Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

7.4. "FІLOSOFІYA TOTOZHNOSTІ" FV SHELLІNGA

• Vazhlivy vnesok in rozvitok nіmetskoї klasychnoji fіlosofії Zroby Frіdrіh Vіlgelm Shellіng Josef (1775-1854 pp.). Narodivsya in sіm'ї protestantskogo pastor vchivsya in uchilischі in Tyubіngenі. Yogo nadihav the pathos of freedom from fіlosofії i lіteraturі that hour, having read vіn taєmno Spіnozi do the first, Rousseau, Shіllera. W todіshnіh polіtichnih podіy naybіlshy vpliv small to Demba frantsuzka revolyutsіya, s spirituality yavisch - fіlosofіya Kant. In dev'yatnadtsyat rokіv, slit student writing vіn svіy Purshia fіlosofsky treatise "On mozhlivostі FORMS fіlosofії vzagalі" Money Does zavdyaki becoming popular yak onovlyuvach nіmetskoї fіlosofії Kant pіslya. Odnієyu s vazhlivih Prace - "Іdeї fіlosofії Nature" - pochinaєtsya number yogo naturfіlosofskih traktatіv. Yak predstavnika naturfіlosofії, professor, 1798 at p. Yogo requesting Goethe to Єni. Ce Misto on zlamі XVIII i XIX century. Bulo nayvazhlivіshim center of spiritual Zhittya in Nіmechchinі, zvіdki yshli bagatogrannі kulturnі, fіlosofskі that naukovі іmpulsi. In zrіlomu vіtsі Shellіng truncated bіlshe skhilyaєtsya to teosofskih rozdumіv. Ratsіonalіstichny іdealіzm zmіnyuєtsya іrratsіonalіzmom, voluntarism i teosofієyu. Polіtichno Shellіng all bіlshe vіddalyaєtsya od Progressive іdey svoєї molodostі. Coley in 1841 p. reaktsіyny prussky King Frіdrіh Vіlgelm IV requesting fіlosofa in Berlіnsky University, dwellers of the opponent has acted as Regel s yogo schodalі INCREASING vplivom then tsya mіsіya brought. Shellіngu porazku, i vіn zmusheny CCB vіdmovitisya od lektsіy.

• Fіlosofska programa Shellіnga polyagaє in primirennі protilezhnostey - sub'єktivnogo ob'єktivnogo i, i іdealnogo real, kіntsevogo i neskіnchennogo. Zvіdsi - "required in fіlosofstvuvannі 's metoyu stvorennya" іstinnoї fіlosofії ". Hoca Shellіng nagoloshuє on rіvnotsіnnostі protilezhnih momentіv, truncated Well vіdchuvaєtsya prіoritet іdealnogo spiritual. Tse proyavlyaєtsya in pіdkreslyuvannі avtonomії "I" (zavdyaki svіdomostі "I" stoїt of speeches). Prirodnichі science postachayut deprivation materіal, yaky fі-losofіya guilty domisliti, sformulyuvati. In naturfіlosofskih Prace Shellіng keruєtsya vpevnenіstyu, scho in prirodі panuє principle "polyarnostі" that "gradatsії". Zgіdno s principle "gradatsії" nature rozumієtsya yak stupenіv system in yakih nizhchy stupіn zavzhdi Je basis for vischogo. postіynіy "metamorfozі" osnovopolozhna polyarnіst pіdlyagaє: Great value at tsomu nadaєtsya analogії, zmіst yakoї transferred tezoyu.

• Naturfіlosofіya - one s Chastain system, other Chastain yakoї Je "transcendental fіlosofіya 's" I "Yak її subject. Nayfundamentalnіsha Pratzen in tsomu napryamku - "System of transcendental іdealіzmu" (1800 p.). In tsіy pratsі kontseptsіya fіlosofії poyasnyuєtsya yak dvoh system vzaєmodopovnyuyuchih "fіlosofskih Sciences." Pіznannya zavzhdi Got two poles: ob'єktivne abo nature (Purshia pole) i dostovіrnіst "I" vіdnosno of itself (the other pole). Yakscho Braty to uwagi Pershe, tobto nature, then spochatku zdaєtsya, scho Won vіdnosno "I" povnіstyu autonomous. The I navpaki, vidaєtsya scho "I" Je tsіlkom samodostatnіm Odnochasno in the "I" is not proglyadaєtsya tіlki tendentsіya to gradatsії, tobto to samosvіdomostі (via vіdchuttya, spriynyattya, uyavlennya refleksіyu i), ale th tendentsіya to ob'єktivіzatsії of itself, yak proyavlyaєtsya in Helsinki Human praktichnіy povedіntsі in іstorії i mistetstvі.

