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Theory and practice of self-management - Lukashevich NP

1.2.3 MAN - SYSTEM

Turning to the consideration of the following idea from the conceptual block of self-management of a business career, let's pay attention to its direct connection with the subject of a business career - a person.

This idea should explain why people choose a career in different spheres of activity, and consequently, what career an individual should choose to succeed. How does the business career relate to human activity and the mechanisms of human behavior? What should be the "set" of human qualities in order to "make" a business career? The way to get answers to these and other questions lies through the consideration of the human problem.

Man is an object for a number of social and human sciences: philosophy, psychology, pedagogy, sociology, social psychology, management and others. From the standpoint of a business career, it is most appropriate to examine a person in the framework of applied sociology and management. Here we support A. Kravchenko's point of view that "the mission of applied sociology is to serve the interests and needs of management" 1. Apparently, the leaders of the game-technical movement, who stated in their first issue of the journal "Questions of methodology" (1991): "Humanitarian applied research should become a service element of management practice."

Studies of the disclosure of human problems in sociological studies lead to the following conclusions:

Firstly, as a subject-object of all activity and behavior, sociology studies a person, relying not on the individual characteristics of a person, but on his social environment-the social system into which he is included and his social roles. Conceptually, these studies are described by various theories of personality, which are reduced to two main directions: an individual, based on the laws of interpersonal relations of people, and intraindividual, focusing on the study of typical features, attitudes and properties of the personality;

Secondly, in the study of personality problems, sociology is based on such basic categories as personality structure, social activity, adaptation and socialization, norms, interests, motives, needs, values, attitudes, behavior, activities, personality types, etc. However, only Sociological scientific apparatus does not allow to take into account the role of biological and psychological factors in its behavior, which requires the study of man as the subject-object of a business career in the aggregate of all its properties and traits;

Kravchenko AI Applied Sociology and Management: Proc. Allowance. - Moscow: Izd-vo MGU, 1995. - S. 4.

See: Lukashevich NP Sociology of Education: A Brief Course of Lectures. - К .: МАУП, 1996. - P. 60-105.

Third, the existing concepts of human research can be reduced to three approaches: biologic, overestimating the importance of biological in man; Sociological, absolutizing the importance of social; Biosocial, striving to unite these directions. However, all of them do not give a sufficiently clear idea of ​​the mechanisms of interaction in a person biological and social and its influence on behavior, activity, including in the business sphere.

Due to these limitations, sociological approaches to a person as a subject of activity are of little use for researching a business career.

Let us turn to the study of approaches to man as a subject of activity in traditional management. People here are represented as the central factor in any management model. The behavior of a person in society and at work is viewed as a consequence of a complex combination of individual characteristics of the individual and the external environment.

These characteristics include: abilities; predisposition; Giftedness; Needs - physiological, psychological, social; Expectations; perception; Values. These characteristics determine individuality and some typical forms of behavior in different situations. However, the constancy of these forms is very relative. Recent studies by psychologists show that while personal characteristics and the external environment, acting together, determine the behavior of the individual, the situation has still a greater impact on this behavior than the personality properties. However, a series of studies T. Harrell of Stanford University confirms that personality traits are still a strong factor in success in work2, which is of fundamental importance for the study of a business career.

Non-traditional management, continuing the trend of recognizing the individual biopsychosocial constitution, identifies these or other components as priorities. So, M. Woodcock and D. Francis offer such guidelines for self-management3: a healthy body; Absence of bad habits; Vigor and vitality; A calm and balanced approach to life and work; Ability to cope with stress; Effective use of time.

1 See: Meskon M.H., Albert M., Hedouri M. Fundamentals of Management: Trans. With the English. - Moscow: The Case, 1992. - P. 104.

2 See: Ibid.

3 See: M. Woodcock, Francis D. Decree. Op. - P. 50.

L. Zayvert is limited to taking into account the activities of the manager of the natural business rhythm and human biorhythms1. Some researchers of management focus on socially acquired business and personal characteristics: public-civic maturity; Attitude to work; knowledge level; Organizational skills; The ability to manage the management system; Ability to support the advanced; Moral and ethical traits of character2.

Some authors include in the self-management complex the organization of a healthy lifestyle of the worker3.

