Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

6. Єvropeyska fіlosofіya XVII-XVIII century.

Novi hour became an hour revolyutsіynih peretvoren in vsіh areas suspіlnogo Zhittya scho viklikalo zmіni i in Helsinki Human svіtoglyadnih installations. Main metoyu fіlosofії progoloshuєtsya pіznannya Nature i vdoskonalennya samoї Helsinki Human. Svіtoglyadna picture svitu in novochasnih vimіrah demonstruє plyuralіzm dumok i kontseptsіy. Fіlosofіya in Poshuk obєktivnoї іstini about navkolishnіy's World pragne zdobuti Naukova, dostovіrne knowledge sistematizuvati Yogo for Relief Method in zagalnu svitu picture. Novi sposіb fіlosofstvuvannya peredbachav zdatnіst Helsinki Human pіznavati Zakoni i zakonomіrnostі dotsіlno vlashtovanogo zovnіshnogo obєktivnogo svitu.

In Zahіdnіy Єvropі XVIII stolіttya dіstalo titles Epoch Prosvіtnitstva, it has acted as a yak s Programs vdoskonalennya Helsinki Human i suspіlstva on osnovі Rozum that uspіhіv rozvitku in science i tehnіki. Before the main provisions prosvіtnitskoї prog nalezhat ratsіonalіzm, perekonannya about "prirodnі rights" kozhnoї Helsinki Human, Vira in pohodzhennya sotsіumu vnaslіdok "suspіlnogo agreement" vchennya about nevіglastvo i ignorance of yak golovnі Reason i dzherela bіd that neschast Helsinki Human, іstorichny optimіzm, Vira in materіalny i spirituality progressive lyudstva, virіshalnu role in Money Does povinnі vіdіgravati Osvita, vihovannya i rozvitok science.

Klyuchovі words

mechanical philosophy, metaphysics, empіrizm, ratsіonalіzm, sensualism, panteїzm method, іnduktsіya, deduktsіya, modus, Monad, Intelektualna іntuїtsіya, garmonіya, kombіnatsіya vіdchuttіv, suspіlny dogovіr, natural law, geografіchny determіnіzm, fatalіzm, clericalism

"Tіlki in genіya for vislovlennya novoї pillows used word basis."

Genrіh Heine

6.1. EMPІRIZM F. BACON

• bilja Kolisko new Buchan Naukova problems standing celebrities anglіysky polіtichny dіyach i fіlosof Frensіs Bacon (1561-1626 pp.). In svoїy pratsі "Novi Organon" Bacon obґruntuvav Look at Meta i priznachennya science rozrobiv osnovnі fun- іnduktivnogo doslіdzhennya method. Bacon aphorism "Knowledge - force" Je doninі symbol of science.

Zhittya F. Bacon - tse Way Borotba i glory. Vіn navchavsya in Kembridzhі that Parizhі, studіyuvav usually goes to pіdgotovku derzhavnoї service. When korolevі Єlizavetі vіn CCB Rudnick Nadzvychaina sytuatsia s right, and when korolі. Yakovі the I Zroby bliskuchu kar'єru, posіdayuchi nayvischі derzhavnі Plant: in 1617, p. -lord-ohoronnik korolіvskoї seals, 1619 at p. - Grand Chancellor. In 1620 r. Bacon zdobuv Baron Verulamskogo, vіkonta St. Alabamskogo. That dvorovі іntrigi, zazdroschі, work hardening prizveli yogo to collapse. Yogo Bulo uv'yazneno in Tauerі and kіnets Zhittya vіn provіv in Vlasnyi maєtku. Pomer od chill, yak pid hour dіstav doslіdіv іz zamorozhuvannya produktіv harchuvannya.

Analіzuyuchi Suchasnyj Yomou mill science, Bacon harakterizuvav її yak dead, neporushnu, yak statue porіvnyuyuchi її Zi Stsіlloyu, yak small oblichchya dіvi i tіlo scho jump in zvіrine. Otzhe, by general position of science, yak Got nachebto Garnier, privablivy viglyad, kriyutsya porozhnі words Science zaymaєtsya zіstavlennyam long time vіdkritih position and not Poshuk shlyahіv to novih vіdkrittіv. Aje kіntseva meta science - vinahodi i vіdkrittya, zadovolennya potreb i polіpshennya Zhittya instead lyudska korist. Oskіlki Suchasna science does not zdatna virіshuvati pozitivnі zavdannya, її slіd perebuduvati. For tsogo Varto zdіysniti robot dvoh vidіv: criticality i positively.

