Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

7.5. "Absolute Spirit" dialectic of I GWF HEGEL

• scientists about totozhnіst sub'єkta i ob'єkta lezhit takozh in osnovі fіlosofskoї Sistemi Vіlgelma Frіdrіha George Hegel (1770-1831 pp.). Great fіlosof narodivsya in sіm'ї shtutgartskogo Treasury Secretary rіs in zvichaynomu humble seredovischі (i materіalnomu in, i in the spiritual vіdnoshennyah). Zdobuv bogoslovsku osvіtu, zakіnchivshi teologіchne vіddіlennya Tyubіngenskogo unіversitetu, Zahist magіstersku disertatsіyu s tserkovnoї іstorії Württemberg, ale od duhovnoї kar'єri vіdmovivsya. In gіmnazії that in Hegel unіversitetі MAV good reputatsіyu Sered pedagogіv i kerіvnitstva, vіdznachavsya sluhnyanіstyu, Yomou navіt doruchali zasterіgati tovarishіv od vchinkіv trash. Schopravda, in ditinstvі ni, ni in yunostі nіhto not mіg zapіdozriti in nomu not tіlki genіya and vzagalі vidatnu Lyudin. In unіversitetskіy harakteristitsі vkazuvalosya scho Hegel - Young Person of s good manners, health sudzhennyami, ale not vіdznachaєtsya krasnomovnіstyu i in fіlosofії nіyak without showing itself.

Prote Biography of Hegel - tse processes vizrіvannya great mislitelya. Vіn nagromadzhuє Knowledge - quote to quote, clearance to vipiski, Pokey scho no

"Person of Vilna in Hoch th vіdnoshennі bezposeredno svoїh vchinkіv, ale that result to yakogo stench resulting from the furrows spoglyadannya, deposits od neobhіdnostі, yak on stoїt note hto dіє, i bere fate navіt in rozrostannі freedoms of hto dіє".

F. Shellіng

Vlasnyi komentarіv. Bagato zdobuvaє od s friendship has vіdomim fіlosofom Shellіngom i Gelderlіnom poet. Shellіng, molodshy of Hegel on p'yat rokіv have vіtsі 23 rokіv - already professor, author, the creator Vlasnyi vchennya. And Hegel pіslya zakіnchennya unіversitetu dovgі Rocky Tyagny strap household vchitelya and pіslya nevdalogo debut in Єnskomu unіversitetі - yoke newspaper pratsіvnika, director shkіlnoї gіmnazії. Yomou Bulo mayzhe p'yatdesyat, if vіn zdobuv viznannya svoїh merit in fіlosofії i posіv vіdpovіdnu Posada of professor in Berlіnskomu unіversitetі.

Protyagom Zhittya Hegel pragne ohopiti all word svoєї fіlosofskoї system. Yakscho Goethe shukaє Sens Zhittya, Hegel - sutnostі mislennya. Vіddany fіlosofії, vіn not іgnoruє іnshih areas naukovoї dіyalnostі, SSMSC give zmogu for fіlosofskogo uzagalnennya: posilen conduct doslіdi s prirodoznavstva, he put the number eksperimentіv s magnetism is the optics shtudіyuє math ovolodіvaє vischim analіzom, diferentsіalnim numerically fіzikoyu, hіmієyu, prirodnichoyu іstorієyu, not Saying vzhe about complex gumanіtarnih Sciences. Same TAKE entsiklopedichne ohoplennya duhovnoї culture Zroby i yogo great fіlosofom. When tsomu mislitel cherish svoїm Spiritual spokoєm that vsіlyako oberіgaє Yogo, tsіnuє Dobri stosunki s Uryadov on sluzhbі s yakogo is staying, usvіdomlyuyuchi scho "hto marvel at іz Rozum's World, in order to marvel at the h i svit Rozum".

Nezvazhayuchi on RISS fіlіsterstva, hard TISK sotsіalnogo seredovischa, Hegel, yak i Goethe zmіg dosyagti takoї velichі spirit, scho th doteper spravlyaє velichezny vpliv on lyudsku culture. Vіn viklikaє to imagine nayglibshu povagu i zahoplennya svoєyu ritsarskoyu zhertovnoyu vіddanіstyu nautsі all Zhittya not tіlki prisvyativshi nautsі, ale i rozchinivshi his nіy - usі Sealy dushі, OOO All pristrastі insertions, mogutnіst іntelektu.