The most widely presented is a holistic approach to the individual, taking into account his biopsychosocial structure by practical psychologists who study management problems. In the structure of the personality, this includes:

Orientation, manifested in life goals, aspirations, value orientations, outlook, beliefs, morals, interests;

Socio-psychological characteristics - a system of social roles, features of social adaptation, leadership - subordination, aggressiveness - friendliness, collectivism - individualism, orientation to oneself - to business - to others;

Psychological characteristics - a system of motives and needs, character, abilities, perception stereotypes, thinking and behavior, level of aspiration, features of the emotional and volitional sphere, knowledge, skills, skills;

Psychophysiological characteristics - temperament, general psychic activity, reaction rate, features of the nervous system and the course of nervous processes, peculiarities of sensations and perceptions, physiological and mental health, working capacity4.

Such an approach is presented in the structure of a person's personality, including such basic blocks5: 1. Individual psychological abilities of a person.

See: Zayvert L. Decree. Op. - P. 136-147.

See: Management of the Organization: Proc. Allowance / ZP Rumyantseva, NA Salomatin, RZ Akberdin and others - M .: INFRA-M, 1995. - P. 417-418. See, for example: Andreev VI. Decree. Op. - P. 148.

See: Litvintseva NA Psychological self-portrait. - Moscow: Personnel Management, 1996. - P. 11-12.

See: Practical Psychology for Managers / Otv. Ed. M. K. Tutushkina. - M .: Inform.-pub. House "Filin", 1996. - P. 30.

2. General and special abilities of man, having a natural basis in the properties of the nervous system and tasks.

3. Structure of the intellect.

4. Directivity of personality.

5. Social properties of the individual.

Practical psychologists V. Krutetsky, N. Obozov and G. Shchokin distinguish three main blocks in the personality structure that unite the main sides of the personality:

1. The direction of the personality, which is a system of its relations to the surrounding reality. This includes the motives of behavior (the causes that lead to one or another activity), in particular, needs, feelings, interests.

2. Opportunities of the individual, that is, psychological prerequisites for the success of her professional activity, the basis of which are abilities.

3. Style, or psychological features of behavior, determined by temperament and character.

As we can see, management, and especially its psychological special theories, advanced further than sociology in a holistic approach to man as a subject of his business activity. However, in our opinion, the problem of a systemic holistic view of a person and his activities requires further research and resolution.

The general lack of study of man by traditional scientific disciplines - psychology, biology, sociology and others - is their limitedness, conditioned by the subject orientation. Because of this, each of them studies a person under a specific "angle of view." Therefore, none of them aims to give a comprehensive characterization of a person, since none of them has the opportunity to do so.

Apparently, we need a special scientific method, which has an interdisciplinary character and allows us to synthesize aggregate data about a person, and also express them in the form of an integral representation. These requirements are met by a systematic approach to research.

By the system approach in sociology is meant a method of scientific cognition and activity that requires the consideration of parts in indissoluble unity with the whole. The system that is here

See: Obozov NN, Shchyokin GV Psychology of work with people. - 5th ed., The stereotype. - К .: МАУП, 1999. - With. 19.

The central concept, denotes a material or ideal object, viewed as a complex holistic entity.

The main advantage of the system approach is the ability to use it to present very complex objects of research in the form of a structured set of elements, the relationship and interaction between which are due to the place and role of each of them in the structure, as well as the system-forming factor. To obtain the final result of the functioning of the studied system, it is not necessary to specifically characterize each element separately. The category "system" is, as L. Anokhin put it, "a universal key that allows one to quickly understand the enormous variety of actual results of scientific research obtained in various sciences" 2. As you can see, the system approach fully corresponds to the complexity of interrelations and interactions of numerous elements that form such integrity as a person.

At the same time, the need to apply a systematic approach to the study of human problems can be justified and differently based on the interaction of a person with the surrounding social environment.

Indeed, the inclusion of a person in society occurs through the personification of various social communities, social organizations and social institutions, as well as the system of social values ​​and norms of culture in general. Because of this, a person turns out to be included in a multitude of social systems, each of which has a system-forming effect on it, thereby influencing the formation of its structure. Thus, acquiring and manifesting its systemic properties in the process of interaction with other systems, a person declares himself not only as an element of other systems, but also as a full and complex social system.

