Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

3.2.5. neoplatonism

Progresuyucha crisis rimskogo suspіlstva in ostannі Rocky respublіki i Pershi in Rocky іmperії zakonomіrno vіdobrazhaєtsya th at fіlosofії. Posilennya vplivu Christianity dedalі bіlshe zmіtsnyuє pozitsії mіstitsizmu that іrratsіonalіzmu. Fіlosofskі techії tsієї Epoch in rіznomu namagayutsya pristosuvatis to fіlosofії role yakoї zmіnyuєtsya. Neopіfagorіyska fіlosofіya namagaєtsya stverditis turned to mіstiki numbers; fіlosofіya Fіlona Oleksandrіyskogo (30 pp Ti BC e -...... 50-Ti pp n e) pragne poєdnati gretsku fіlosofіyu s іudeyskoyu relіgієyu.

Naytsіkavіshim bachitsya neoplatonism, yaky rozvivaєtsya in III-V Art. n. e., in ostannіy perіod іsnuvannya Rimskoї іmperії. Preformed in spіlnіy s Christianity sotsіalnіy atmosferі, vіn Je spetsifіchnoyu refleksієyu sotsіalnogo pesimіzmu that naslіdkom rozkladu sotsіalno-polіtichnih vіdnosin Rimskoї іmperії.

Nayznachnіshy predstavnik neoplatonіzmu Plotіn (205 bl - bl 270 pp n e...) Vvazhaє scho Basics vsogo scho іsnuє, Je nadchuttєvy, imply a supernatural, divine principle nadrozumny. Vid Demba stale usі FORMS Butt. Tse principle of absolute Butt, vіn nepіznavanny. Єdine іstinne Butt dosyagaєtsya deprivation Shlyakhov proniknennya the center of pure spoglyadannya i pure mislennya scho Yea mozhlivim, znovu Well again, through deprivation "vіdtorgnennya" pillows - ekstaz. Whether Lots Other scho scho іsnuє in svіtі, vivoditsya s tsogo єdino іstinnogo Butt.

Plotіn stvoryuє gradatsіyu іsnuvan od zovnіshnogo (dіysnogo, іstinnogo) to naynizhchogo (nedіysnogo). On vershinі tsієї gradatsії stoїt Divine Principle, Dali - Divine Soul, and below - nature.

Bagato uwagi Plotіn pridіlyaє dushі, yak Yea Pevnyi transition to materіalnogo od divine. Soul - tse schos chuzhe materіalnomu, tіlesnomu i zovnіshnє schodo them not Von pov'yazana s tіlom organіchno and Je Chastain zagalnoї dushі. Tіlesne - tse priv'yazok dushі, vono Warta pereborennya deprivation. Emphasis on the "spiritual" (vono - benefit) Veda to Povny prignіchuvannya vsogo tіlesnogo i materіalnogo (evil), scho vilivaєtsya in propovіd asceticism. Koli Plotіn talk about materіalny i chuttєvy's World, vіn harakterizuє yogo yak nedіysne Butt, scho Got to sobі image dіysnogo. For svoїm character nedіysne suttєve not Got form, vlastivostey i whether yakih acquaint themselves.

In etitsі Plotіn poєdnuє principle of good s єdino dіysno suttєvim - s Divine Rozum abo soul and protilezhnіst good - evil - ototozhnyuє s nedіysnim Butt, tobto s chuttєvim svіtom. Єdinim dіysnim pіznannyam Je pіznannya dіysnogo Butt, tobto divine principle, not yaky Mauger Buti osyagnuty chuttєvim ni, ni ratsіonalnim Shlyakhov. Єdiny nablizhennya Way to the divine principle - ekstaz, yaky dosyagaєtsya zusillyam deprivation of spirituality - Spiritual zoseredzhennyam i muted usogo tіlesnogo.

Іdeї Plotіna prodovzhuyut Dvi INSHI neoplatonіchnі School: Sirіyska, naybіlsh vidatnim predstavnikom yakoї Yamvlіh CCB (280 bl - bl 330 pp.)., I Afіnska. Stop prezentuє Proclus (412-485 pp.), Tvorchіst yakogo in Pevnyi rozumіnnі Yea i completion sistematizatsієyu neoplatonіchnoї fіlosofії. Povnіstyu priymayuchi fіlosofіyu Plotіna, vіn robit origіnalnі sposterezhennya i visnovki. Proclus daє naybіlsh chіtke Explanations i viklad principle dіalektichnoї trіadi in yakіy vіn rozrіznyaє rozvitku three main points:
• utrimannya stvorenogo in tvortsі;

• vidіlennya already stvorenogo іz Creator;

• Povernennya stvorenogo to the Creator.

