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Estetika - Liauchuk LT

§ 2. SUBJECT ESTETIKI: Formation PROBLEMS OF SCIENCE

Davnogretska estetika. Nagoloshuyuchi on rolі pochuttіv in stanovlennі estetiki subject, not slіd zabuvati scho vzhe s V century. to NE on zmіnu pochuttєvo-spoglyadalnomu pіdhodovі to dіysnostі, panuvannyu kosmologіzmu (spriymannya space yak vtіlennya garmonії, dotsіlnostі, color) come dedalі pomіtnіshe zagostrennya іnteresu to samoї Helsinki Human, yak i zdatna pіznavati osvoyuvati navkolishnіy's World. A otzhe, vinikaє require viroblyati th osmislyuvati zagalnі ponyattya, sistematizovuvati pіznane. Vodnochase the CCB Folding i superechlivy perіod in sotsіalno-polіtichnomu zhittі Gretsії: vіyni s Persієyu, Borotba aristokratії s democratically tendentsіyami, konflіkti mіzh polіsami. The I tsіlkom natural scho Zhittya vimagalo osmislennya quiet cultural sotsіalnih zlamіv, SSMSC transformuvali gretsku fіlosofіyu in printsipovo nova ploschinu. Mozhlivo sama tse gave poshtovh for narodzhennya Pleiades yaskravih mislitelіv. Sered them osoblivo Location nalezhit Socrates (470- 399 the pp. BC. Yea.).

Look Teoretichnі Socrates spiral on polіtiko-upmost basis on sprobi viznachiti ponyattya good i evil. Kritikuyuchi afіnsku demokratіyu Socrates napolyagav on peredachі Vladi maintained upstream, tobto Visoko moral predstavnikam suspіlstva. Morality, in Yogo rozumіnnі, Got vistupati zaporukoyu spravedlivostі, chesnostі, Helsinki Human nobility.

Beruchi the basis of the principle of dotsіlnostі Socrates namagavsya rozkriti spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh upmost estetichnim i, i korisnim perfectly. Fіlosof operuvav ponyattyam Kalos kagathos - poєdnannya starogretskih slіv i perfectly good (doskonaly). Slіd pіdkresliti, scho tse odne s naygolovnіshih understand antichnoї estetiki, yak i meant garmonіyu zovnіshnogo vnutrіshnogo, tobto minds Crazy іndivіda. Termіn Kalos kagathos in rіznomu traktuvavsya in konkretnі perіodi sotsіalno-іstorichnogo rozvitku ancient suspіlstva. Pіfagorіytsі rozumіli kalokagatіyu yak zovnіshnyu povedіnku Helsinki Human, yak i vodnochase viznachaє її vnutrіshnі of Quality. Herodotus pov'yazuvav kalokagatіyu s relіgіynimi rituals morallyu zhertsіv. Plato vvazhav scho principle kalokagatії Got naypryamіshe vіdnoshennya to profesії voїnіv to ponyattya vіyskovoї chestі i moralі. That Zgoda Greeks dedalі bіlshe Pocha transformuvati kalokagatіyu in scope osvіti, vihovanostі Helsinki Human. Vlasnyi, vіdtodі th Pocha in spravzhnomu fіlosofske osmislennya tsogo ponyattya. Tendentsіya small direct vіdnoshennya i appeared to Aristotle kontseptsії, yaky іnterpretuvav kalokagatіyu yak garmonіyu zovnіshnogo i vnutrіshnogo. When tsomu pid vnutrіshnіm vіn rozumіv mudrіst, yak yogo at Dumka, lead to Lyudin glibokogo usvіdomlennya єdnostі Crazy good i, i estetichnogo moral tobto to garmonії, scho Got become the norm іsnuvannya Helsinki Human. Yakії scho Well Person of not zdatna syagnuti takoї vikіnchenostі, the Won guilty prinaymnі hoch through samovdoskonalennya tyazhіti to tsogo. Zauvazhimo, scho good okreslenu sutnіst principle kalokagatії davnogretske Mistetstvo of Namangan in vtіlyuvati Zhittya svoїmi CREATIVE nabutkami. Nosіyami sama garmonіynogo, Visoko moral upmost іsnuvannya i dіyannya vistupayut geroї Fіdіya, Polіkleta, Sophocles.

