Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

5.3. PROBLEM ІNDIVІDUALNOSTІ GUMANІZMІ The Renaissance

Tvorchіst mislitelіv naytіsnіshe pov'yazuєtsya s suchasnіstyu. Vpliv їhnoї vіlnoї pillows on glibinnі processes evolyutsії Butt i svіdomostі bezsumnіvny, vіn often vіdіgraє virіshalnu role in spryamuvannyah Epoch.

• Nіkkolo Makіavellі (1469-1527 pp.) - Helsinki Human butt dії mislitelya i practice i theorist Yogo devіz "Spochatku zhiti, potіm fіlosofstvuvati". Vіn not MAV noble pohodzhennya, bliskuchoї osvіti. Prote Bhagat on podії Zhittya tsієї talanovitoї Helsinki Human, Yak-Service from the Secretary to the dvorі Medіchі in Florentsії - "laboratorії polіtichnogo dosvіdu" vikonuvanі polіtichnі that diplomatichnі doruchennya, beztsіnnі sposterezhennya, neochіkuvany collapse kar'єri and pіslya tsogo - viznannya, i yogo lіteraturna fіlosofska dіyalnіst, populyarnіst in the following stolіttyah - all vimagaє tse z uwagi proanalіzuvati osnovnі іdeї teoretichnoї spadschini Makіavellі.

Paphos praktichnoї pillows proynyato in Makіavellі Poshuk іstini about Lyudin. Ale vіn vіddaє perevagu dіysnim іstinam suspіlnoї practice before іstinami, dosyagnenimi for Relief moral faktorіv Lyudskimi іdeyami keruє іnteres, yaky Je їh naymogutnіshim stimulus. Yogo manifest rіznomanіtnі against naychastіshe vіn viznachaєtsya Bazhanov zberegti his vlasnіst. Makіavellі vvazhaє scho "people shvidshe probachat death dad, nіzh vtratu vlasnostі". Lachey for vlasnitskimi іnteresami yde lyudska Turbota about moralnі pochestі that tsіnnostі.

Egoїzm lyudskoї Nature nevikorіnyuvany, to vinikaє neobhіdnіst derzhavnoї organіzatsії yak vischoї Sealy, yak Person of zmogla used to bring up to standards moralnoї povedіnki. For Makіavellі really zdіysnenі podії іsnuyut okremo od їh vіdobrazhennya in svіdomostі people: іstina dosyagaєtsya dієyu in yakіy Won realіzuєtsya. In zv'yazku s CIM entered kontseptsіya "Fortune" i vstanovlyuєtsya її spіvvіdnoshennya s dіyalnіstyu Helsinki Human. "Fortune" (share of Happiness) rozporyadzhaєtsya our vchinkіv half, the other half dozvolyaє upravlyati ourselves. Tobto volodіnnya free will daє mozhlivіst Activity Act reasonably, i Lyudin vistupaє "farrier samoї itself." Vіn Pichet, scho "maintained upstream Buti smіlivim, nіzh oberezhnim" oskіlki "fortune - zhіnka, i hto Hoca s her porozumіtisya, guilty її Beaty i shtovhati" Bo Won, yak zhіnka - "friend of youth, and the stench is not takі obachnі, bіlsh vіdvazhnі that s bіlshoyu power її priborkuyut ".

Helsinki Human Zdatnіst to dіyalnostі, spryamovanoї tverezim Rozum, will, zagartovanu him osoblivo will, natsіlenu on zdіysnennya great zadumіv, Makіavellі viznachaє yak "vіrtu" tobto prowess. Spravzhnya realіzatsіya "vіrtu" - right zanadto great bіlshostі available for Yak rule, people are not being povnіstyu Welcome ni, ni povnіstyu trash, "obirayut serednі Shlyakh SSMSC Je naybіlsh zgubnimi". Dіyalnіst vidatnih people scho zalishayut slіd in іstorії, printsipovo vіdmіnna Moses, Kіr, Romulus, Theseus is the INSHI ydut Shlyakhov maksimalnoї doblestі in dosyagnennі great tsіley. Ale Velich osobistostі viznachaєtsya i tim, naskіlki Won pronikaє to require Svoge hour. Blagopoluchchya dosyagayut Ti, Chii sposіb Act reasonably vіdpovіdaє Especially hour, i yogo vtrachayut otherwise razі.