Neoplatonіki tlumachat platonіvsku іdeyu "good" yak "Єdine" yak absolutely "povnotu" Butt. Vono "perepovnyuє" sama currently i Niby "perelivaєtsya over the edge." Tse transfusion - emanatsіya (od lat emanatio -vitіkannya.). Todі vinikaє "Mensch Povny" Butt - Rozum ( "nous") yaky porodzhuє nova emanatsіyu - soul ( "Soul svіtovu"). Vaughn - Butt naymenshogo stage "povnoti", scho in viyavlyaєtsya її arbitrarily "rozdroblennі" on okremі іndivіdualnі dushі, SSMSC "ohoplyuyutsya" nebuttyam (materієyu "tіlom"). Tsya nizhcha form Butt sobі itself is not active, Won spriymaє deprivation mozhlivі smisli FORMS i.

HEAD zavdannya - gliboko think about where, vіdchuti svoє Location in strukturnіy ієrarhії Butt. Welcome (benefit) yde zgori, od Єdinogo evil - znizu, od materії. Person of Mauger uniknuti evil toyu mіroyu in yakіy Won zmozhe pіdnyatisya to nematerіalnogo: Soul - Rozum - Єdine. Tsomu skhodzhennyu vіdpovіdaє: pochuttya - Dumka - ekstaz (ostannіy mіstit in sobі bagatstvo іntelektualnogo i pochuttya Svoge). Єdine - Benefit for vіdpovіdalne garmonіyu i beauty (navіt chaos garmonіyny). Zhittya people have printsipі not Mauger superechiti zagalnіy garmonії.

Pіznіshe іdeї neoplatonіzmu Bulo actively vikoristano in formuvannі hristiyanskoї fіlosofії (Orthodox skhіdny varіant).

Ponyatіyna dialectic ancient neoplatonіzmu harakterizuєtsya mіstikoyu scho dosyagla vertices in tsіy kontseptsії. In tsіlomu fіlosofіya neoplatonіzmu svoїm іrratsіonalіzmom, znevagoyu to vsogo tіlesnogo, focusing on asketizmі that vchennyam about ekstaz uniquely vplinula not tіlki on rannyu hristiyansku fіlosofіyu, ale th in the serednovіchne teologіchne mislennya.

Ellіnіstichna fіlosofіya, nezvazhayuchi on svіy podekudi epіgonsky character prodovzhila traditsії klasychnoji antichnoї fіlosofії i vіdіgrala role іntegralnogo factor ellіnіzmu culture, zokrema Rome. Vaughn znamenuvala Poshuk new and takі її eg, yak i stoїtsizm neoplatonism, posіli digit Location in formuvannі novoї duhovnoї paradigm - hristiyanskogo svіtoglyadu.

Visnovki

Antique fіlosofіya in special vidatnih predstavnikіv, Especially Socrates, Plato, Arіstotelya, Vpershe put i profesіyno obgruntuvala problemi gnoseologії, ontologії, logіki, ​​antropologії, etiki toscho. Antique fіlosofіya Je great spiritual zdobutkom lyudstva. Vaughn did not tіlki Vpershe vіdkrila shirokі Skylines lyudskogo svіtorozumіnnya and second zafіksuvala prozrіnnya in furrows Tsikh obrіїv. Antique fіlosofіya Je cob єvropeyskoї fіlosofії; in Starodavnіy Gretsії viznacheno OAO All іdeї that eg maybutnogo rozvitku fіlosofskogo mislennya. In perіod її klasichnogo іsnuvannya field Zora fіlosofії incoming usі osnovnі spherical lyudskoї zhittєdіyalnostі, fіlosofіya staє detalіzovanoyu, sistematizovanoyu, rozgaluzhenoyu. Antique fіlosofіya tіsno pov'yazana s rozvitkom fіlosofskoї pillows Ukraine: pіslya of acceptance of Christianity in Rus Kiїvsku potraplyayut s Vіzantії Texti davnogretskih mislitelіv, SSMSC osmislyuyutsya i plіdno rozvivayutsya in ukraїnskіy duhovnostі that kulturі.