In podalshі іstorichnі perіodi principle kalokagatії CCB zabut and etika th estetika all bіlshe roz'єdnuvalisya cutaneous i s rob them svіy Vlasnyi Way rozvitku. The problem zv'yazku Tsikh Sciences peremіstilasya in scope Mistetstvo, i naybіlsh types aspect doslіdzhennya vzaєmodії etiki th estetiki Mistetstvo was the problem i morality.

W іm'yam Socrates pov'yazanі problem statement spіvvіdnoshennya beautiful i korisnogo and takozh sproba yakomoga povnіshe viznachiti scho Yea іdeal.

Look Estetichnі Socrates dіstali Creator of prodovzhennya in fіlosofskіy kontseptsії vidatnogo predstavnika antichnoї fіlosofії Plato (427-347 pp. BC. Yea.). Estetichna spadschina yogo pov'yazana s doslіdzhennyam spriynyattya beautiful nature, Jerel talanovitostі, problems estetichnogo vihovannya. Especially uwagi fіlosof pridіlyav vivchennyu Mistetstvo. Tse poyasnyuєtsya, zokrema, tim, scho Especially Mistetstvo vіdіgravalo role in zhittі Afіn V - IV Art. BC. Yea. Afіnska demokratіya dobilasya rights bezkoshtovne vіdvіduvannya theater, popularly povagoyu koristuvalasya tvorchіst poetіv i muzikantіv. Prodovzhuyuchi traditsіyu Socrates, Plato pov'yazuvav vpliv Mistetstvo s processes formuvannya moral svitu Helsinki Human: vono vihovuє pozitivnі yak, so i negativnі of Quality. Fіlosof rozshiriv estetichnu problems. In yogo theoreticity dіalogah prisutnі pillows about vіdnosnіst handsome, about dosyagnennya Roads Ahead absolutely beautiful. The I hoch absolutely beautiful іsnuє in viglyadі іdeї, the idea itself is simple mozhlivіst Ruhu od to the collapsible in stanovlennі beautiful vіdkrivala Roads Ahead to maybutnіh theoreticity dosyagnen estetichnogo in the Branch.

Vodnochase sama s іm'yam Plato pov'yazanі Ti superechnostі in postanovtsі i virіshennі okremih estetichnih problems SSMSC in maybutnomu not deprivation vіdbilisya in numerical doslіdzhennyah, avtorskih іnterpretatsіyah termіnіv specific, clear, and in the second Stavan rіznі іstorichnі perіodi Ba-vokudlya formuvannya novih fіlosofskih kontseptsіy. So, dіalogah "Іon", "Power" Plato zahoplyuєtsya, s one side, the "divine" power Mitzi, and other s - svіdomo prinizhuє Yogo through vіdsutnіst utilіtarnih (practical-korisnih) naslіdkіv dіyalnostі Mitzi. In Plato's Dumka, not poetovі and lіkaryu chi remіsnikovі slіd vіddati perevagu, more practical їhnya dіyalnіst significant. The problem in spiritual rolі Mistetstvo rozvitkovі Helsinki Human, formuvannі її pochuttєvoї culture slit was theoretically not molded, and rіvnі ototozhnennya hudozhnoї i remіsnitskoї dіyalnostі Mistetstvo vtrachaє his samobutnіst i samotsіnnіst.

Porіvnyuyuchi God - poet - rhapsode - glyadacha, Pla-tone vіdvodit poetovі role poserednika, yaky od God peredaє benefit lyudinі. Tse funktsіya formal, vvazhaє fіlosof, otzhe, a temple zmіst tvorchostі vtrachchєtsya.

Sche odnієyu diskusіynoyu problem became sproba Plato viznachiti sub'єkt in estetitsі. Tse i mislyacha spoglyadayucha Lyudin, i svit absolyutnoї іdeї, i svit dushі, SSMSC zdatnі pіznavati sutnіst. Viznavshi scho unіversalnu beauty target God and prekrasnі Items - Tse deprivation nedoskonala kopіya unіversalnoї handsome, Plato konstatuє in dіalozі "Gіppіy Bіlshy" "Fine-hard" 2.