Choosing a systematic approach to researching a person as a subject of a business career, one should keep in mind that system factors can be various factors. We also need this approach:

1) took into account the interconnection of the biological, mental and social in man;

See: System approach: Sociological Handbook / Under total. Ed. V. I. Volovich. - K .: Politizdat of Ukraine, 1990. - P. 95.

Anokhin LK Methodological significance of cybernetic regularities // Materialist dialectics and methods of natural sciences. - Moscow: Nauka, 1968. - P. 549.

2) allowed to describe not only the static state of a person, but also his behavior, activities for the realization of his business career;

3) made it possible to link business progress of a person with other social processes, and in particular with socialization;

4) assumed the possibility of considering a business career throughout the entire work activity of the individual;

5) allowed to take into account the impact on the business career of the surrounding natural and social environment, in particular the real labor situation;

6) would explain the driving forces of the "career" behavior of the individual, as well as the mechanisms for choosing one or another individual career.

In the context of the requirements considered, the system concept of a person proposed by the Belarusian researcher I. Khomich1 can be chosen for our purposes as the one most responsive to them.

The person in this concept is presented as a multi-level living system. There are five such levels:

1) structural;

2) functional;

3) mental;

4) conscious;

5) behavioral-activity.

None of these levels is independent. Each of them fulfills its specific role in the system and serves as its integral component. All of them are united by a system-forming factor - the end result of the functioning of a living system.

The structure of the system assumes a certain hierarchical relationship between levels, due to a phased evolutionary occurrence. Each level was built on top of each other, forming a kind of hierarchical structure. In it, the first structural level is, as it were, the material basis for the emergence of the second, functional level. On the basis of the functional, the third, mental, level was formed, which, in turn, was a natural prerequisite for the formation of the fourth level - the level of consciousness. The latter served as a prerequisite for the formation of the behavioral-activity level, experiencing with it the shaping influence of labor activity.

Thus, each overlying level is based on the capabilities and qualities of the underlying, while at the same time informational, energy and other impact on them. Higher levels seem to absorb, integrate the underlying levels and give them a qualitatively new character. Because of this, all the lower

1 See: Khomich, II, "Human-Living System: Natural-Scientific and Philosophical Analysis." - Minsk: Belarus, 1989.

Levels and the elements that enter into them carry the seal of the overlying ones. Such a structure provides an opportunity to study the different levels of organization of a person to private sciences, using their own research methodology for this. At the same time, understanding the relationship between private research results requires an integrative approach, reliance on the most general science of man.

Each of the levels of the system also represents a kind of system with its structure and functional role. So, the structural level can be represented as a set of a set of structural elements. This is not an arbitrary set of components for performing a task. The number of elements is strictly regulated, and they are all structured into subsystems, and the latter into levels. The number and order of interaction of all structural elements are determined by the need to maintain integrity, sustainability and the ability to develop the entire system.

All other levels are aimed at fulfilling this central task. Thus, the functional level is a functional combination of a certain number of structural elements, designed to evolve for the fulfillment of vital tasks. The main structural-functional subsystems are the following: musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, sexual, endocrine, humoral and nervous.

The next is the psychic level, the material carrier of which is the central nervous system, which has a specific form of reflection of reality, and also the most complicated integrating function. It is these properties that give grounds to consider the mental activity of man as a special, higher level of functioning of a living system. Thanks to the central nervous system, a person quickly and adequately reflects the reality, adapts more effectively to the environment, ultimately the nervous system unites, organizes and directs the activities of all other body systems to perform the tasks facing it. Note that in the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres is the main control center of conscious human activity.

The level of consciousness is a socially integrated system of a person's mental functions, through which he can in an ideal form adequately reflect all objects, phenomena and processes of reality and transform the world in their own interests.

Consciousness is a product of the human brain, which has deep internal necessary connections with all other elements of the living system and is conditioned by them. Having enriched a person with new, social forms of life activity, it has not lost touch with the levels of the living system that preceded it. Rising above them in the course of evolution, consciousness united all levels, thus giving the entire system a socially integrated character.