Rozvitok antichnoї fіlosofії vprodovzh dvanadtsyati stolіt (VII Art BC e - V v BC f......) Especially target type fіlosofstvuvannya Where Money Does mozhna vidіliti deyakі harakternі RISS: antique fіlosofіya, zasnovana on printsipі ob'єktivіzmu, vihodit іz chuttєvo-object space; Won - materіalno-chuttєvy kosmologіzm. Oskіlki Space - absolute deity, then won panteїstichna. Davnogretskі gods prirodnі, stink All related people. Space obumovlyuє neobhіdnіst, yak stosovno Helsinki Human Je doleyu, Fatuma. Lyudinі її share nevіdoma, that won dіє samostіyno, Won - hero. Antique fіlosofіya poєdnuє fatalіzm s geroїzmom people - actors on grandіoznіy kosmіchnіy stsenі. Vaughn bagato dosyagla on ponyatіyno-kategorіalnomu rіvnі, ale mayzhe not Knows zakonіv. In nіy poєdnalisya logіchne, estetichne morally. The Epoch ellіnіzmu that rimsky perіod rozvitku fіlosofії zamіst pіznannya ob'єktivnogo svitu vіdbuvaєtsya Poshuk retseptіv zaspokoєnnya Helsinki Human is before novoї, nebezpechnoї for neї that її tsіnnostey dіysnostі. HEAD rozdіlami takoї fіlosofії stayut etika i morality. Cosmopolitanism stoїkіv i motivates natural law zasnovanі on ratsіonalіzmі, moral rigor їhnіh printsipіv viyavlyalis duzhe privablivimi for rimskoї derzhavnostі. Tom sama stoїtsizm zdobuv wider rozpovsyudzhennya in Rimskіy іmperії. Vid II stage. n. e., s Persha forms hristiyanskogo mislennya in the minds zmіni polіtichnoї that іstorichnoї situatsії vіdbuvaєtsya formuvannya new method for rozumіnnya scho zooms "nova culture", yak i finish antique Dumka vіdkriє problems serednovіchnoї fіlosofії.

PROBLEMNІ ZAVDANNYA

"... People have nemovbi perebuvayut pіdzemnomu primіschennі podіbno to Pechora, the entire de її dovzhinu tyagnetsya wide Promin. W Malih rokіv over there on the legs i on shiї lantsyugi so scho people not zrushiti Georeferencing h, i stink bacha tіlki those scho they ochima straight ahead, turn your head bo stink shaping can not through tsі lantsyugi. People head to povernenі Svitla scho vihodit s Vaughn, yaky gorit far vgorі and mіzh Vaughn i v'yaznyami take the upper road - ogorodzhena nevisokoyu stіnoyu similar to the screen behind the actors yakoyu pomіschayut svoїh pomіchnikіv, if on top of a screen pokazuyut lyalok.

- Tse I sobі uyavlyayu.

- That uyavi sobі i those scho for tsієyu stіnoyu INSHI people carry rіznі rechі statuї ... i, i The images zhivih іstot ... When tsomu odnі s quiet, scho bear, rozmovlyayut, INSHI Movchan ...

Coley s someone nebudu s them znіmut lantsyugi, zmusyat yogo last trump stand up, turn shiєyu, walk, look Vgoru - in bіk Svitla, Yomou bude Duzhe vazhko vikonuvati all tse, vіn nespromozhny bude Divit at yaskravomu svіtlі on Ti rechі, Shade od yakih vіn bachiv ranіshe Chi ... not vvazhaєsh ti, scho vіn podumaє, Nenach uniquely bіlshe truth in the fact scho vіn bachiv ranіshe, nіzh in fact scho Yomou pokazuyut now?

- Zvichayno, vіn so podumaє.

- A zmusyat Yakscho yogo Divit directly on the Same Svitlo, hіba not zabolyat from Demba ochі she will not return vіn bіgom od of scho vіn nespromozhny bachiti, vvazhayuchi, scho tse spravdі perekonlivіshe for Ti rechі, SSMSC Yomou pokazuyut?