Critical ruynіvnu Chastain fіlosofskoї Sistemi Bacon spryamovano on viyavlennya reasons pomilok people i viroblennya rekomendatsіy for їh podolannya. In yogo tvorchostі vidіlyayut two basic eg: vchennya about "іdolіv" (abo prividіv) i criticism of scholastic method pіznannya.

HEAD pereponoyu on high road pіznannya Nature Je zasmіchenіst svіdomostі so the title of "іdolami" - spotvorenimi images dіysnostі, hibnimi uyavlennyami i ponyattyami. Person of pomilyaєtsya through tupіst, nedostatnіst knowledge obmezhenіst. Rozrіznyayut Vier Vidi "іdolіv" "іdoli" genus "іdoli" Pecher, "іdoli" market analysis "іdoli" theater (teorіy).

• «Іdoli" old - tse hibnі uyavlennya about Svit, pritamannі vsomu lyudskomu rodovі, SSMSC Je result obmezhenostі lyudskogo Rozum th organіv chuttya. Tsya obmezhenіst proyavlyaєtsya nasampered in antropomorfіzatsії speeches tobto in nadіlennі yavisch lyudskimi natural characteristics; priymayutsya to uwagi deprivation Ti іnstantsії in prirodі, SSMSC employees for stverdzhennya potrіbnoї pillows. Napriklad people pam'yatayut Ti CNI, SSMSC zbulis, ale zabuvayut Ti, SSMSC not pіdtverdilisya. For zmenshennya Skoda, zavdanoї pіznannyu "іdolami" old, people slіd zіstavlyati Indications organіv chuttіv s items navkolishnogo svitu i note by perevіryati їh pravilnіst.

• «Іdoli" Pecher (NKVD svіtoglyadu) - tse spotvorenі uyavlennya about dіysnіst, pov'yazanі s sub'єktivnіstyu spriynyattya dovkіllya. In Helsinki Human kozhnoї Je own pechera, tobto svіy sub'єktivny vnutrіshnіy's World, scho nakladaє vіdbitok on OAO All sudzhennya about rechі that processes dіysnostі. Nezdatnіst Helsinki Human viyti for mezhі svoєї sub'єktivnostі Yea i reasons for such pomilok.

• «Іdoli" market analysis - tse zaboboni suspіlnih vіdnosin, SSMSC Je naslіdkom ROZMA - vipadkovogo i improper empathy slіv, washed toscho. People in odnі th Ti x words vkladayut rіzny zmіst scho viklikaє pustі that bezpіdstavnі superechki, vіdvolіkaє od vivchennya Nature i correct її rozumіnnya. Tsim by Bacon Scholastic kritikuє slovobluddya, napriklad, "Chi zmozhe God stvoriti kamіn, yaky not zmozhe pіdnyati?", Yak, yak usually possible sposterіgati in mіstsyah skupchennya people - on Rink, Area

• «Іdoli" theater (teorіy) - tse rіznі dogma poperednіh teorіy i fіlosofіy, SSMSC vinikayut vnaslіdok uncritical zapozichennya їh іdey. Zgіdno s Bacon, cutaneous fіlosofska system - tse zіgrana the people drama chi komedіya. Skіlki in іstorії іsnuvalo fіlosofskih systems stіlki Bulo supplied drum i komedіy іz vigadanih The images, piece svіtіv. Ale people spriymayut tsі vistavi іstinnі yak, yak keruyutsya їh іdeyami mainly in svoєmu ZHITTІ

"Іdoli" old i Pechera Je natural vlastivostyami іndivіda, podolati їh mozhna Shlyakhov samoosvіti i samovihovannya.

"Іdoli" Rinku theater nabutі i Rozum, zavdyaki panuvannyu over Lyudin dosvіdu passed, the authority of the church, mislitelіv toscho. Podolati їh possible through zmіnu suspіlnoї svіdomostі.

In zv'yazku s CIM Bacon Velika uwagi pridіlyaє krititsі skholastichnoї fіlosofії, yak Yea naybіlshoyu pereshkodoyu on the high road vivchennya nature.

