Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

4. Fіlosofіya serednіh vіkіv

Serednovіchna fіlosofіya tіsno pov'yazana s Christianity, Cauterets vpevneno i actively stverdzhuєtsya Tsey perіod in Єvropі. Osnovnі fun- hristiyanskogo vіrovchennya served odnochasno basic provisions for fіlosofskih mіrkuvan. Fallow encampment fіlosofії od relіgії yaskravo virazhalo on au-Perche, serednovіchne uyavlennya about neї yak about "sluzhnitsyu teologії" i, in other words, those Location scho vіdvodilosya fіlosofії in serednovіchnіy ієrarhії knowledge. Vischy Schabbel Ziman teologіya - "science about God," - sistematizovany viklad, obgruntuvannya i Zahist hristiyanskogo vіrovchennya; after her yshla fіlosofіya, poklikat proof Rozum poyasnyuvati the dogma vіri i poshiryuvati їh in such viglyadі Sered vіruyuchih. Nizhchy Schabbel in tsіy ієrarhії Ziman konkretnі science, "sіm vіlnih Mistetstvo" (arithmetic, geometrіya, Grammar, RM, rhetoric astronomіya, dialectic). In uyavlennyah mislitelіv serednovіchnoї Epoch Lyudin skladaєtsya s troh I started: dushі, i tіla spirit. Nayvischoyu Chastain Helsinki Human Je spirit yaky serve with nіy Svoge old "іskroyu Bozhoyu". Vіn peretvoriv Lyudin on spiritual іstotu, KOTRA became zdatnoyu kontrolyuvati tіlesnu their nature. Fіlosofіya serednovіchchya dosyagaє rozkvіtu in skholastitsі, the basic іdeya yakoї - "ratsіonalne" obgruntuvannya relіgіynih dogmas logіchnimi methods i proof. Sogodnі word "scholasticism" ototozhnyuєtsya s bezzmіstovnim i bezplіdnim mіrkuvannyam, formal knowledge, vіdіrvanim od Zhittya.

Klyuchovі words

teologіya, theocentrism, apologetics, patristic, scholastic, kreatsіonіzm, provіdentsіalіzm, realіzm, nomіnalіzm, odkrovennya, kontseptualіzm, unіversalії

"Ni pro scho not mozhna skazati as accurately dwellers zmіst not mozhna Bulo spotvoriti".

P'єr Abelard

4.1. FІLOSOFSKІ Jerel HRISTIYANSKOЇ Apologetics

Tendentsіya to zblizhennya fіlosofії s relіgієyu proyavlyaєtsya vzhe in pіznіy antichnostі. In ryadі vchen aktsentuvalasya uwagi on relіgії th mіstitsі yak on Jerel іstini and ratsіonalnih dokazіv vіdstupala system on other plans. In borotbі for svoє "Location pid Sontsya" fіlosofskі Elements hristiyanskogo mislennya postupovo rozvivalisya in konfrontatsії s antique mudrіstyu. In perepletennі rіznih vchen i poglyadіv vistupayut three osnovnі tendentsії, SSMSC harakterizuyut rannіy perіod Formation serednovіchnoї fіlosofії.

Povnіstyu zaperechuyutsya antique osvіchenіst i fіlosofіya, oskіlki all іstinne i Positive vihodit deprivation s divine odkrovennya.

Antique fіlosofіya spriymaєtsya yak іnstrument pіznannya God (Gnosticism).

Vіdstoyuєtsya garmonіyne spіvіsnuvannya mіzh "divine" i "fіlosofskoyu" mudrіstyu at viznannі pervinnostі "divine" principle (the apologists, Augustine).

On osnovі Tsikh tendentsіy postupovo formuєtsya serednovіchna fіlosofіya, yak vprodovzh tisyachі rokіv viznachala not tіlki svіtoglyadnі orієntatsії, іntelektualnu atmosphere of the hour, ale th zdіysnila velichezny vpliv away on rozvitok vsієї zahіdnoєvropeyskoї culture. Istoria datuє serednovіchchya in Zahіdnіy Єvropі V-XIV stolіttyami. Prote fіlosofіya tsogo perіodu Pocha skladatisya uniquely ranіshe, vzhe in Article II-III. n. e. Main її іdeynim Jerel became hristiyanska relіgіya. Rannє Christianity vinikaє not empty mіstsі, and ґruntі bagatoh іdey, techіy, kultіv. Utіm not tse viznachilo yogo share basis and those scho vono gave, that vіdmіnny od sumi okremih elementіv synthesis, yaky naybіlsh Povny zadovolnyav Request suchasnikіv and to zavolodіv їhnіm i Rozum souls.