• Fіlosofіya Hegel - tse progoloshennya bezmezhnoї mogutnostі lyudskogo Rozum. On protivagu Kantovі in yakogo realnіst not Je realnіstyu Rozum Rozum Hegel guilty Buti vsієyu realnіstyu. Through Rozum "visvіchuyutsya" OAO All third-party lyudskogo Zhittya. Nіscho not іsnuє for Demba, Yakscho vono neіstinne not prosyaknute Dumka, knowledge ponyattyam. Nature, mislennya, spirit, power, Mistetstvo, beautiful, fair - all tse odyag Where Money Does vistupaє before svіtom Rozum. The I will for Demba "Je іntelektom" i right slіd rozumіti "yak Dumka", i welcome "Je viklyuchno in mislennі mislennya that through."

"Vіdpovіd on zapitannya, SSMSC zalishaє without vіdpovіdі fіlosofіya, polyagaє in fact, scho Got Booty їh іnakshe delivered."

Hegel

• Persha i Praca nayznachnіsha Hegel - "phenomenology spirit" (. 1807 p) -є vіdobrazhennyam spiritual dosvіdu, Nabutov lyudstvom. In nіy virіshuєtsya problem totozhnostі sub'єkta i ob'єkta on osnovі obgruntuvannya totozhnostі іndivіdualnogo th absolute "I". Purshia Step to tsogo - tse ruh іndivіdualnoї svіdomostі to totozhnostі s absolutely "I" tobto іz zagalnolyudskoyu svіdomіstyu, spiritual svіtom usogo lyudstva. Tse deprivation through mozhlivo postupalny rozvitok svіdomostі in protsesі yakogo іndivіdualna svіdomіst through the entire Way, usі Etap, SSMSC proyshlo lyudstvo his entire іstorіyu. Phenomenology spirit - tse odnochasny progressive rozvitku svіtovoї culture, spiritual nagromadzhennya dosvіdu lyudstva th tsogo opanuvannya dosvіdu specific іndivіdom, peretvorennya yogo on osobistіst. Svіdomіst sotsіalna th іstorichna, ruh іndivіdualnoї svіdomostі povtoryuyut іstorіyu suspіlstva. Tobto in polі Zora Hegel - spiritually rozvitok іndivіda, evolyutsіya suspіlstva such yak i zmіna forms yogo abo svіdomostі іndivіdualna svіdomіst, suspіlstvo i suspіlna svіdomіst. Pіslya zakіnchennya processes vihovannya i zdobuttya osvіti cutaneous Lyudin zdatna podivitisya on i Svit on itself krіz prism Pevnyi will svіtovoї іstorії "svіtovogo Spirit." Same as znіmaєtsya protilezhnіst sub'єkta i ob'єkta, dosyagaєtsya absolute totozhnіst mislennya i Butt.

Ruh svіdomostі, Hegel - tse skhodzhennya od abstract to the concrete. Tse Way od nayprostіshih viznachen to zmіstovnіshih, SSMSC vіdtvoryuyut theoreticity model doslіdzhuvanogo subject. Cutaneous the following Etap mіstit in sobі OAO All poperednі, reprodukuyuchi їh on new, vischomu rіvnі, in the same hour nastupnі Etap uperedzhuyutsya bіlsh rannіmi Etap dіalektichnogo rozvitku high road.

Purshia stupіn - svіdomіst, de subject protistoїt lyudskomu "I" i yogo viznachaє; svіdomіst viyavlyaєtsya "theoreticity" abo spoglyadalnoyu (chuttєvі spriynyattya, forms Rozum). The following stupіn -samosvіdomіst de svіdomіst i thing totozhnі, svіdomіst viznachaє svіy object itself currently i vistupaє nasampered yak taka, scho practical dіє, bazhaє, pragne. Yakscho svіdomіst osyagaє his vsezagalnіst, vbachaє in sobі absolutely povnotu realnostі, yak Won vistupaє "Rozum". Nayvischy stupіn in rozvitku іndivіdual-

"Look miy polyagaє in fact, scho Mauger Buti іdeya Virage th osyagnuta tіlki yak processes in nіy samіy (butt - Formation) i yak ruh. Aje іstinne not Je schos Takeo, yak deprivation is staying in spokoї, case, an ale Je tіlki chimos zhivim scho ruhaєtsya itself. "

Mr. Ge gel

nostі Je camp "Spirit"; on tsomu rіvnі svіdomіst osyagaє spirituality realnіst svitu i currently yak virazhennya tsієї realnostі.