"Lyudskіy naturі vzagalі bіlsh sporіdnenoyu Je glupota, nіzh mudrіst; and that the first of Quality, SSMSC zapolonyuyut lyudsku durіst, toil naybіlshu vplivu force. "

F. Bacon

HEAD nedolіk scholasticism Bacon vbachaє in її abstraktnostі have zoseredzhenostі vsієї rozumovoї dіyalnostі on silogіzmah on vivedennі chastkovih visnovkіv іz zagalnih position. Sholastichnіy teorії silogіzmu Bacon protistaviv іnduktivny method

Kritikuyuchi spoglyadalny fіlosofstvuvannya style, Bacon pragne to a maximum poєdnannya fіlosofії dіyalnostі s results. "Shcho in dіyalnostі naykorisnіshe those i in znannі naybіlsh іstinne". Absent knowledge without science and without dіyalnostі eksperimentu.

Uspіh Science deposits od dosvіdu, ale without Pevnyi method vіn Je deprivation blukannyam in temryavі. Yak hand without znaryad zdatna zrobiti nebagato so i Rozum potrebuє znaryaddya, method, Yakima іnduktsіya Yea, i od neї deposits Poryatunok Sciences. Іstinna іnduktsіya through chuttєve i okreme postupovo pіdnіmaєtsya to usvіdomlennya zagalnih provisions zavdyaki chomu science staє plіdnoyu. W doslіdіv that eksperimentіv іnduktsіya vivodit zagalnі position and potіm s Tsikh zagalnih provisions of chi printsipіv - novі doslіdi i eksperimenti.

Yak originator empіrizmu, Bacon bazuє svіy method to viznannі vagomoї rolі dosvіdu in pіznannі Pіznannya - nіscho Lots Other yak vіdobrazhennya zovnіshnogo svitu in Helsinki Human svіdomostі. Vono pochinaєtsya s chuttєvih pokaznikіv, Zi spriynyattya zovnіshnogo svitu, ale ostannі in its Cherga, potrebuyut eksperimentalnoї perevіrki, pіdtverdzhennya that dopovnennya. Such pozitsіya nazivaєtsya empіrizmom (c od empeiria -. Dosvіd).

The great significance of Bacon nadaє rozglyadu science, yak guilty prinositi korist lyudskomu Zhittya, zbagachuvati yogo i novimi vinahodami benefits. Helsinki Human Panuvannya over nature deposits tіlki od science. Aje force Helsinki Human rіvnotsіnna її knowledge. Science, yak i sontse, osvіtlyuє all. Protistavlyayuchi science suєtnostі Butt, Bacon stverdzhuє, scho people not science pragnut good for themselves, yak todі natovp polіtikіv for yakih moralnі nastanovi not іsnuyut, vvazhaє Statement center svitu i navіt at zagalnih nestatkah dumaє deprivation about myself i vryatuvannya Svoge prosperity. Chim Je earthly grandeur for whom science daє mozhlivіst spoglyadati Vsesvit? Tsim zapitannyam Bacon Pevnyi mіroyu povtoryuє Demokrіta. Science znizhuє, zmenshuє fear of death chi neschastyam, robit i spirit of the Helsinki Human gnuchkim Rukh.

Bacon conduct klasifіkatsіyu Sciences zgіdno s troma vlastivostyami rozumnoї dushі i vidіlyaє: іstorіyu, poezіyu, fіlosofіyu. Istoria spiraєtsya on pam'yat, poezіya - on fantazіyu, fіlosofіya - by Rozum. In his Cherga, fіlosofіya, oskіlki її ob'єktami Yea i Person of God, podіlyaєtsya on fіlosofіyu nature that pіznannya Helsinki Human. Before fіlosofії about Lyudin nalezhat

usі science SSMSC vivchayut soul tіlo, pam'yat toscho. On tsomu protivagu subject teologії Je Vira, not Rozum. Bacon іronіzuє scho mi povinnі vіriti word Bozhomu, nezvazhayuchi on opіr nashogo Rozum; Tim bіlshe mi ushanovuєmo God.

• Knowledge fіlosofskoї teorії Bacon polyagaє in vіdkidannі speculative spoglyadalnogo pіdhodu to svitu characteristic pіznoї serednovіchnoї fіlosofії. Tse zooms formuvannya fіlosofskih poglyadіv New o'clock.

"Poverhova fіlosofіya skhilyaє Rozum to Helsinki Human bezbozhnostі, Glibin Well fіlosofії povertayut Rozum relіgії people up."

F. Bacon