Zhittya th otochennye. Person of blame vikonuvati svіy obov'yazok, terpіti viprobuvannya, SSMSC posilaє God. Slіd vihoditi Svoge s not good, and good s zagalnogo, posture Yakima okrema Lyudin vzagalі not Je Lyudin. Zhiti neobhіdno without fear hvilyuvan addicted, and for tsogo slіd not boyatisya vignannya, bіdnostі, chornoї robot pozbavitisya zazdroschіv, gnіvu, Bazhanov, zhalkuvan not zasudzhuvati bogіv i people Yakscho all yde not, yak Bajan, zadovolnyatisya mіnіmumom. Happiness polyagaє in znischennі Bazhanov, oskіlki vikonannya one Bazhannya porodzhuє INSHI.

Zaradi dіysnoї Svobody Lyudin vіddati blame God all, that scho їy giving. Ale freedom - not svavіllya and pіdkorennya vischіy neobhіdnostі, Won - usvіdomlennі in fact, scho all svіtі minusche.

Before rimskih stoїkіv nalezhit takozh іmperator Mark Avrelіy Antonіn (121-180 pp. BC. E.), Pid hour pravlіnnya yakogo krizovі yavischa are becoming bіlsh іntensivnimi. Vischі suspіlnі class vіdmovlyayutsya od whether yakih for Change for zberezhennya іsnuyuchogo fret. In stoїchnіy etitsі stink vbachayut zasіb moral Renaissance suspіlstva.

In rozdumah Mark Avrelіya perevazhayut Elements pesimіzmu. Over Lyudin says Mark Avrelіy, tyazhіє usvіdomlennya that scho all, in fact chislі th dіyalnіst - Marne. All zmіnyuєtsya soul - tse Dim i Dream; Zhittya vіyna i zupinka on the high road, the glory, the glory of Caesar let them i Socrates skorominucha, is the second yak mіzh them rіznitsya pіslya smertі Shcho Mauger lead? Tіlki fіlosofіya, tobto zberezhennya svoєї sutnostі od any defamation the, Peremoga at Bol i zadovolennyam, zdatnіst not mothers require ni into a coma, not boyatisya smertі, Bo Won The natural Marneur spodіvatisya vipraviti people їhnі dushі that Rozum, nastanoviti, dwellers stink not boule ni slaves , ni negіdnikami, oskіlki such stink boule zavzhdi. Nіchogo not mozhna zmіniti in svіtі. In vsomu іsnuyuchomu suspіlnomu haosі nіscho not Warta uwagi i Turbota. Je tіlki odne gіdne zavdannya: without gnіvu spend svoє Zhittya Sered people SSMSC dissolved nespravedlivіst, Sereda brehunіv, nastіlki ogidnih scho їh vazhko vitrimati.

Mark Avrelіy - ostannіy predstavnik ancient stoїtsizmu, vchennya Where Money Does, zokrema, pіdkreslyuєtsya neobhіdnіst "pіdkoriti itself" svіtovomu Rozum-Logos-God, and tse little vpliv on formuvannya Rann Christianity

HEAD predstavnikom rimskogo skepticism CCB Enesіdem іz Knossos (bl. Of I v. BC. E.) Look at svoїh blizky to fіlosofії Pіrrona. Enesіdem vbachav in skeptitsizmі Way to pereborennya dogmatism vsіh іsnuyuchih fіlosofskih napryamіv. Velika uwagi pridіlyav analіzu superechnostey in vchennyah іnshih fіlosofіa Visnovkom s yogo skeptical poglyadіv tverdzhennya Bulo, scho about realnіst not mozhna ROBIT nіyakih sudzhen, zasnovanih on bezposerednіh vіdchuttyah obґruntuvannya For tsogo visnovku Yomou employees formulyuvannya tropіv, about SSMSC vzhe says.