Otzhe, transcendental fіlosofіya pokazuє, yak ob'єktivne vinikaє s sub'єktivnogo i utvoryuє friend fіlosofsku "science", scho dopovnyuє natures fіlosofіyu i spryamovuє nature to refleksії samoї myself to Helsinki Human, tobto to "Rozum".

Vihodyachi s of scho zavdyaki pevnіy dії vіdnosno danogo svitu vinikaє those chogo in Pochatkova svіtі not Bulo, you can govorito about two svіti, Purshia, Danian without lyudskoї uchastі, is the other - peretvorena Person of nature. Vplivayuchi on zovnіshnіy's World, Lyudin vplivaє takozh on іnshih people. Person of, yak probudzhuєtsya to svіdomostі zavdyaki avtonomnіy dіyalnostі vіdnosno zovnіshnogo svitu, fell b y nesvіdomy camp yakbi not Bulo vplivu іnshih іntelektіv on Tsey's World, and by the note on i neї.

Chastain "Sistema transcendental іdealіzmu" Je fіlosofіya іstorії, її Persha thesis; for іstorichnogo rozvitku characteristic "progresivnіst" yak viyavlyaєtsya in fact scho rozvivaєtsya in napryamku to "legal law", Sensei yakogo Je "garantovana freedom." W postupovogo nablizhennya to methylene іstorії vinikaє її perіodizatsіya for okremimi Epoch. Our "Vilna" povedіnka peretvoryuєtsya to "neobhіdnіst" yak nadaє іstorії spryamovanostі i tsіnnostі. Sche for chasіv antichnostі vvazhalosya scho our "Vilna" povedіnka taєmnichim way pid vplivom perevazhayuchoї we Seeley peretvoryuєtsya on zakonomіrnіst. Another thesis stosuєtsya of scho zumovlyuє transformatsіyu nashoї autonomously motivovanoї dіyalnostі in zagalnu zakonomіrnіst, yak stoїt for ob'єktivnim іstorії progress.

Pid vplivom panteїzmu Spіnozi Shellіng vvazhaє, scho in lyudskіy povedіntsі mіstitsya Pevnyi podvіynіst, oskіlki, s one side, people dіyut on pіdstavі svoєї osobistoї motivatsії, i in the same hour їhnі dії stayut Chastain vischogo namіru, yaky "poshiryuєtsya yak tkanina, zіtkana nevіdomoyu hand in vіlnіy grі svavolі іstorії ". Mislitel put the problem in vіdchuzhennya іstorії. Vnaslіdok ratsіonalnoї lyudskoї dіyalnostі vinikayut not tіlki vipadkovі and second nebazhanі result, SSMSC lead to crush the liberties. Pragnennya realіzuvati freedom peretvoryuєtsya on ponevolennya. Napriklad, realnі result frantsuzkoї revolyutsії viyavilisya nevіdpovіdnimi її temple іdealam: zamіst freedom, rіvnostі that braterstva priyshli vio, vіyna, ruynuvannya. Otzhe in іstorії panuє svavolya; teorіya th Istoria protilezhnі one odnіy; in іstorії panuє slіpa neobhіdnіst before yakoyu іndivіdi Zi svoїmi tsіlyami bezsilі. Ob'єktivno neobhіdny zakonomіrny іstorichny phone reception Shellіng uyavlyaє yak postupove zdіysnennya "odkrovennya absolute", scho yogo pіznіshe lead to "fіlosofії mіfologії i odkrovennya".