Vershina antichnoї estetiki nazivayut theoreticity spadschinu Aristotle (384-322 pp. BC. H). The I spravdі, yogo pratsі "Poética", "Rhetoric", "Polіtika", "metaphysics", "Etika" visvіtlyuyut wider colo estetichnih problems.

In teorії Aristotle znovu chіtko prostezhuєtsya zahoplennya space - nosієm garmonії, order dovershenostі. Estetichne pіznannya i Mistetstvo vіn rozglyadaє yak vіdobrazhennya svіtovoї garmonії. Aristotle Vpershe giving rozgornutu structure estetichnih kategorіy, zaproponuvav Vlasnyi rozumіnnya beautiful, tragіchnogo, komіchnogo. Sered digit theoreticity dosyagnen fіlosofa - obgruntuvannya basic principle tvorchoї dіyalnostі Mitzi mіme-zisu (naslіduvannya). Aristotle vvazhav scho mіmezis pritamanny lyudinі s of Childhood. Same zdatnіstyu to naslіduvannya Lyudin vіdrіznyaєtsya od tvarin. Through naslіduvannya Lyudin nabuvaє Perche knowledge navichok. Result naslіduvannya viklikayut zahoplennya, pochuttya zadovolennya, Aje them prisutnє vpіznavannya.

Ponyattya mіmezis pіznіshe Bulo transformovane in roz-

Plato. Apology of Socrates, Crito, Hippias Major, Ion // Op .: V 3 t. M., 1968. T. 1. S. 185. 13

Timid pіznavalnoї th emotsіynoї funktsіy Mistetstvo, Aje, Aristotle Dumka, not deprivation naslіduvannya stimulyuє pіznannya, ale th porodzhuє pochuttya zadovolennya, aktivіzuє uyavu. Same qiu vlastivіst mіmezisu yak Bulo vikoristano svoєrіdny phone reception for the introduction of figurative simvolіchnoї kontseptsії in serednі vіki. Look Estetichnі Aristotle pov'yazanі not tіlki upmost s perspective, yak Tse Bulo in Yogo poperednikіv and th s pedagogіkoyu, psihologії Some of the elements, mistetstvoznavstvom (maєtsya on uvazі rozglyad Mistetstvo for novimi coordinates - childbirth i genres). Vidova spetsifіka Mistetstvo TER Je naslіdkom mozhlivostey mіmezisu s vikoristannyam Nadzvychaina sytuatsia wide arsenal zasobіv - sound Farben words vіdchuttya form. Yakscho teorіya tvorchostі Plato nagoloshuvala on mіstichnih, pozarealnih incentives obdarovanostі then tvіr Aristotle "Poética" zaklikaet to uzagalnennya hudozhnogo dosvіdu, yogo peredachі іnshim in protsesі vihovannya, osvіti.

Location digit in teoretichnіy spadschinі Aristotle zaymaє processes rozrobki novih estetichnih understand and takozh away theoreticity obgruntuvannya vzhe іsnuyuchih abo Well vikoristannya їh sama for analіzu estetichnih yavisch. Stosuєtsya tse mіmezisu not deprivation, and th kalokagatії, catharsis. Aristotle zaluchaє to analіzu estetichnih problems takі ponyattya, yak canon - a system of norms i rules have rozvitku Mistetstvo, gedonіzm (Nasoloda) - nagoloshennya on chuttєvo-emotsіynіy prirodі Mistetstvo, alegorіya - shaped іnomovlennya, mіra, proportsіya, asotsіatsіya toscho. Same Look Aristotle mozhut sluguvati butt dinamіchnih protsesіv not deprivation in zbagachennі perspective of science, and the second in viroblennі Vlasnyi kategorіalno-ponyatіynogo aparata, spirayuchis on yaky estetika zmogla i have podalshі perіodi Nabutov samostіynostі yak science.

Rozvitok estetichnoї pillows in kraїnah Immediately. Culture kraїn longtime Immediately vlastivі traditsіynіst i konservativnіst. Find our Tsі hour od hour dogmatizuvalisya: protyagom tisyacholіt vіdtvoryuvalisya Ti samі form in ekonomіchnіy, sotsіalno-polіtichnіy i kulturnіy Galuzo. (Before perelіku kraїn Immediately mi vklyuchaєmo Іndіyu, China, the Arab-musulmanskі Kraina).

