Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

6.3. RATSІONALІZM the I Descartes B. SPІNOZI

• Yakscho F. Bacon znamenuє cob formuvannya fіlosofskogo mislennya New o'clock, the René Descartes (1596-1650 pp.) CCB mislitelem tsogo hour. On formuvannya yogo poglyadіv vplinuli dosyagnennya in rozvitku prirodnichih Sciences. Osvіtu Descartes zdobuv єzuїtskomu koledzhі at La Fleche. Yak vіyskovy pobuvav in bagatoh kraїnah Єvropi. Svoї pratsі wrote perevazhno in Gollandії. Prote z 1643 r. in Utrehtі, z 1647 r. in Leydenі poshirennya poglyadіv Descartes Bulo zaboroneno, yogo books bedrooms. Descartes zmusheny CCB priynyati Requested shvedskoї Queen Christina i pereїhav in Stockholm, died od de nevdovzі chill. Nayvidatnіshі fіlosofskі pratsі Descartes - "Rozdumi about method," i "Start fіlosofії" in yakih vikladeno metodologіyu Naukova pіznannya. Krіm tsogo Descartes Je author bagatoh doslіdzhen, SSMSC stosuyutsya nayrіznomanіtnіshih areas lyudskogo pіznannya, zokrema Je Creator analіtichnoї geometrії; Mathematics TER zavdyachuє Yomou svoїm rozvitkom.

Descartes - vihodets Zi ancient aristocratic family. Rozcharovany in svіtskomu zhittі, vіn Veda perevazhno usamіtnene Zhittya, zaymaєtsya sciences. Zvіdsi yogo zhittєvі principle: "Hto alive in samotnostі alive good"; "Grievous deaths chekaє of hto vmiraє vіdomim Bhagat, ale nevіdomim sobі". The center svoєї fіlosofskoї Sistemi Descartes put mislyachogo sub'єkta. Not pogodzhuyuchis іz tverdzhennyam F. Bacon about dostovіrnu force eksperimentu, vіn shift emphasis on lyudsky іntelekt, Rozum. Zvіdsi - ratsіonalіzm (od lat rationalis -. Rozumny) yaky staє domіnantnoyu lіnієyu in rozvitkovі fіlosofії away. Fіlosofіya Descartes novim Yea, i tsіlіsnim ratsіonalno obґruntovanim way svitu, Won viznachaє eg rozvitku prirodoznavstva and takozh make osnovopolozhnі zmіni in rozvitok of fіlosofskogo mislennya, stvoryuє nova svіtoglyadnu orієntatsіyu.

• Persha minds fіlosofії Je zaperechennya vsіh viznachen. Tom Descartes pochinaє s sumnіvu yak neobhіdnoї peredumovi i method of dosyagnennya pіznannya Pevnyi i mіtsnih printsipіv. The very sumnіv Je unіversalnim principle. Zavdyaki Yomou peredbachaєtsya result, ale for not fіlosofa vіn pereduє sumnіvu and vinikaє deprivation Demba s i s it again. Progoloshuyuchi sumnіv yak method - "I mislyu, otzhe, іsnuyu" - Descartes obґruntovuє yogo so "Vagayuchis in vsomu to pevnoї mіri sumnіvnomu, zaperechuyuchi yogo i vvazhayuchi unreal, I mozhu easily uyaviti sobі, scho not іsnuє ni God ni sky til ni, scho I do not tіla May, ale is not what I scho yak mislitel not іsnuyu, Aje not Mauger not іsnuvati those scho mislit in Mit chiu, i to pіznannya, mislennya - naypershe i naydostovіrnіshe ". Otzhe, іsnuvannya mislennya Je principle fіlosofії, oskіlki "I mislyu I іsnuyu" - nepodіlnі, stanovlyat odne tsіle. Sumnіv - tse zaperechennya, vіdokremlennya spirit od usogo, Especially od chuttєvo- subject.

Rozdumuyuchi of Butte, Descartes pіdkreslyuє scho vіdmіnnіst mіzh "moїm" mislennyam i Butt nemozhliva; "Moє" mislennya Je "moє" Butt, vono povnіstyu єdine s it. Mislennya - Helsinki Human substantsіya tse, yak zavzhdi Je mislyachoyu sutnіstyu. Vpevnenіst in fact scho Person of Je mislyachoyu іstotoyu, daє correctly i chіtke pіznannya. Іstinne those scho i chіtko rozumієtsya clear.

Perehodyachi to the characteristics of the spirit of Descartes pokazuє Yogo Yogo vіdmіnnіst od tіla nemozhlivo spriynyati chuttєvim uyavlennyam spirit spriymaє currently deprivation іntelektom clean, all i mi rozumієmo through Demba; vіn dіysny, zhivy, svіdomy, samodostovіrny on protivagu tіlu, yak i pіdlyagaє sumnіvu Je unrealistic.