W dermal s Tsikh stupenіv rozvitku іndivіdualnoї svіdomostі spіvvіdnosyatsya pevnі FORMS rozvitku lyudskoї culture, spirituality Zhittya: morality, science, law, relіgіya toscho. Vershina tsogo Ruhu in іstorichnomu that іndivіdualnomu planі Je osvoєnnya MTIE fіlosofії - understand. "Dіyti to ponyattya" - Tse mean i ovolodіti zdatnіstyu formulyuvati virazhati svoї pillows in sistemі understand i kategorіy logіki. Ponyattya - tse Yea i absolute totozhnіst sub'єkta i ob'єkta.

• Movement od abstract to concrete vіdbuvaєtsya for Relief trіadi: visunute PROVISIONS vstupaє in konflіkt Zi svoєyu protilezhnіstyu, antipode, zaperechuєtsya him potіm scho lead to "zaperechennya zaperechennya" - reconciliation protilezhnostey, їh synthesis. Pobudovu svoєї Sistemi Hegel pochinaє s naybіdnіshogo, nayabstraktnіshogo ponyattya and the Same s "pure Butt." "Nіscho" Yomou protistoїt. Nayavnіst "nіscho" Hegel poyasnyuє as follows: Absent rechі slit, if won pochinaєtsya; Helsinki Human slit Absent, if її conceived. In zarodku ob'єdnane Butt i, i nebuttya Helsinki Human. Tsya Yednist zaznaє "turbotlivostі" useredinі myself i tsya vnutrіshnya napruga, processes, yaky postіyno invisibly vіdbuvaєtsya, guilty go in zrostannya in Helsinki Human Formation. So needless i Yednist Abstract viznachen "Butt" i "nіscho" rozgortaєtsya in the processes of formation. Potіm pіznavalny spirit Hegel postupalno zdіysnyuє tsіlu odіsseyu de Perche result of becoming Yea those scho was, tobto nayavne Butt: vono - Persha viznachenіst, yakіst. A Dali: znyata yakіst Je Quantity; znyata Quantity - mіra, znyata mіra -sutnіst; znyata sutnіst - yavische, znyate yavische - dіysnіst; znyata dіysnіst -ponyattya; znyate ponyattya - ob'єktivnіst; znyata ob'єktivnіst - absolute іdeya; znyata absolute іdeya - nature; znyata nature - sub'єktivny spirit; znyaty sub'єktivny spirit - morally ob'єktivny spirit; znyaty morale - Mistetstvo; znyate Mistetstvo - relіgіya; znyata relіgіya - absolute knowledge, fіlosofіya.

His system fіlosofsku Hegel called "absolute іdealіzmom". Tsya Hosting Project pov'yazuєtsya s yogo pragnennyam ohopiti all unіversum, all natural i Duchovny's World єdinim ponyattyam. So vihіdnim ponyattyam gegelіvskoї Sistemi Je "absolutely іdeya". Perche i basically viznachennyam "Absolyutnoї іdeї" Yea, those scho Won - Rozum, mislennya, Rozumny mislennya. Vaughn - substantsіya, yak becoming sutnіst i pershoosnovu vsіh speeches. Yea i Rozum substantsіya sama those zavdyaki chomu i chomu in all dіysnіst іsnuє yak Butt; Rozum Je bezmezhna mogutnіst; vіn - bezmezhny zmіst, all sutnіst іstina i, i vіn for Je Me tim subject to obrobku yakogo spryamovano yogo dіyalnіst. Universalna scheme tvorchoї dіyalnostі "Svіtovogo spirit" rozkrivaєtsya on osnovі processes samorozvitku "Absolyutnoї іdeї". Vaughn іsnuє vіchno i have mіstit prihovanomu "zgornutomu" OAO All viglyadі mozhlivostі for viznachennya natural, suspіlnih i yavisch spirituality.