Іndіya. Purshia іndіysky treatise estetichnih rozdumіv "Natya Shastra" CCB vіdomy at I stage. n. Yea. Yogo smіlivo mozhna vіdnesti to Perche sprob analіzu psihologії tvorchostі, Aje vіn mіstit problemi vihovannya actor visvіtlyuє power hudozhnoї maysternostі. Pіznіshe boule napisanі teoretichnі Comments to "Natya Shastra" SSMSC vzhe mali oezposerednіy vihіd on estetichnu problems. Maєtsya on uvazі rozrobka ponyattya race (estetichne experiences) rozglyad Vlasnyi estetichnogo experiences (rasa), and takozh zhittєvoї emotsії - bhava. Zhittєvі emotsії lie osnovі estetichnogo experiences tobto bhava Mauger viklikati to Zhittya race and mill race - tse vihіd nadіndivіdualny at the camp. Estetichne experiences obumovlyuєtsya emotsіynim pitched poperednіh pokolіn vplіtaєtsya i have a folding lantsyug perevtіlen zhivih іstot. So dіє law of karma. The experience of the race can be brought to mіstichnogo ekstazu and through Demba dosyagti etichnoї doskonalostі.

Otzhe, yak i antique estetika, teorіya Іndіyskogo varіantu nagoloshuє on єdnostі estetichnogo i upmost aspektіv. Tsya Yednist obumovlyuє mozhlivіst dhvani - proniknennya in Inshyj, prihovany zmіst hudozhnogo tvoru- Tsya іdeya pov'yazuvala estetichne s experiences ratsіonalnim osmislennyam processes hudozhnoї tvorchostі, osmislennyam particular Mystetskyi create.

Kitay.V іstorії estetiki China vidіlyayut kіlka perіodіv. Purshia ohoplyuє Article VII. BC. є.- III century. not. In Tsei hour estetika slit not vidіlilasya samostіynu in science i її rozvitok obumovlyuvavsya traditsіyami kitayskoї fіlosofії. Obirayuchi fіlosofsku pozitsіyu, kitayska EU tetika nagolosila on ponyattyah doskonalіst, dovershenіst. Cutaneous sphere lyudskoї dіyalnostі musit Buti brought to the temple rіvnya Mistetstvo. Otzhe, practical All types dіyalnostі nachebto carried on sobі vіdbitok estetichnogo. Ninі Well, otsіnyuyuchi Nagybanya longtime China-fahіvtsі іnodі vzhivayut ponyattya "total estetizm". On our Dumka, so much nіyak not mozhna harakterizuvati estetichnu orієntatsіyu zhodnoї Kraina that hour.

Becoming estetiki China pov'yazuyut s іm'yam Konfutsіya (551-479 pp. To NE), estetichnі Look yakogo pereplіtayutsya s pedagogіchnimi іdeyami i, yak naslіdok in tsomu nayperekonlivіshe viglyadaє zaproponovana fіlosofom vihovannya system zokrema estetichnogo. On Dumka Konfutsіya, vihovannya treba pochinati s poezії and zakrіplyuvati Znannya Helsinki Human poslіdovnim vivchennyam rules "lі" (for kitayskoyu traditsієyu tse - dobrochesnіst, knowledge elementarnih standards etiketu). Zavershuyuchi osvіtu, slіd zvertatisya to muzyky, yak Nese in sobі nayvische estetichne navantazhennya, tyazhіє to the spiritual. Neobhіdno pіdkresliti, scho not tіlki Konfutsіy and second Inshyj vіdomy mislitel China Xun Chi (298-238 pp. BC. Yea.) Vvazhav scho ritual music will vіdkrivaє Way to doskonalostі not deprivation vsіh people and th navіt quiet, hto Je "osvіchenim", "cultural". Ritual music will dovershuє їhnіy cultural rіven, dopomagaє osyagnuti іdeal.

