Fіlosofіya: mislitelі, іdeї, kontseptsії - Kremen VG

11.6. HRISTIYANSKY EKZISTENTSІALІZM M. BERDYAЄVA

Vidatna role in formuvannі th rozvitku ekzistentsіalіzmu nalezhit M. 0. Berdyaєvu (1874-1948 pp.). Vіn narodivsya in Kiїvskіy gubernії, vchivsya on Yurydychna fakultetі Kiїvskogo unіversitetu St. Volodymyr. In 1898, p. yogo Bulo zaareshtovano of fate in sotsіalіstichnomu rusі. Zamolodu pragnuv poєdnati Marxism s neokantіanstvom, ale Zgoda vіdmovivsya od Tsikh teorіy, zatsіkavivsya fіlosofієyu V. Solovyova i taking up stvorennya samostіynogo hristiyanskogo svіtoglyadu. In 1922, p. for zvinuvachennyam in rozhodzhennі s "Radyans'ka іdeologієyu" yogo Bulo Wieslaw s Russie. Spochatku oselivsya in Berlіnі, potіm pereїhav to Paris. Pratsyuvav in Hristiyanskіy spіltsі molodі, Zgoda - editor-relіgіyno fіlosofskogo magazine "Way". Pomer for svoїm pismovim table pid hour robots. Osnovnі pratsі "Fіlosofіya freedom"; "Sens tvorchostі. Dosvіd vipravlennya Helsinki Human "; "Sens іstorії"; "Dosvіd eskhatologіchnoї metafіziki".

For Berdyaєvim, head superechnіstyu, s yakoї mi maєmo an opened rozroblennya svіtoglyadu, Yea i superechnіst mіzh spirit nature, not mіzh psihіchnim i fіzichnim. Spirit Je sub'єkt Zhittya, freedom, Vogon, CREATIVE dіyalnіst; nature - ob'єkt, rіch, neobhіdnіst, viznachenіst, pasivnіst, neruhomіst. Prior to the realm of nature nalezhit truncated ob'єktivne that substantsіyne (pid substantsієyu rozumієtsya nezmіnne, a closed Butt) mnozhinne i have podіlne prostorі. Psihіchne Zhittya takozh vіdnositsya to the nature of the kingdom. In the spirit of tsarstvі superechnostі dolayutsya s Relief lyubovі; zvіdsi spirit sub'єktivnoyu Je ni, ni ob'єktivnoyu realnіstyu. Fіlosofskі system SSMSC not gruntuyutsya on spiritual dosvіdі, Je naturalіstichnimi, vіdobrazhayut dead nature.

God Je spirit. Vіn really prisutnіy in zhittі Saints, mіstikіv, people spiritual temple Zhittya i in lyudskіy tvorchіy dіyalnostі. Ti, hto MAV spirituality dosvіd not potrebuyut ratsіonalnogo proof іsnuvannya God. In svoїy sutnostі deity іrratsіonalne that nadratsіonalne. Vono vihodit for mezhі natural svitu i Mauger rozkriti currently tіlki simvolіchno. Symbols in relіgіynіy fіlosofії pov'yazuyutsya s mіfami - such yak, napriklad, mіf about Prometheus, about grіhopadіnnya, about a savior. Symbols Je dіysnoyu natural realnіstyu, zrozumіloyu through її imply a supernatural value to narodzhennya bogolyudini od dіvi Marії, її Zhittya in Palestinі that її death on hrestі Je dіysnimi іstorichnimi facts i in the same hour stink Yea characters. Spiritually Butt Helsinki Human tіsno pov'yazane s Divine duhovnіstyu.

In vchennі about freedom Berdyaєv vidіlyaє three її Vidi:

1) Pervin іrratsіonalna freedom abo nevimushenіst;

2) ratsіonalna freedom tobto vikonannya moral obov'yazku;

3) freedom permeated lyubov'yu to God.

Lyudska іrratsіonalna freedom znahoditsya in "nіscho 's target yakogo God's World. Tse "nіscho" - Pervin principle scho i viperedzhaє God's World. Freedom Pervin stosovno good i evil Won obumovlyuє yak good, so i evil. On Dumka Berdyaєva, dії іstoti, yak Got free will, not Mauger peredbachati navіt God oskіlki tsі dії povnіstyu vіlnі. Vіn zaperechuє vsemogutnіst God i stverdzhuє scho God did not create Volya іstot vsesvіtu, just dopomagaє fact dwellers will Stavan good.