"Spravzhnya Velich dushі, yak daє lyudinі right povazhati yourself naybіlshe polyagaє in її usvіdomlennі of scho Absent nіchogo іnshogo scho nalezhalo їy used by the great law nіzh right rozporyadzhatisya svoїmi Vlasnyi Bazhanov."

Descartes

Pokazuyuchi vіdmіnnіst spirit od tіla Descartes zaymaє pozitsіyu dualіzmu. Spirit ( "mislyacha substantsіya") i materіya ( "substantsіya protyazhnostі") nezalezhnі odne od one іsnuyut nemovbi parallel. Metaphysics (fіlosofіya) vivchaє Perche spirituality substantsіyu, pov'yazanі s her fun- pіznannya i Butt. Another reprezentuє fіlosofіyu Nature (vchennya about viniknennya svitu, rozvitok Zhittya toscho).

• Vihodyachi zi Svoge ratsіonalіzmu Descartes stvoryuє teorіyu vrodzhenih іdey. For Descartes, іdeї abo znahodyatsya image of the object in the above denote the stench bіlshe mіstyat in sobі realnostі, team doskonalіshoyu guilty Buti їh reason. Naybіlshoyu the size Je іdeya bezmezhnoї substantsії - God; Won Mauger not vihoditi od mene, I oskіlki mortals. In bezmezhnіy substantsії Je bіlshe realnostі, nіzh in obmezhenostі, to іdeya God Meni Je pervinnіshoyu od mene іdeї itself. Іdeya God - naybіlsh іstinna, more is not taken pochuttіv s, s іnshih іdey, Aje velichnіst God in them vmіschuєtsya, I do not mozhu її vigadati, that won in vrodzhena meni, yak mene vrodzhena іdeya about himself. Sutnіst God i chіtka clear, to yogo іsnuvannya, єdine s yogo sutnіstyu, Takeo Well clearer, chіtke, yak i yogo sutnіst. Those scho іsnuє people pіznayut

zavdyaki chuttyam, chuttєvomu spoglyadannyu; tіlki sutnіst pіznaєtsya Rozum God Absent such rozrivu, vіn myself Je Butt i spriymaєtsya "Rozum's eye." Ponyattya God Je proof yogo Butt.

• 3 in perspective pіznannya fіlosofії Descartes tіsno pov'yazuєtsya power about the method dosyagnennya naybіlsh іstinnogo, dostovіrnogo knowledge. Tsim by Je ratsіonalna deduktsіya, tsіnnіst yakoї obґruntovuєtsya such rules dostovіrnіst, ochevidnіst pіznannya; apolіtichnіst; visnovki s dumok; sistematizatsіya pіznanogo yak, so i order scho pіznaєtsya. In tsіlomu deduktsіya - tse viznachennya nevіdomogo through ranіshe pіznane i vіdome. Tsі rules SSMSC Mali vinyatkove values ​​for rozvitku fіlosofії i modern science o'clock, steel takozh KEY FEATURES Naukova pіznannya our Epoch.

"Wuxia fіlosofіya nemovbi podіbna to tree, korenі yakogo -metafіzika, Stovbur - fіzika and gіlki - Sciences Rasht, scho zvodyatsya to troh headache medicine, mehanіki, etiki. Podіbno before yak fetus zbirayut not korenіv s i Zi not Stovbur wood and tіlki s kіntsіv gіlok so i Especially korisnіst fіlosofії deposits od quiet її Chastain, SSMSC shaping can Buti vivchenі kіnets pid ".

Descartes

• Dualіzm Descartes (i tіlo spirit of svoїmi ponyattyami - samostіynі, nezalezhnі odne od one) Zroby mozhlivim podvіyne, vzaєmoviklyuchne tlumachennya yogo vchennya, odne s yakih - cartesianism. Ratsіonalіzm Descartes znayshov bagato prodovzhuvachіv, Sereda yakih nayvidatnіshі - B. Spіnoza i GV Leybnіts.

• Benedict (Baruch) Spіnoza (1632-1677 pp.) Narodivsya in Amsterdamі in bagatіy єvreyskіy sіm'ї. Osvіtu Pocha zdobuvati in єvreyskіy shkolі de vivchav Texti Talmud, Kabbalah, the Old zapovіtu. HEAD Prace Spіnozi "Etika" vikladeno for Relief kartezіanskogo ratsіonalіzmu i "geometric (mathe- matical) method". For svoї Look zhorstoko pereslіduvavsya єvreyskimi, protestantskimi i katolitskimi colas, that scho yogo Prace "Teologіchno-polіtichny treatise" Yea, by sutі, Perche zapovіtu criticism of the old. In 1656 r. Spіnozu Bulo vignano s єvreyskoї community, identity vіn lived in Zhittya bіdnostі in provіntsії, zaroblyayuchi on hlіb shlіfuvannyam skla Together s note pіdtrimuvav zhvavі Contacts s ​​Boyle, X. The Huygens G. Leybnіtsom. Osnovnі іdeї fіlosofії Spіnozi vikladeno in Yogo pratsі "Etika". Cutaneous її Chastina pochinaєtsya s defіnіtsіy, potіm іdut aksіomi, Dali tverdzhennya, skin s yakih Got proof

• The basis fіlosofskoї Sistemi Spіnozi skladaє vchennya about єdinu substantsіyu, yakoyu Yea God. Substantsіya zlivayutsya God i have Demba in odne ponyattya. Ale is not God stoїt over nature, vіn znahoditsya in nіy yak її іmanentna reason. Tobto Spіnoza zaperechuє NKVD God rozumіє i yogo yak unіversalnu cause svitu.