Nayvidatnіshim predstavnikom so the title of CCB molodshogo skepticism Sextus Empіrik (other half of the II century -. Persha half of the III century Mr. e...). In svoїh Prace "Fundamentals pіrronіzmu", "against dogmatikіv", "against matematikіv" vіn vikladaє metodologіyu skeptical sumnіvu, yak bazuvalasya on kritichnіy otsіntsі togochasnogo basic understanding of knowledge. Criticality otsіnku spryamovano not tіlki proti fіlosofskih understand ale th proti understand mathematics, rhetoric, astronomії, grammar toscho.

Sextus Empіrik pragne bring, scho skepticism origіnalnoyu fіlosofієyu Yea i do not dopuskaє zmіshannya s іnshimi fіlosofskimi directly. Vіn say scho skepticism vіdrіznyaєtsya od Rasht fіlosofskih techіy, cutaneous s yakih viznaє odnі sutnostі that viklyuchaє INSHI, tim, scho odnochasno pіddaє sumnіvu i dopuskaє OAO All sutnostі. Fіlosof vvazhaє scho Absent nіyakoї koristі od tlumachennya tvorіv pismennikіv i poetіv, denote polyublyayut zaymatis grammar: yak usually those in scho Yea avtorіv korisnogo for Zhittya, Virage not dosit chіtko, and those scho clearer - nekorisne. Empіrik kritikuє dogmatic etiku, yak people vchit Mistetstvo zhiti. Mistetstvo zhiti not іsnuє. Zhiti slіd not zgіdno s teorіyami and zgіdno s-pozateoretich them zhittєvimi nastanovami - dіyalno i spokіyno.

Pratsі Sextus Empіrika - reaktsіya practice on teorіyu, yak became nepotrіbnoyu. Poshuk i doslіdzhennya superechnostey mіzh tverdzhennyami poperednіh fіlosofskih skeptikіv systems lead to a wide vivchennya іstorії fіlosofії. The I Hoca in tsomu napryamі skepticism stvoryuє bagato tsіnnogo in tsіlomu vіn already Je fіlosofієyu scho vtratila the spiritual power, KOTRA pіdnyala antique mislennya to such heights.

Eklektitsizm (od Graetz ekІekgіkoB -. That scho vibiraє) vinikaє in the I st. BC. e. in Rimі. Yogo founder Mark Tullіy Tsіtseron (pp 106-43. BC. E.) Volodіv kolosalnoe obsyagom knowledge CCB entsiklopedistom svoєї Epoch. Vіn putting before him grandіozne zavdannya - stvoriti on novіy sotsіalno-іstorichnіy osnovі Sotho rimsku fіlosofіyu, svoєrіdnіst yakoї polyagala used in unіversalnostі that vіdpovіdala b іndivіdualnim require rimskogo The Citizen. Tsya fіlosofіya guilty bula is synthetic ob'єdnati in sobі all maintained upstream, scho Bulo target to neї іnshimi nations.

In broad znachennі eklektitsizm - poєdnannya in one vchennі rіznomanіtnih, organіchno nesumіsnih elementіv, bezprintsipove zapozichennya i zmіshuvannya superechlivih іdey, otsіnok, teorіy, vikoristannya i pіdtasovuvannya virvanih s context faktіv, formulyuvan, quotes toscho.

Eklektitsizm in vikladі Tsіtserona zoseredzhuє uwagi on suspіlnіy problematitsі, zokrema on etitsі, pragnuchi ob'єdnati Chastain rіznih fіlosofskih systems SSMSC give korisnі knowledge.

In etitsі Tsіtseron bagato in chomu pіdtrimuє stoїkіv, digit uwagi pridіlyaє problematitsі dobrochinnostі. Lyudin vіn vvazhaє Rozumny іstotoyu, yak mіstit in sobі schos divine. Dobrochinnіst - tse pereborennya vsіh zhittєvih znegod power Volya. Naybіlshe spriyaє tsomu fіlosofіya. Leather s fіlosofskih napryamіv come to dosyagnennya dobrochinnostі svoїm Shlyakhov. Tom Tsіtseron rekomenduє ob'єdnati vnesok, yaky roblyat okremі fіlosofskі school, usі їh dosyagnennya in odne tsіle. Tsim vіn zahischaє svіy eklektitsizm.