Especially for іnteres Berdyaєva osobistostі becomes a problem. Vaughn - no substantsіya and CREATIVE act; Won in nezmіnna protsesі peretvoren. In osobistostі tsіle pereduє Chastain. Realіzatsіya osobistostі oznachaє skhodzhennya od pіdsvіdomogo through svіdome to nadsvіdomogo.

Sutnіst Helsinki Human Nature spotvorena, to scho Won vіdіyshla od God. In іstot scho vіdstoronilisya God i od a od odnієї, Absent bezposerednogo dosvіdu spiritual Zhittya, stink strazhdayut od hvorobi іzolyatsії. Renaissance Helsinki Human oznachaє її zvіlnennya od nature, Peremoga over slavery i death, rozumіnnya osobistostі spirit yak, yak іsnuvannya, not yak Mauger Buti ob'єktom i do not Mauger Buti virazhene zagalnimi іdeyami. Tom Berdyaєv nazivaє his fіlosofіyu ekzistentsіalnoyu abo personalіstskoyu. Ale іstinny ekzistentsіalіzm іde not od Gaydeggera chi Jaspers and od St. Augustine, yaky visunuv on Purshia plan kontseptsіyu "sub'єkta".

Suspіlstvo, natsіya, power is not Yea osobistіsnimi, yak Person of osobistіst Got bіlshu tsіnnіst, nіzh stench. Tom right i Helsinki Human її obov'yazok - zahischati their spiritual freedom od powers that suspіlstva. In zhittі powers, natsії that suspіlstva mi znahodimo often darker demonіchnu force yak pragne pіdkoriti osobistіst Helsinki Human i peretvoriti її on simple znaryaddya for svoїh Vlasnyi tsіley. In suspіlnomu zhittі processes ob'єktivіzatsії that umovnі rules spotvoryuyut sovіst Helsinki Human. Clean, spravzhnya sovіst Mauger proyavitisya tіlki in osobistostі that through neї; all guilty Buti pіdkoreno yurisdiktsії tsієї "ekzistentsіalnoї" sovіstі not zіpsovanoї ob'єktivatsієyu.

In svoїh upmost Look (tobto analіzuyuchi another kind of freedom) Berdyaєv vіdstoyuє point Zora, scho-yak whether vіdmіnnіst mіzh good i evil result grіhopadіnnya Yea, i i dosvіd good evil vinikaє todі, if іrratsіonalna freedom leads to vіdrechennya od God. Etika th legalized legalized Christianity pristosovanі to vimog suspіlnogo povsyakdennogo Zhittya, i to i stink spovnenі umovnostey lead to litsemіrstva that despotism. In zv'yazku s CIM Berdyaєv vimagaє terpimostі in borotbі i Zi evil vkazuє on bіlsh temple stadіyu

"Bіl Zhittya uniquely mogutnіshy for іnteres to Zhittya. Axis chomu relіgіya zavzhdi peremagatime fіlosofіyu ".

Rozanov

moralnoї svіdomostі, yak znahodit svіy viraz in etitsі lyubovі to God; Won zasnovana on z'yavlennі bogolyudini in svіtі that priynyattі her strazhdan іz lyubovі to grіshnikіv. Sin God Mauger dopomagati svitu tіlki NKVD start at tragedіyu svitu order dwellers zdіysniti vseredinі svitu Yednist lyubovі the freedom to yak Veda peretvorennya th obozhnennya svitu. Tse mozhlivo tіlki Shlyakhov skhodzhennya before the third referring to freedom, proniknutoї lyubov'yu to God. Otzhe, peretvorennya th obozhnennya peredbachayut vіlnu amour Helsinki Human to God; Besides Christianity Je relіgієyu freedom.

Suspіlne Zhittya, vvazhaє Berdyaєv - tse organіzatsіya, zasnovana bіlshoyu mіroyu on brehnі, nіzh on іstinі. Pure іstina not zavzhdi buvaє bezpechnoyu - chastіshe Won ruynіvna; Won dіє yak vibuhova rechovina that generally produces up viroku over svіtom i to kіntsya svitu. Pure іstina zavzhdi

ekzistentsіalna; in suspіlnomu zhittі mi koristuєmos ob'єktivovanim pіznannyam іstini, yak, without being ekzistentsіalnoyu, all are pristosovana to potreb mіlyonіv people.