Yak i Descartes Spіnoza zgodny s tim, scho Mauger pіznannya svitu spiratit on Naukova (mathe- matical) method. Ale math is not vivodit and viyavlyaє іstinu. The I Yakscho matematichnі rozdumi pochinayutsya s Pevnyi obvious tverdzhennya (aksіomi), the second basis of Butt guilty Buti is self-evident aksіoma, yak Yea substantsієyu. Oskіlki Won - cob "Butt" is not Mauger viznachatisya chimos іnshim, krіm samoї yourself tobto Je Won "samoї the cause itself." Being "pershoprichinoyu" Je Won nіchim іnshim, yak God oskіlki God - pershoprichina vsіh speeches i reason of itself. God - does not imply a supernatural іstota, more vіn zlivaєtsya s nature,

"I yak Mr. Apostles, not zaperechuyu of scho Christ rose іz Dead i spravdі voznіssya the sky. Ale I vvazhayu scho voskresіnnya s Dead Christ spiritually naspravdі Bulo Bulo i vіdkrito deprivation vіruyuchim, vіdpovіdno to їhnogo rozumіnnya ... ".

B. Spіnoza

Besides Je CREATIVE viyavlennyam of Butte. Otzhe, strength i mogutnіst Nature Yea i mogutnіstyu power of God and the laws of nature Yea i rules rіshennyam God himself. Nature yak fundamental tsіlіsnіst Butt Je substantsієyu and pershoprichinoyu i self-causality Yea God. Such pozitsіya nazivaєtsya panteїzmom.

Substantsіya Got unіversalnі characteristics (attributes), protyazhnostі that mislennya, SSMSC neskіnchennimi Yea i do not pіdlyagayut zmіnam for describing odinichnih speeches SSMSC Je kіntsevimi, Spіnoza vikoristovuє ponyattya modus. Modus - tse іndivіdualnі konkretnі rechі i yavischa, and Yednist usієї mnozhinnostі modusіv zabezpechuє Especially "modus-ruh."

"We fіlosofії Well mi chіtko usvіdomlyuєmo scho attributes SSMSC roblyat Lyudin doskonaloyu so little shaping can Buti zastosovanі to God, to the Helsinki Human yak Ti attributes kotrі roblyat doskonalim elephant chi ass."

B. Spіnoza

Teorіya substantsії Spіnozi Je chіtko virazhenim ratsіonalіzmom. Zavdyaki tsomu in teorії pіznannya vidіlyayutsya three rіvnі: nayvischy -іstina, yak dosyagaєtsya bezposeredno Rozum, іntuїtivno is visible i do not deposits ni od yakogo dosvіdu, others - sudzhennya Rozum, scho takozh Je zasobom dosyagnennya іstini, Hoca Mensch doskonalim; tretіy -Knowledge gruntuєtsya on uyavlennі that chuttєvomu spriynyattі at tsomu not pіznannya vvazhaєtsya dostovіrnim

In tsentrі etichnoї perspective znahoditsya power of freedom. In substantsії zlivayutsya neobhіdnіst i freedom: oskіlki God (substantsіya) vіlny, the second truncated, scho vіn zdіysnyuє, vihodit s yogo vlasnoї neobhіdnostі. In prirodі (up neї nalezhit Lyudin i) panuє determіnіzm (neobhіdnіst). Prote Lyudin - modus Especially mind їy vlastive mislennya, tobto Rozum Freedom polyagaє in єdnostі Rozum i Volya and rozmіri realnoї Svobody viznachayutsya stage Rozumny pіznannya. Freedom i neobhіdnіst - not protilezhnі ponyattya, stink obumovlyuyut odne one. Protilezhnіstyu neobhіdnostі Je not freedom, but svavolya. The problem of freedom tsіlomu virіshennya peredbachaє clearer more precise pіznannya i, i to freedom - tse pіznana neobhіdnіst.

• Іstorichne values ​​fіlosofskih іdey Spіnozi polyagaє in їh panteїzmі that ratsіonalіzmі. Sotsіalno-polіtichnі Look Zgoda teorії manifested in the "new contract suspіlnogo" J.-J. Rousseau. Svoїm panteїzmom tsya fіlosofіya pіdgotuvala fіlosofsky ґrunt for fіlosofії Shellіnga i Hegel.