С уровнем сознания связано и формирование личности под воздействием факторов социальной среды. Однако, будучи социально обусловленным, ее формирование неразрывно связано и с предыдущими уровнями человека — структурным, функциональным, психическим. Например, характер связан с темпераментом, а значит, и с типами нервной деятельности, непосредственно зависящими от структуры нервной системы. Отсюда — личность в общечеловеческом плане имеет свою устойчивую структуру, включающую такие компоненты, как потребности, эмоции, воля, характер, способности, речь, мышление, сознание. Эти компоненты являются основными. На их базе строятся все другие характеристики личности: мировоззрение, идеалы, направленность и т. д.

Все компоненты личности выполняют разные функции, но направлены на усиленную и быструю реализацию возникающих потребностей. В свою очередь, потребности связаны не только с уровнем сознания, но и со всеми другими уровнями живой системы. Это дает основания для выделения в личности наряду с сознательным и низших уровней: структурного, функционального, психического.

Таким образом, социальное воздействие (трудовая деятельность, обучение и воспитание) испытывают (должны испытывать) все уровни личности и все ее компоненты. Подчеркнем, что такое нетрадиционное понимание личности по-новому ставит вопрос о соотношении понятий "личность" и "человек". При таком подходе эти понятия по сути равнозначны, что позволяет использовать их далее в изложении как синонимы.

И, наконец, переходим к поведенческо-деятельностному уровню, занимающему в иерархии уровневой структуры человека самую высокую позицию. And this is not accidental. Именно на этот уровень возлагается выполнение важнейших для системы функций — ее взаимодействие с окружающей природной и социальной средой, а также обеспечение на этой основе жизнедеятельности системы.

Сложившееся динамическое равновесие между человеком и окружающей средой во взаимодействии по обмену веществом, энергией и информацией находится под угрозой нарушения из-за изменений в организме и/или внешней среде. Всякое отклонение от равновесия (если оно не выходит за рамки приспособительных возможностей организма) вызывает в системе необходимость восстановления равновесия, проявляющуюся в виде потребности, соответствующей характеру рассогласования. В этом процессе участвуют все уровни живой системы, обусловливая тем самым многообразие потребностей. Каждая из потребностей служит внутренней побудительной силой, лежащей в основе всех видов деятельности человека, направленных в конечном итоге на восстановление динамического равновесия со средой, а значит — на обеспечение жизнедеятельности живой системы. Речь, собственно, идет о сохранении живой системы — обеспечении ее целостности, устойчивости и способности к развитию.

На всех рассмотренных уровнях человека как живой системы действует ряд закономерностей1:

1) строгая количественная определенность (регламентация) составных элементов живой системы;

2) четкая их специализация;

3) особый характер взаимодействия в работе всех элементов живой системы — взаимодействие, взаимодополнение;

4) глубокие интегративные связи и отношения между всеми элементами живой системы;

5) социализация всех элементов человека как системы;

6) общность конечного результата функционирования всех уровней и элементов живой системы.

На основе анализа этих закономерностей удалось выявить кроме многоуровневости и ряд других системных свойств: социальную ин-тегрированность, открытость и саморегулируемость. Коротко рассмотрим их.

1. Человек — живая система, отличающаяся от всех небиологических систем признаками жизни и своим "поведением". Это — постоянно и непрерывно действующая система, ее остановить невозможно. Она возникает, развивается, стареет и разрушается по особым законам.

2. Человек — саморегулирующаяся система. Ей присущи адаптивные механизмы саморегуляции, позволяющие реагировать изменением своего поведения на всякое изменение окружающей среды.

3. Человек — социально интегрированная живая система. Это свойство в нем выработалось под нарастающим воздействием социальных факторов в ходе эволюции. Труд, сознание, речь, мышление и другие атрибуты человека оказали социализирующее воздействие на все элементы и уровни системы, придав ей социально-интегра-тивный характер. 4.

См.: Хомич И. И. Указ. Op. — С. 6.

Человек — открытая система, которая не может существовать в отрыве от окружающей его природной и социальной среды, без непрерывного обмена с ней веществом, энергией и информацией. Человек и среда представляют собой новую систему, между элементами которой в процессе эволюции сложилось своеобразное динамическое равновесие. Всякое отклонение от него служит основным источником активности живой системы. Таким образом, человек как субъект деловой карьеры представляет собой живую, открытую, социально интегрированную, саморегулирующуюся, многоуровневую систему.