The way Іsusa Christ, sina great vsemogutnogo God, scho vtіlivsya in Sina teslі and potіm pіshov on stratum zaradi spasіnnya lyudstva, Christianity vіdpovіlo needful weight in positive іdealі Vono confronted vіruyuchimi nova Meta, poєdnuyuchi nadіyu on NKVD immortality s nadієyu on vsezagalne spasіnnya i do updates in maybutnomu "tsarstvі Bozhomu". Christianity obґruntuvalo іdeyu braterstva people have rіvnih grіhah i dobrochinnostі, sanktsіonuvalo residual RPPOs vіruyuchih s ofіtsіynim svіtom Vono zaperechuvalo yak cult yazichnitskih, antique bogіv so i cult іmperatorіv.

In mіru pogіrshennya sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo i polіtichnogo encampments Rimskoї іmperії Christianity Pocha poshiryuvatisya Sered rіznih verstv population privablyuvalo to imagine opozitsіynі Seeley. Zmіtsnyuvalas ecclesiastical organіzatsіya. Vіrovchennya formuvalosya for rakhunok zaluchennya to Demba elementіv antichnoї fіlosofії.

At II- III st. vinikaє Persha hristiyanska bogoslovsko-fіlosofska literature. The legends about muchenikіv-Holy, Holy zhitіyah vіdrodzhuєtsya іdeal active, stіykogo fighter for the truth i pravednіst. Tvorchі Sealy, SSMSC zalishilisya in іmperії, boules spryamovanі in scope, naybіlsh pov'yazanu s Suchasnyj Zhittya 3 tsogo time pochinaєtsya new Epoch in іstorії svіtovoї culture. Doba serednovіchchya povnіstyu pronizuєtsya spirituality іntentsіyami Christianity. Pong vimagali Svoge osmislennya to yakogo i started a new fіlosofіya.

Fіlosofіya Rann Christianity won titles apologetics and її predstavniki - apologetіv. Pov'yazano tse s tim, scho mali do the first character apologіy, spryamovanih on Zahist i vipravdannya hristiyanskogo vіrovchennya i dіyalnostі hristiyan. Rannє Christianity has set fіlosofієyu two vzaєmopov'yazanі mіzh him zavdannya: bezposeredno-practicality that іdeyno-theoretical nature. Pershe polyagalo in zahistі hristiyanskih od pereslіduvan communities have the right to vіdstoyuvannі spovіduvannya novoї relіgії that zmіtsnennya organіzatsіynoї єdnostі and takozh zaluchennya to Christianity broad mass Zvertayuchis pribіchnikіv to Christianity, apologists of Namangan pіdbadoriti їh, make іdeyu bogoobranostі, vinyatkovostі novoї relіgії.

Sort order s virіshennyam bezposeredno-practicality zavdan hristiyanskі apologists bagato uwagi pridіlyali rozrobtsі that theoreticity obґruntuvannyu vіrovchennya Svoge. Tse pov'yazano s tim, scho cob funktsіonuvannya hristiyanskoї apologetics zbіgaєtsya s moment of becoming church, yak vimagala chіtkogo vіrovchennya.

Neobhіdny theoreticity materіal for obґruntuvannya novoї relіgії apologists drew s velikoї kіlkostі mіfologіchnih obrazіv i uyavlen empіrichnoї relіgіynoї svіdomostі. Tsey materіal zapozichavsya s gretskoї i rimskoї relіgіy, blizkoskhіdnih i єgipetskih kultіv and takozh s novih faktіv, scho pid narodzhuvalisya bezposeredno vplivom Christianity. Great values ​​have formuvannі hristiyanskoї fіlosofії nabuvala ellіnіstichna fіlosofіya antichnostі. Zavdannyam apologetіv Bulo vporyadkuvati Tsey rіznorіdny materіal, zvesti yogo to pevnoї system poyasniti naybіlsh vazhlivі provisions zrobiti їh available for spriynyattya svoїmi pribіchnikami once i s tim zahistiti od napadіv protivnikіv Christianity.

• theoreticity Jerel rannohristiyanskoї fіlosofії Bula ellіnіstichna fіlosofіya (II Art BC e -... II v n e...), Nasampered system єvreyskogo fіlosofa s Aleksandrії Fіlona and takozh vulgarized gretska, Especially stoїchna fіlosofіya, in maybutnomu great vpliv on formuvannya hristiyanskoї fіlosofії little vchennya neoplatonіkіv.