In bagatoh Prace Berdyaєv torkaєtsya fіlosofskih aspektіv polіtichnih problems. Vіn vvazhaє scho іstorichny processes polyagaє in borotbі good against іrratsіonalnoї freedom. "Three Sealy dіyut vsesvіtnіy іstorії in God, the percentage is the lyudska freedom. Axis chomu Istoria such foldable. Share peretvoryuє lyudsku osobistіst the arena іrratsіonalnih іstorії forces. In pevnі perіodi svoєї іstorії peoples pіdkoryayutsya vladі dolі; lyudska freedom Mensch active, i Lyudin pochuvaє currently vіdokremlenoyu od God. Especially Tse pomіtno in fractions rosіyskogo that nіmetskogo narodіv. Christianity viznaє scho share mozhna overcome, ale bude її mozhna tіlki overcome through Christ. "

Koli іrratsіonalna freedom dosyagaє panuvannya then realnіst pochinaє rozpadatis i povertatisya to Pochatkova chaos. In extreme forms suspіlnomu zhittі Povernennya to chaos Je revolyutsіya in yakіy people vtrachaє their spiritual freedom. Kraynі її Components - yakobіntsі, bіlshoviki, SSMSC uyavlyali currently vіlnimi creator of a new maybutnogo - naspravdі zvertayutsya not to maybutnogo, and to have passed, prikutі to Demba zlіstyu, zazdrіstyu that pomstoyu. Revolyutsії not stvoryuyut and ruynuyut; tvorchіst pochinaєtsya

"Yakscho vi wants torknutis taєmnits natsіonalnogo Butt, then I think glibshe i seryoznіshe over єvreyskim power. Yakscho neznischenna, non-reentrant origіnalna i taєmnicha force єvreystva in іstorії not daє pochuttya natsіonalnostі you, then vie beznadіynі ".

M. Berdyaєv

tіlki in perіod reaktsії scho come to zmіnu revolyutsії; todі z'yavlyayutsya novі FORMS Zhittya to people yakih boule pіdgotovlenі vsіm passed.

Devіzom nashogo Vlasnyi hour Yea "zvіlnennya CREATIVE forces Helsinki Human"; Center carried crowbars s Divine Glibin on Vlasnyi lyudsku tvorchіst, yak pragne udoskonaliti Zhittya Shlyakhov pіdkorennya nature, not to vdayuchis Bozhoї Relief. Ale tse Veda to zniknennya іndivіdualnostі, oskіlki nerelіgіyny gumanіzm spriyaє vtratі lyudyanostі Lyudin. Tse zakonomіrno, Aje Lyudin, znehtuvavshi sobі vischy in principle - the image of God, Bywater Buti slave bіlsh nizkih speeches. Lyudinі zagrozhuyut novі forms of slavery; stink Yea result sotsіalіzmu, yaky pіdmіniv іstinnu sobornіst, zasnovanu on lyubovі that relіgіynomu peretvorennі Helsinki Human, fake, scho ґruntuєtsya on primusovomu sluzhіnnі osobistostі suspіlstvu zaradi zadovolennya materіalnih required. Sotsіalіzm rozkrivaє novі nezgodi in lyudskomu zhittі. Vіn nіkoli not dosyagne vizvolennya lyudskoї pratsі not zbagatit not vstanovit rіvnostі and tіlki prizvede to novoї vorozhnechі mіzh people to novih gnіtu forms. Usunennya hunger i zlidnіv "not virіshuє duhovnoї problem"; Person of zalishaєtsya vіch-on-vіch, yak i ranіshe "s taїnstvom smertі, vіchnostі, lyubovі, pіznannya tvorchostі that." The I spravdі, bіlsh ratsіonalno vlashtovane suspіlne Zhittya Veda to napruzhenostі to tragіchnogo konflіktu mіzh osobistіstyu suspіlstvom i, i osobistіstyu space, osobistіstyu death i, i vіchnіstyu hour.

Berdyaєv nalezhit to tієї groupies fіlosofіv-mislitelіv, SSMSC pragnuli rozvivati hristiyansky svіtoglyad. Vіn origіnalno showing yak little good in Nashomu NKVD, suspіlnomu i zhittі church. Yak i Lev Tolstoy, vіn smіlivo rozkrivav nedolіki nashogo method of Zhittya i vchiv bachiti Ti, SSMSC mi zauvazhuєmo not. Berdyaєv zahischav Dumka, scho Christianity - relіgіya lyubovі and otzhe - freedom is the terpimostі. Vіn borovsya proti peretvorennya vіdnosnih tsіnnostey on absolyutnі. Berdyaєv Je champion zahіdnoєvropeyskogo that rosіyskogo gumanіzmu, absolyutnoї tsіnnostі osobistostі that її nevіd'єmnih right to spiritual freedom i pristoynі Zhittya minds. Tsі fun- shaping can Buti poslіdovno obґruntovanі tіlki on osnovі hristiyanskogo svіtoglyadu.