Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

6.2. FІLOSOFІYA Hobbes of I j. Locke

• A s vidatnih predstavnikіv anglіyskoї fіlosofії, yaky spriynyav basis prirodoznavche mislennya, CCU Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679 pp.). Yogo Dumka fіlosofska formuvalasya pid vplivom polіtichnih podіy, zokrema Anglіyskoї revolyutsії, witnessed yakoї vіn CCB. Mamboo.com This user that s friendship F. Bacon and takozh s Galіleєm G., R. Descartes, vivchennya їhnіh poglyadіv spriyali zaperechennyu him scholastic doctrines.

• Ob'єktom fіlosofії Hobbes vvazhaє whether tіlo yak, yak i mozhna uyaviti porіvnyati s іnshim Fіlosofіya not zaymaєtsya teologієyu, yak Yea vchennyam about those scho nalezhit not to tіla. Zvіdsi ically mathematical (geometric) method pіznannya.

• In ontologії mislitel aktsentuvav uwagi on materії yak єdinіy substantsії and OAO All yavischa, Objects, rechі, processes vvazhav forms viyavu tsієї substantsії. Materіya - vіchna and tіla that yavischa - timchasovі, i stink vinikayut znikayut. Materіya Je sub'єktom usіh for Change, yak Hoca vistupaє schos yakіsno odnorіdne, bezkolіrne, yak system yakіsnih values. Ruh rozumієtsya tіlki mehanіchno.

All scho mi znaєmo, vihodit s our chuttєvih uyavlen, obrazіv. Our knowledge i Rozum - ruh spirit zumovleny vise zovnіshnіh ob'єktіv on nashі organic chuttya. Fіlosofіya - tse dosyagnute correctly mislennyam pіznannya Act reasonably chi yavisch, їh reasons i mozhlivih naslіdkіv. її meta - prinositi korist i figure out perevagu lyudinі. Vaughn podіlyaєtsya on Dvi golovnі Chastain: fіlosofіyu Nature i fіlosofіyu powers. Naybіlshu uwagi Hobbes pridіlyaє drugіy chastinі fіlosofії - suspіlno-polіtichnіy teorії.

Peredusіm Hobbes progoloshuє scho od nature OAO All people rіvnі i toil right to all. Ale in natural stanі without powers panuє "vіyna vsіh proti vsіh" truncated allowed, Absent ni right, ni wine. Zvіdsi - neobhіdnіst Vladi, pіdkorennya okremih odnіy wills, wills Institution vsіh to єdinoї to Volodar, zavdyaki chomu natovp peretvoryuєtsya one osobistіst i vinikaє power, that great Levіafan Chi God is dead, Money Does E zobov'yazanі world vsіlyakim i Zahist.

Dwellers viznachiti ponyattya about power, slіd rozrіznyati people i natovp. People keruє cutaneous powers, navіt monarhієyu, yak Hoca tsogo himself. Natovp skladaєtsya s gromadyan, pіddanih. When demokratії kurіya Je people and natovp - gromadyani. When monarhії OAO All pіddanі - natovp, and the king - people Vidіlyayuchi three forms of power - demokratіyu, aristokratіyu, monarhіyu, naykraschoyu Hobbes vvazhaє monarhіyu. Vіn prihilnik silnoї absolyutistskoї derzhavnoї Vladi, oskіlki tіlki Won zdatna usunuti OAO All superechki i bezladdya. Tse vіdpovіdalo іnteresam burzhuazії, yak tіlki Pocha formuvatisya. For a look at the power svoїmi i suspіlstvo Hobbes nalezhit to predstavnikіv teorії contract. Vid i yogo teorії contract viniknennya powers - One Step to a "new contract suspіlnogo" J.-J. Rousseau.

• Zgіdno s nastanovami Hobbes in osnovі lyudskoї moralі lezhit will. Yak napoleglive pragnennya, will viperedzhaє Rozum. In suspіlstvі Absent freedom, vіlnoї od neobhіdnostі, Aje all chogo mi bazhaєmo, Yea good, chogo unikaєmo - evil. Ale abstract good Absent, vono vіdnosne, oskіlki good deprivation for dekogo, fallow od osobistostі, hour, Georeferencing, obstavin, umoa Nayvische blessing (Bliss), yak i kіntseva meta - nedosyazhnі in tsomu zhittі, bo s dosyagnennyam kіntsevoї methylene whether yak pragnennya zakіnchuєtsya; vtrachaєtsya zdatnіst vіdchuvati, otzhe, good yak Takeo propadaє, Aje not vіdchuvati - oznachaє not zhiti. Nayvische good polyagaє in fact dwellers without pereshkod perehoditi od odnієї methylene up іnshoї.

"Pokey people live without zagalnoї Vlady, yak trimaє vsіh їh in fear, the stench from the fact perebuvayut stanі, yaky nazivaєtsya vіynoyu and at the Same stanі vіyni vsіh proti vsіh".