- Zgoda, tse so.

- So ... by tse porіvnyannya Varto zastosuvati to vsogo scho Bulo said ranіshe: dіlyanka scho ohoplyuєtsya zorom, podіbna to prison Zhytlo and Svitlo od Vaughn podіbne in nіy to Sealy Sontsya. Shodzhennya i spoglyadannya speeches SSMSC znahodyatsya in visokostі - tse pіdyom dushі umosyazhnogo in scope. "

(Plato State // Collected Works .: In 4 t -... M., 1984. - T. 3. C 295-298.).

Read urivok, skazhіt, chomu "v'yaznі Pecher" priymayut for іstinu tіnі predmetіv, streaked of order? Naskіlki tsya Dumka Plato Mauger Buti plіdnoyu for tvorchoї fantazії?

"Noble fix that, hto, rahuyuchis not s Vlasnyi forces and z forces lyudskoї nature, put in front of him visokі tsіlі, pragne їh dosyagnuti i mrіє about takі velikі іdeali scho vtіlennya їh in Zhittya viyavlyaєtsya vazhkim navіt for people SSMSC toil znachnі obdarovannya . Axis SSMSC tsіlі vіn Mauger postaviti sobі: "When viglyadі smertі that when povіdomlennі about neї I zberіgatimu one spokіyny viraz oblichchya; I znositimu tyazhkі viprobuvannya, SSMSC used not stink boule pіdkrіplyuyuchi tіlesnі Sealy spirituality; I znevazhatimu bagatstvo Square od of chi bude vono in Me, ni chi; I will not sumnіshim, Yakscho vono nalezhatime іnshomu, i bіlsh Gorda, Yakscho vono otochuvatime mene svoїm Bliscom; I bayduzhim to dolі, Chi Won bude mene beregti abo carats; at OAO All zemlі I divitimus svoї yak on and on svoї -yak on zagalnu spіlnіst, zhitimu in perekonannі scho narodivsya for іnshih, i'm for tse vdyachny prirodі, oskіlki Won could not poturbuvatisya maintained upstream about moї Interests: mene won one podaruvala vsіm, and vsіh - Meni one. "

(Seneca About happy life // The Roman Stoics: Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius - M., 1995. - S. 183..).

Read i poyasnіt, chi vіdpovіdaє rozumіnnya Seneca Censu Zhittya Helsinki Human Suchasnyj uyavlennyam about Demba.

Meals for self

• Do chomu polyagaє fіlosofska proniklivіst in viznachennі pershoosnovi Butt mislitelіv Mіletskoї school?

• Rozkriyte zmіst geraklіtіvskogo ponyattya Logos.

• prokomentit logіchnі proof sofіstіv i pokazhіt їh values ​​in stanovlennі fіlosofskogo knowledge.

• Shcho Takeo's World іdey (eydosіv) Plato? In chomu sutnіst trіadi "Єdine -Rozum - Svіtova Soul"?

• Viznachte osnovnі RISS vchennya about materіyu Arіstotelya.

• SSMSC osnovnі stoїtsizmu provisions of Seneca?

• Rozkriyte spetsifіku fіlosofskih poglyadіv Epіkteta.

• Poyasnіt sutnіst provіdnih іdey eklektitsizmu.

• Yucca osoblivіst mainly іdey predstavnikіv fіlosofії neoplatonіzmu?

FOR literature SAMOSTІYNOGO OPRATSYUVANNYA

1. Aristotle. Vol. The 4 volumes. - M., 1976-1983.

2. V. Windelband History of ancient philosophy. - K., 1995.

3. AF Losev, Godi Tahoe-AA Plato. Aristotle - M., 1993.

4. Proleev SV history of ancient philosophy. - K., 2001.

5. Real Ax., Antisern D. Western philosophy from the beginnings to the present day // 1. Antiquity. - SPb., 1996.

6. Taranov PS Gold philosophy. - M., 1989.

7. V. Tatarkiewicz Istoria fіlosofії. T. 1. - Lviv, 1997.

8. Chanyshev AN Course of lectures on ancient and medieval philosophy. - M., 1991.

9. The Roman Stoics: Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius. - M., 1995.

10. Seneca Autsy Annius. Moral letters to Lutsiliyu. - M., 1986.