Fіlosofіya Fіlona bazuvalas on uyavlennі about God yak about nayvischu іstotu scho stoїt posture hour i spacious. Through its transtsendentnіst God Mauger vstupiti contact Zi svіtom for tsogo potrіben poserednik. On mіfologіchnomu rіvnі qiu problem Christianity Bulo virіsheno Іsusa through the image of Christ, yaky priynyav zhertovnu death for grіhi lyudstva for yogo spasіnnya. Ale vimagalosya virіshennya tsієї problems on theoreticity rіvnі.

On tsіy pіdstavі sformuvalas since I have been called to come hristologіchna problem, yak vіdkrivala wide Prostir for fіlosofskih rozdumіv

Klasichna antique fіlosofіya not target kontseptsії-osobistostі God. In nіy Єdine traktuєtsya yak pershoprichina, s yakoї resemble truncated Butt and takozh absolute, abstract, bezosobova іndivіdualnіst. Osobistіsne rozumіnnya God Vpershe giving Fіlon Aleksandrіysky. Vіn robit visnovki, vihodyachi s of scho Yakscho God is the absolute beginning, then Vіn not Mauger not Buti osobistіstyu, more Yakscho Vіn not osobistіst then Yomou schos pereduvalo, otzhe, Vіn - not an absolute beginning. Thus the rank of God - tse osobistіst i vimagaє osobistіsnogo representations i rozumіnnya. taka

"T can not Buti іstinno Wise, Yakscho not be in sight bozhevіlnim svitu, vіryachi fact scho Svit nazivaє are absurd ... I do not znahodzhu kraschoї Reasons to osoromlennya yourself znevazhati yak dung, Buti holy bezsoromnim i schaslivo bozhevіlnim. Sina Bozhogo Bulo rozp'yato - I do not soromlyus addition, the fact scho nenachebto potrіbno soromitisya. Sin God is dead - potrіbno to vіriti, Same to scho Rozum miy oburyuєtsya proti tsogo. Vіn rose іz coffin in yak yogo Bulo very hard, dіysna right, to scho zdaєtsya nemozhlivoyu ".

Tertullіan

characteristic - Krok upered in spryamuvannі hristiyanskogo svіtoglyadu, ale won not give Povny rozumіnnya podolannya prіrvi mіzh God i svіtom order dwellers znyati superechnіst mіzh God i svіtom, Fіlon enter ponyattya Logos (odne s central figure antichnoї fіlosofії). Logos - tse svіtovy order, beauty, garmonіya, tse law scho lead to єdnostі rіznomanіtnіst speeches. Logos have Fіlona vistupaє yak stvoreny God spirit, yaky spochatku Je divine Rozum. Taken on sobі, abstragovany od tіlesnih speeches Logos Je kingdom vіchnih іdey, totozhnih s Divine Dumka. Svit stvoryuєtsya God for Modell Tsikh іdey i serve їh vіdobrazhennyam Pіslya stvorennya svitu divine Rozum became іmanentnim svitu.

Do not Fіlona Logos totozhny s mesієyu - Christ. Tsya totozhnіst z'yavlyaєtsya pіznіshe, vzhe pіslya smertі Fіlona in Єvangelії od Іoanna "Spochatku Bulo Word (Logos), i Bulo word of God, i Bulo word of God." So rank, vіchno іsnuyuchy Logos vtіlivsya Іsusa in Christ. Іsus Christ іnterpretuєtsya yak God, Ale ponyattya "God" - not totozhne ponyattyu "Christ." Mіzh them іsnuє Pevnyi vіdmіnnіst, іnakshe vazhko zrozumіti Sens earth іsnuvannya Logos Meta yogo i have priznachennya svіtі invisible God the Father and the Logos-syn guilty vtіlitisya Sered people dwellers stink through Demba dіznalisya about ottsya.

Vchennya about the Divine Logos rozvivali predstavniki stoїtsizmu. Ale smut merits stoїtsizmu in formuvannі hristiyanskogo svіtoglyadu Bulo brought about a system of moral tsіnnostey. Sutnіst її - in propovіdі apolіtizmu, znevagi to realіy particular sotsіalnogo Zhittya, zaperechennya tsіnnostey subject-tіlesnogo character protistavlennya tіlesnogo spiritual, yak vvazhaєtsya bіlsh sphere of Visoki zhittєvih іnteresіv.