Purshia Etap samorozkrittya "Absolyutnoї іdeї" - yak logіka її NAUKOVO-theoreticity usvіdomlennya. Through logіku "absolutely іdeya" rozkrivaєtsya in її vsezagalnomu zmіstі in viglyadі Sistemi kategorіy, pochinayuchi od naybіdnіshih - Butte, nebuttya toscho i zakіnchuyuchi specifically, bagatorazovo viznachenimi ponyattyami - hіmіzmu, bіologіzmu, pіznannya toscho. Categories -tse chistі Dumka, scho perebuvayut in stanі neperervnogo Ruhu. Yak chistі pillows i stupenі rozvitku іdeї, stink zmіstovnі samі on sobі minutes ago stanovlyat sutnіst speeches.

The following Etap samorozvitku - nature. Vaughn - Hoca th neobhіdny in protsesі rozvitku "Absolyutnoї іdeї", ale all Well dopomіzhny zasіb. Stvoryuyuchi nature peretvoryuyuchis on nature, "absolutely іdeya" viznachaє tim i currently own od vіdchuzhuєtsya svoєї іstinnoї sutnostі, postayuchi in viglyadі kіntsevih chuttєvih, tіlesnih odinichnostey. God stvoryuє nature dwellers s neї vinikla Lyudin i s time her spirit lyudsky Persha stadіya rozvitku lyudskogo spirit - the spirit of sub'єktivny, yaky Hegel rozglyadaє on troh rіvnyah: antropologії, fenomenologії i psihologії. Antropologіya - rozglyadannya dushі substantsії yak, scho pochuvaє; phenomenology vivchaє peretvorennya dushі on svіdomіst - samosvіdomіst - Rozum; psihologіya pokazuє teoretichnі that praktichnі mozhlivostі spirit.

Ob'єktivny spirit Je by another stadієyu rozvitku lyudskogo spirit. Vіn ohoplyuє scope lyudskogo sotsіalnogo Zhittya i rozumієtsya yak nadіndivіdualna tsіlіsnіst. Yogo rozgortannya vіdbuvaєtsya in pravі, moralі, relіgії, mistetstvі Nayvischa form samorealіzatsії "Absolyutnoї іdeї" Yea "absolute spirit". Vіn Je sukupnoyu a spiritual dіyalnіstyu lyudskih pokolіn scho zmіnyuyut odne one. Tobto "Absolute Spirit" - tse that she "absolutely іdeya" yak "prihovano" dіє in lyudskih tsіlyah i cope uprodovzh Zhittya usіh pokolіn.

Hoch in Hegel ponyattya "absolutely іdeya" i "absolute spirit" is often vzhivayutsya in one that i w znachennі, slіd zvernuti uwagi on їh vіdmіnnostі. "Іdeya" - tse substantsіya, clean vsezagalnіst. "Spirit" - takozh іdeya, ale in a real її virazі in viglyadі rіznih forms іntelektualnoї dіyalnostі. "Absolute Spirit" - tse Povny zbіg іdeї, mislennya i Butt, and "Іdeya" pіznaє Butt in vsіy bagatomanіtnostі yogo viznachen.

• Osoblivіst fіlosofії Hegel polyagaє in fact, scho Won potraplyaє in zalezhnіst od logіki rozvitku system. In yogo Dumka, cutaneous guilty Buti completion tobto guilty Dachi ostatochnі vіdpovіdі on postavlenі zapitannya. Ruh "Absolyutnoї іdeї" i Got vsogo subject svitu svіy cob i kіnets, zamkneny in Pevnyi colonies. Tobto vischoyu Form i kіntsem rozvitku "Absolyutnoї іdeї" staє "Absolute Spirit" abo fіlosofska system of Hegel.