Hobbes

Motivi freedom, Volya, methylene Zhittya, good toscho, zarodzhuyuchis, rozvivayutsya maybutnіmi fіlosofskimi teorіyami, zokrema ekzistentsіalіzmom "fіlosofієyu life". Otzhe have fіlosofії New o'clock namіchaєtsya RPPOs not tіlki Zi Scholastic, and th s naturfіlosofskoyu traditsієyu.

• Traditsії empіrichnoї fіlosofії prodovzhiv John Locke (1632-1704 pp.), Yaky navchavsya in Oksfordі de zatsіkavivsya fіlosofієyu Bacon i Descartes. Nezvazhayuchi to participate from polіtichnomu zhittі (CCB Secretary anglіyskogo ambassador to Brandenburzkomu dvorі, Lord Chancellor Eshlі Secretary), vіn viyavlyav postіyny іnteres to fіlosofії i prirodoznavstva. Golovna yogo Prace - "Doslіdzhennya about lyudsky Rozum".

John Locke on Purshia plan Vinos problems pіznannya, vvazhayuchi, scho all bagatstvo knowledge Lyudin otrimuє through pochuttya, zavdyaki dosvіdu in yakih filed ob'єktivnu nature. Vіdchuttya - єdiny pov'yazany Zi svіtom channel obsession knowledge іnshih shlyahіv Absent. Such pozitsіya otrimala titles sensualіzmu (od Latin sensus -. Vіdchuttya).

Sensualism in the Branch teorії pіznannya Locke tіsno stikaєtsya s metodologіchnim empіrizmom. Kritikuyuchi Descartes, Locke vkazuє scho Absent vrodzhenih іdey i printsipіv - theoreticity ni, ni practicality (morally), in addition chislі іdeї God, and all lyudske Znannya vihodit s dosvіdu - zovnіshnogo (vіdchuttya) i vnutrіshnogo (refleksії). Lyudska Dumka (soul) - tse clean Paper the Arcos ( "Tabula Rasa"). Lachey dosvіd (zavdyaki chuttєvomu pіznannyu) zapovnyuє Tsey clean Arcos lіterami.

In osnovі Znannya lie prostі іdeї, osyagnutі Rozum zavdyaki rіznim yakostyam til: Pervin, s yakimi tsі іdeї All related (protyazhnіst, fіgura, ruh); abo vtorinnim, s yakimi tsі іdeї neskhozhі (kolіr, sound, smell, relish). Zavdyaki poєdnannyu, zіstavlennyu i Rozum abstraguvannyu s simply іdey stvoryuє skladnі that zagalnі іdeї (Modus, substantsії, vіdnoshennya toscho).

. J. Locke - predstavnik materіalіstichnogo sensualіzmu, to

"Of Quality, scho porodzhuyut we prostі іdeї, tobto tsіlnіst, protyazhnіst, shape, ruh abo spokіy number I nazivayu Pochatkova abo Pervin. Well Vtorinnі of Quality bear no scho Lots Other, yak tіlki Seeley. Bo kolіr i relish opіumu, yak i yogo snodіyna, bolezaspokіyliva vlastivіst, -tse tіlki Sealy, scho yogo stale od Pervin yakostey, yakimi vіn zdatny viroblyati rіznі vplivi on rіznі Chastain nashogo tіla ... Vtorinnі of Quality til znikli b, E yakbi could viyaviti pervinnі of Quality їh naydrіbnіshih chastinok ".

John. Locke

for Demba pіznannya іstinne deprivation nastіlki, naskіlki іdeї vіdpovіdayut dіysnostі. Vono buvaє troh vidіv: іntuїtivne - rozumіnnya іstin self-evident, nashogo Vlasnyi іsnuvannya; demonstrative - rozumіnnya position of mathematics, etiki, Butt God; Sensitivity - rozumіnnya іsnuvannya speeches vono naymensh clearer i dostovіrne.

In sferі suspіlno-polіtichnih uyavlen Locke zahischaє konstitutsіynu monarhіyu. Yogo vihіdnimi provisions of Je natural camp suspіlstva, Ale tse not "vіyna vsіh proti vsіh" yak Hobbes and rіvnіst, freedom, against non svavolya. Freedom is not absolute, and obmezhena natural law, so very, yak i Vlad ruler, won him osnovі "contract." Look Tsimi Locke virazhaє Interests bourgeois SSMSC progoloshuyut NKVD, freedom pіdpriєmnitstva. Chastain rozdumіv Locke about vporyadkuvannya suspіlstva stanovlyat іdeї about rozpodіl Vladi on zakonodavchu, vikonavchu i Federated.

• sensualism i empіrizm Locke vplinuli on rozvitok frantsuzkogo mehanіstichnogo materіalіzmu XVIII century., And Yogo sotsіalno-polіtichnі іdeї steel provіdnimi in chasi frantsuzkogo Prosvіtnitstva.