Golovna problem tvorchostі Makіavellі - uspіh polіtichnogo dіyacha. In svoїy pratsі "Ruler" vіn vivodit іdeyu "the new ruler." Zgіdno s her, virіshalnim kriterієm polіtiki Je uspіh. Tom cutaneous Enforced vipravdane, Yakscho just past pro Reigning good. Vіn Pichet, scho "wise ruler powers responsible for zmozі not vіddalyatisya od good, ale not vіddalyatisya evil od when potrebі". Vіn guilty poєdnuvati in svoїy osobі that svoїh dіyah left of Quality, zdatnogo rozpravitisya s whether Yakim Zi svoїh vorogіv and takozh lisitsі, zdatnoї oshukati nayhitrіshogo Khitrun Mudrіst ruler polyagaє in fact dwellers dіyati in rіznomu, zgіdno s obstavinami vibirati sposіb povedіnki. Ruler - centaur napіvlyudina, napіvtvarina lion i foxes, all scho zavgodno.

N. Makіavellі rozglyadaє stvorennya silnoї way to power in the minds, if people have not rozvinuta Gromadyanska svіdomіst. Before them nalezhit:

• representation before the governor pіddanih i soyuznikіv;

• uniknennya quiet wad, SSMSC mozhut pozbaviti Yogo Power;

• thank the generous ruler;

• podolannya takoї slabostі (od yakoї vazhko vberegtis), yak Mauger lestoschі Ruler prisluhatisya to mock ale OAO All rіshennya priymati blame himself. Makіavellі pіdvodit to visnovku, scho for dosyagnennya polіtichnoї methylene OAO All zasobi allowed, i Hoca ruler responsible keruvatisya zagalnopriynyatimi standards moralі that povedіnki, ale z them polіtitsі possible not rahuvatisya, Yakscho Tse spriyatime zmіtsnennyu derzhavnoї Vladi.

"Do not Varto to Anyone figure out what will please i koristuvatisya strangers Rejoice, Rejoice krіm zagalnoї -rule for skin: slіduvati velіnnyam dushі that dіyati smіlivo".

N. Makіavellі

Zgoda tsі іdeї, vtіlenі in polіtichnu practice dіstali makіavellіzmu titles. Ale Makіavellі not vinahodiv tsі ways vіn їh pobachiv i uzagalniv. Neobhіdno vіddati Shana іntelektualnіy chesnostі Makіavellі, yaky іde nazustrіch

"Dobri butt narodzhuyutsya Welcome vihovannyam, good vihovannya - Garnier laws and garnі Law - timey by the irregularities, scho hto їh bagato bezrozsudno zasudzhuє".

N. Makіavellі

problemі to kіntsya, ґruntuyuchis on svoєmu rozumіnnі that znannі Epoch. For example, a meta vipravdovuє zasobi, oskіlki zavzhdi slabshe good for evil. "God i Aje nature vіddali people have vlasnі hands їh share Ale blagopoluchchya dostupnіshe for hizhatstva, nіzh for chesnoї pratsі for zlih ref chastіshe, nіzh for good people to vikoristovuyut Stranger's juices ... Hto through durіst abo naїvnіst unikaє tsogo, that zalishaєtsya navіchno in rabstvі and Dobri

people zavzhdi bіdnі; s slavery dopomagaє viyti tіlki zrada abo vіdvaga, s bіdnostі - gonitva deception for profit i ... Slіd zastosuvati force Yakscho traplyaєtsya vipadok ".

Novelty etiki Makіavellі polyagaє in povnіy vіdsutnostі in nіy God. In Poshuk osobistostі Culture Renaissance enter ponyattyam of order s "rіznomanіtnіst" Sered people "rіznomanіtnіst" sutnostі samoї Helsinki Human. Tsim stverdzhuєtsya іndivіdualіzm, yaky vimagaє natural i vіlnogo (in skin Danian time) Vibor high road that dolі

• Vazhlivy contribution from rozvitok gumanіzmu vnіs Rotterdamsky Erasmus (1469-1536 pp.). Pozashlyubny syn a priest i yogo sluzhnitsі in molodostі monk, zavdyaki napoleglivіy pratsі vіn zdobuv bliskuchu fіlosofsko-gumanіtarnu osvіtu. Zdobuv glory nayvidatnіshogo latinіsta Epoch Renaissance, lіdera zagalnoєvropeyskogo gumanіzmu. Zagalne viznannya Bulo nastіlki great scho Charles the V, Frantsіsk I, VIII of Genrіh, Pope Rimsky pragnuli uwagi i pіdtrimki Erasmus Rotterdamskogo.