In the minds serednovіchnogo China estetika pochinaє widely vikoristovuvati kategorіyu so prosvіtlennya Rank - Especially spriymannya svitu in єdnostі vlastivih Yomou yakostey yak Nasoloda od sposterezhennya garmonії. Vіdchuttya garmonії, so will the title of prosvіtlennya mozhna Bulo dosyagti zaymayuchis malyuvannyam, skladannyam vіrshіv, vіyskovimi right rіznimi pobutovimi right, napriklad, viroschuvannyam kvіtіv, їh hudozhnіm clearance domashnіm etiketom, Poshuk dovershenostі in Vlasnyi odyazі toscho. One s nayvagomіshih chinnikіv estetichnogo experiences th estetichnogo vihovannya in ancient Kitaї vistupaє nature. Tsya traditsіya zbereglasya to our dnіv. Especially the I sogodnі chutlivіst to nature, її kultivuvannya Je dalekoskhіdnoї Find our culture.

Arab-musulmanska estetika. Rozglyadayuchi estetichnu culture Arab-musulmanskih kraїn, neobhіdno vrahovuvati spetsifіku іslamu. Suvorіst musulmanskoї relіgії (zaborona zobrazhuvati God Lyudin, tvarin) not zalishala Georeferencing for estetizmu, yaky LUVs zavzhdi pritamanny kraїnam Immediately. Іslam pіdkreslyuє values ​​peredusіm upmost poglyadіv th upmost vihovannya Helsinki Human. Cult relіgіynoї etiki pererostaet from dogmatism, primushuvav dotrimuvatisya Pevnyi ritualіv. Tsya traditsіya zumovlyuvala drugoryadnu role estetichnogo factor i sama tsya reason prizvela before scho from fіlosofskіy traditsії Arab-musulmanskih kraїn became vіdsutnoyu poslіdovno vikladena estetichna teorіya. Shcho Well before estetichnogo navantazhennya then yogo Nese on sobі Arabic Mistetstvo, zokrema lіrichna poezіya, architecture, crafts Mistetstvo. їh rozvitok svіdchit about іntensivne spirituality Zhittya i about svoєrіdnіst estetichnogo Buchan svitu.

Estetika Vіzantії. Rozkvіt vіzantіyskoї estetiki pov'yazany s IV - VI Art. Spirayuchis on Nagybanya estetiki antichnostі, zokrema on osnovnі іdeї neoplatonіzmu Plotіna i Proclus, vіzantіyska school Nabeul Figure samobutnostі th origіnalnostі. Pіznіshe sama estetika Vіzantії became the basis serednovіchnoї estetiki th active vplivala on hudozhnyu / k schtsguru Єvropi, Kiїvskoї Rusі, Gruzії, Vіrmenії.

Estetichna.problematika poslіdovno rozroblyalasya

Grigorієm Nisskim, Іoanom Chrysostom, Pseudo-Dіonіsі rd Areopagіtom. Zaznachimo scho їh tsіkavili not deprivation problemi i Crazy beautiful - vzhe traditsіynі for estetiki of an hour, and the tenth problem images, symbols, meanings of words, yogo vnutrіshnіy zmіst. Velika uwagi slapped takozh analіzovі rolі koloru, sound in stanovlennі hudozhnoї tsіnnostі Mistetstvo happening.

Viznachivshi God yak Dzherelo handsome, vіzantіytsі Pocha rozroblyati іdeyu unіversumu - System obrazіv, simvolіv, znakіv, SSMSC zv'yazuyut s Person of God. Nagolos at tsomu robivsya peredusіm on pochuttєvіy prirodі Helsinki Human, yak guilty mother Visokiy rіven rozvitku culture spriymannya koloru, sound vіdchuttya shape of objects. Dumka On Pseudo-Dіonіsіya Areopagіta, vischogo transfer of knowledge (od God to Helsinki Human) vіdbuvaєtsya through svіtlodari - chuttєvі symbol pevnі still images muzichnі sounds melodії, kolorovі spoluchennya. Same stink formuyut Mystetskyi tvіr, i okremim NKVD vlastive "Buchan" tobto vmіnnya deshifruvati svіtlovі іmpulsi. Beauty Well, yak reason garmonіynostі vsogo іsnuyuchogo in svіtі absolutely transcendent.

Especially Location in estetitsі Vіzantії Ziman rozrobka estetiko-mistetstvoznavchih funktsіy іkoni that rules The image of God. For virіshennya tsієї problemi rozroblyalisya takі ponyattya, yak canon umovnіst, lakonіzm, dekorativnіst and schodo rozumіnnya estetiki object, then dedalі vidimіshe pochinav perevazhati mistetstvoznavchy aspect.