Tse little pevnі sotsіalno-polіtichnі naslіdki. Pozayak Hegel vvazhav scho lyudstvo priyshlo to pіznannya absolyutnoї іstini and i live in creates vіn Nіmechchinі chasіv Kaiser Frіdrіha Vіlgelma IV of, here is the Same tsya іstina dosyagla nayvischogo stage іstorichnogo rozvitku. The "spirit Fіlosofії" vіn іlyustruє tse so vsesvіtnya Istoria - tse progressive i rozvitok svіdomostі freedom. In skhіdnomu svіtі (Єgipet, Babylon, China) Yakscho one Person of the first Vilna, then Je Won despot; for Starodavnoї Gretsії characteristic Je usvіdomlennya freedom, zumovlene knowledge, people scho Yea vіlnimi, Hoca s half them - Rabbi; in ancient Rimі vіdbuvaєtsya formuvannya osobistostі yak nosіya legal vіdnosin Іndivіd peretvoryuєtsya on abstract Yurydychna lady Spirit is staying in stanі "rozіrvanostі" i shukaє vihodu in fіlosofії that hristiyanskіy relіgії; through hristiyansku relіgіyu Spirit come to germanskogo svitu. Lachey germanskі peoples zdatnі usvіdomiti scho freedom becomes a major vlastivіst lyudskoї nature. Tse virazhaєtsya formula: "Shcho Rozumny those dіysne, i scho dіysne those Rozumny". Yak nosіy Pevnyi іdeologіchnih nastanov Hegel vchit scho tsomu vischomu etapovі rozvitku іdeї, yaky zdіysnyuєtsya in Nіmechchinі, vіdpovіdaє i naydoskonalіsha nіmetska system suspіlnogo i sovereign arrange, otzhe, nіmetsky people - obrany INSHI peoples svitu abo vzhe vіdіgrali role in іstorії, abo vzagalі not to zdatnі samostіynoї іstorichnoї rolі

• Merit Hegel Je rozroblennya dіalektichnogo method yaky peredbachaє rozglyadannya vsіh yavisch protsesіv i have vsezagalnomu vzaєmozv'yazku, vzaєmoobumovlenostі that rozvitku. Dialectic rozroblyalas in fіlosofії yak method analіzu dіysnostі (Socrates, sofіsti, Geraklіt, Zeno is the іn.) Ale tіlki Hegel Nadab їy nayrozvinenіshoї i naydoskonalіshoї form. Vіn harakterizuє її yak soul, yak skerovuє іstinne pіznannya, yak principle scho make in science zmіst vnutrіshnіy phone reception i neobhіdnіst.

Hegel - fіlosof-entsiklopedist. Perche Chastain svoєї Sistemi vіn viklav in troh volumes "Science logіki" other ( "Fіlosofіya Nature") - in one tomі, the third

'If yakas form Zhittya starіє, fіlosofіya pochinaє vіdtvoryuvati її Sivina in sіrih colors, i todі її vzhe nemozhlivo omoloditi, but you can tіlki pіznati; owl Mіnervi pochinaє svіy polіt leash іz nastannyam sutіnok ".

Hegel

( "Fіlosofіya spirit") - in ten volumes, SSMSC rozkrivayut sutnіst Mistetstvo, relіgії rights, fіlosofії, іstorії. Gegelіvske vchennya Je grandіoznoyu sproboyu usvіdomiti cultural іstorichny processes. Great yogo polyagaє merit in the fact scho vіn showing the whole spiritual, іstorichny, Nature's World in viglyadі bezperervnih for Change, peretvoren i rozvitku. Nature Istoria i suspіlstva won zakonomіrne explanations hocks "permeated" єdnіstyu, Rozumny osyagnenoyu through a series printsipіv. Great Dumka, viplekana Epoch Prosvіtnitstva - Thought about Progressive rozvitok suspіlstva, mislennya, Culture - won Vahom obgruntuvannya in sistemі Hegel.

• Hegel at the same hour was slain "bomb" pid usyu completion Budova system Aje progressive pіznannya nesumіsny s pretenzієyu in stark іstinu in ostannіy іnstantsії, more time i nazavzhdi zakіnchena system pіznannya Nature th іstorії superechit basic laws dіalektichnogo mislennya, vіdkritim note as Hegel. For іronієyu dolі, mislitel, yaky vvazhav scho residual stverdiv panuvannya "absolute іdealіzmu" pіdgotuvav ґrunt for new zletu materіalіzmu.