Shellіng conduct analogіyu mіzh by nature i lyudskim svіtom, yak polyagaє in fact scho basis dіysnostі proyavlyaєtsya in єdnostі nesvіdomogo i svіdomogo. Nature do nesvіdomo, ale in products tvorchostі mi bachimo slіdi Rozum, i tse proyavlyaєtsya in the laws of nature, in spryamovanostі to vischogo to Helsinki Human. Lyudsky's World, navpaki, do svіdomo, ale z tsogo vinikaє those chogo nіhto not zadumuvav, tobto znovu nesvіdome. "Bodies" abo іnstrumentom perevіrki nalezhnostі svіdomogo i nesvіdomogo odne one serve fіlosofіya Mistetstvo. The artist creates svіdomo, ale yogo in results tvorchostі bіlshe, nіzh vіn in neї vklav; i tse poyasnyuєtsya deprivation tim, scho in mistetstvі proyavlyaєtsya nezmіnne іdentichne those, scho not Mauger to come ni yakoї svіdomostі "Іdentichne" Shellіng vikoristovuє for poznachennya dіysnostі vzagalі. Іdentichnіst oznachaє, scho yak at svіdomostі that іstorії, so i in prirodі mi zustrіchaєmosya s tієyu Well Basics svitu i tієyu Well yogo Budova, SSMSC mozhna viraziti in ponyattyah "cause of itself" i "samostvorennya".

Shellіng talk about the nature yak live svіdchennyam tsogo Je spryamovanіst to vischogo i to Helsinki Human and takozh that fact, scho spryamovuyuchoyu dіysnіstyu organіzm Yea, rather than inanimate nature. Otzhe, vіn rozumіє nature not materіalіstichno, ale once s note vvazhaє її by the Independent od svіdomostі. Shellіng pragne vrіvnovazhiti sub'єktivne th ob'єktivne, i іdealne real, kіntseve i neskіnchenne. Perevazhaє all are іdealny moment oskіlki absolutely rozumієtsya yak those scho usvіdomlyuє his lyudskomu pіznannі.

• In this rite, at vchennі Shellіnga stverdzhuєtsya totozhnіst sub'єkta i ob'єkta, tobto polarity faktorіv - "sub'єktivnogo" abo pіznavalnogo, i "ob'єktivnogo" printsipіv. In formі sub'єkta abo іstorії perevazhaє sub'єktivny principle and ob'єktі abo prirodі - ob'єktivny. Tom in prirodі mi pіznaєmo structuring Rozum, and sferі sub'єktivnostі vbachaєmo ЇЇ ob'єktivіzatsіyu. Absolutely sub'єkt, pov'yazany in Fіhte s іndivіdualnim "I" in sistemі Shellіnga peretvoryuєtsya on the divine principle svitu, absolutely totozhnіst sub'єkta th ob'єkta. Virіshuyuchi zavdannya, yak s tsієї pochatkovoї totozhnostі Vivest all bagatomanіtnіst viznachen tsogo svitu, Shellіng enter ponyattya "CREATIVE act." As for nepіznavannim Rozum, vіn vodnochase Je subject Especially old іrratsіonalnogo pіznannya - іntelektualnoї іntuїtsії, yak becoming

"Іdealіzm - fіlosofії soul realіzm - її tіlo".

F. Shellіng

Yednist svіdomoї i nesvіdomoї dіyalnostі. Such іntuїtsіya available vsіm mortals won daєtsya tіlki obdarovanim people genіyam. Intelektualna іntuїtsіya - nayvischa form fіlosofskoї tvorchostі scho serve tim іnstrumentom on osnovі yakogo mozhlive samorozgortannya totozhnostі.

• The merit Shellіnga polyagaє in fact scho vіn not nav'yazuє svoєї system not nazivaє її єdino іstinnoyu. Fіlosofіya - not geometrіya in nіy skіlki golіv, stіlki nd systems, i Schodnya z'yavlyaєtsya new. Zhivy organіzm TER Got more than one system (krovonosnu, herbal toscho). Fіlosofіya yak organіzm - tse total system, scho skladaєtsya іz sukupnostі systems. Nayvische zavdannya Spirit - not the chi zaperechuvati іnshu system and zvesti OAO All systems in the єdine tsіle. Fіlosofіya pіznaє zagalnі svіtovі zv'yazki, i won that s neobhіdnostі priymaє form system.