Svoє vchennya Rotterdamsky nazivaє "fіlosofієyu Christ." Dopuskaє garmonіynu Yednist antique i hristiyanskih moral fіlosofskih іdealіv i to ototozhnyuє Socrates s Christ. Zaklikaє to Renaissance іdey that іdealіv pervіsnogo Christianity, zabut katolitskoyu Church. Yogo tezu - "back to Christ!" Zumovleno Dumka, scho Person of, naslіduyuchi Christ zdatna pіdnositis to іdey, zafіksovanih at Holy pismі. Erasmus Rotterdamskogo nazivayut Voltaire XVI stolіttya.

Svoє rozumіnnya vzaєmovіdnosin Helsinki Human i suspіlstva vіn vislovlyuє in pratsі "Praise Glupotі". Vіn Pichet, scho in lyudskomu suspіlstvі all napovneno durіstyu, all the bad i robitsya Sered durnіv. "Bіlshіst people durnі Yea, i cutaneous durіє svіy on the way." Quantity proyavіv durostі neskіnchenna. Durіst Bhagat on kolektivnі manifest, naybіlshy s them - vіyna, privabliva for quiet, hto ЇЇ not Knows. Durіstyu keruyutsya OAO All people OOO All natsії. Vira takozh sporіdnena s deyakimi durostі species; s mudrіstyu Won nesumіsna Otzhe, then Erasmus Rotterdamsky vіdhodit od teologіchnoї ortodoksalnostі in pitannі about prіoritet vіri over Rozum

Chomu durіst mogutnіsha od mudrostі? Tom scho sphere chuttєvostі, pov'yazanoї Zi vsіm tіlom Helsinki Human, nabagato Shirsha skladnіsha i od spherical її Rozum, skontsentrovanogo tіlki in golovі. Mogutnіst chuttєvostі nepoborna, i mute Censu dumate about moralnі principles povnіstyu zvіlnenі od neї. In viyavlennі unіversalnih encroachment durostі great role vіdіgraє nature, yak "nіkoli not zablukaє". Erasmus Rotterdamsky vismіyuє miracles, miracle Aje Je nature in vsіy її tsіlіsnostі that Zi vsіma її laws, more in tsomu won aspektі nepіznavanna taka Well, yak i God himself.

Rozmіrkovuyuchi over sotsіalnim encampment Helsinki Human, vіn vvazhaє scho іstinna znatnіst polyagaє in aktivnostі that postіynіy borotbі for moral udoskonalennya. The natural obdarovanіst not Je virіshalnoyu in dosyagnennі lyudskogo blagopoluchchya i shlyahetnostі; virіshalnim musit Buti vihovannya th Osvita (pіznіshe tse tverdzhennya camp bunt іdeєyu Epoch Prosvіtnitstva).

W pozitsіy іndivіdualіzmu Erasmus Rotterdamsky vvazhaє, scho people -tse gіgantsky, bagatogolovy zvіr, zmusheny zdebіlshogo zvertatisya to bezmezhnoї prihilnostі durostі. "Fortune - Pichet vіn - love people not zanadto velikorozumnih, ale vіdvazhnih, SSMSC povtoryuyut" Be scho bude! ". A mudrіst robit people boyaguzlivimi, i addition to dermal krotsі bachimo mudretsіv, SSMSC live in bіdnostі in golodі everywhere zustrіchayuchi prezirstvo i hate. Before durnіv same plivut groshі, stink trimayut svoїh at the hands of Vlad i vsіlyako protsvіtayut ".

Vihіd - at svobodі Volya, svobodі Vibor, Aje cob i kіnets lyudskogo Zhittya - in the hands of God, Hoca Way Tsey nemozhlivy without vіlno-volovih dіyan Lyudin zgіdno s pochuttyam mіri zdatna Pay Proper Way. The principle of "nіchogo Ponad mіru" nemozhlivo rozglyadati without tyazhkoї povsyakdennoї pratsі, that "of Namangan zhiti, nachebto minute zavzhdi alive." Dali vіn dodaє: "i znayde death if you then maintained upstream, Yakscho tee will have you zanyattyah and not bezdіyalnostі".

"Yea Dvi naygolovnіshі pereshkodi on the high road pіznannya speeches: litter, scho, mov Dim, zastilaє soul, i fear, yaky himself usogo boїtsya th іnshih vіdlyakuє. Ale Glupota generously zvіlnyaє Lyudin th od of another. OAO All smertnі not on pity rozumіyut, yak th vigіdno zruchno nіkoli nіchogo not soromitis i Buti zavzhdi vіdvazhnim ".

Erasmus Rotterdamsky