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Estetika - Liauchuk LT

§ 3. ESTETIKA UC SAMOSTІYNA SCIENCE

In іstorії estetichnoї science Persha half of the XVIII century. Especially zaymaє Location: 1750 p. s Druck viyshov Purshia that theoreticity treatise "Estetika" author yakogo CCB nіmetsky fіlosof i theorist Mistetstvo Oleksandr-Gotlіb Baumgarten (1714-1762 pp.). Spirayuchis on gretskі ponyattya eysetikos, estanomay, estanome, estesі, Baumgarten uvіv Novi termіn - estetika, okreslivshi CIM samostіynu spetsifіchnu sphere of knowledge.

Appeared require vidіlennya in samostіynu Pevnyi uyavlen science, knowledge, іdey, pov'yazanih s emotsіynim, chuttєvim, tsіnnіsnim representations to the Helsinki Human dіysnostі to nature, suspіlstva to Mistetstvo, Bulo svіdchennyam nakopichennya such novih knowledge SSMSC vzhe could not rozvivatisya in furrows zagalnofіlosofskoї teorії i traditsіynih mistetstvoznavchih uyavlen. A. Baumgarten, yak fіlosof, stverdzhuvav, scho Got gnoseologіya Dvi FORMS pіznannya - estetiku i logіku. Persha pov'yazana s "nizhchim>. tobto chuttєvim pіznannyam, and the other - s vischim, tobto іntelektualnim, Logіka vivchaє sudzhennya i Rozum to Veda pіznannya іstini. Estetika Well mated іz sudzhennyam relish i pіznaє beautiful, beautiful Ponyattya widely vikoristovuєtsya O. Baum-Garten, however, subject estetiki vіn not viznachiv through іdeyu beautiful (such tendentsіya viyavilasya pіznіshe, zokrema in pozitsіyah G.-V.-F. Hegel that M. G. Chernishevsko th). Baumgarten viznachiv subject estetiki through ponyattya doskonale: "... Estetika - tse science about doskonale in svіtі yavisch, about doskonalіst chuttєvogo pіznannya th udoskonalennya relish." 3

Koli Baumgarten nagolosiv on termіnі doskonale then viyavilos, scho Tse vzhe Bulo ponyattya ob'єktom theoreticity іnteresu in estetitsі passed. So, pratsі "metaphysics" Aristotle ototozhnyuє doskonale s fine - ostannє viznachaєtsya fіlosofom yak Positive doskonale. In skhіdnih cultures TER prostezhuєtsya tyazhіnnya to ototozhnennya doskonalogo th estetichnogo. Arabic Al-fіlosof serednovіchchya Gazalі, napriklad, stverdzhuvav: "... The beauty of the object, the Yogo privablivіst polyagaє in іsnuvannі vsogo doskonalogo of abo scho Yomou vіdpovіdaє. The beauty of the skin of the subject-in vіdpovіdnostі yogo mind doskonalostі "4.

Well all the I treba vіddati nalezhne Baumgarten for Renaissance in theoreticity obіgovі such tsіkavogo ponyattya, yak doskonale. Bіlshe of vіn podіliv estetiku two rіvnі - theoreticity i practicality. Persha small zaymatisya Problems Color, spetsifіkoyu chuttєvogo spriymannya dіys-nostі and other bezposeredno pov'yazuvalasya s problems rozvitku Mistetstvo. In kontseptsії Baumgarten, so rank, vіdbuvsya podіl science subject at Dvi Chastain, one tyazhіє fіlosofskogo to knowledge, and the other - to mistetstvoznavstva. Tsya tendentsіya zakrіpilasya nastіlki, scho th іsnuє poninі, zmushuyuchi us sogodnі staviti power dvopredmetnіst estetichnoї about science. A tse, in his Cherga, Je svіdchennyam teoretichnoї yak, so i strukturnoї skladnostі estetiki subject.

Otzhe, viyavivshis in glibokіy davninі, phone reception estetichnogo s Mistetstvo zalishivsya nazavzhdi. In pershіy polovinі XIX CT-z'yavilosya ponyattya "fіlosofіya Mistetstvo"

3 Baumgarten AG Theoretisehe Astetik. Hamburg, 1983. P. 10.

4 Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali. Resurrection of Sciences faith. M., 1980. C-235.

(Hegel), yak zasvіdchilo mozhlivіst osyagnuti Mistetstvo not deprivation yak system okremih vidіv Zi svoєyu іstorієyu i teorієyu and yak tsіlіsny phenomenon spetsifіka yakogo rozkrivaєtsya through tsіlі i zavdannya tvorchoї dіyalnostі hudozhno obdarovanoї Helsinki Human - Mitzi. Tsya Lyudin not deprivation realіzuє svіy Vlasnyi CREATIVE potentsіal and vistupaє svoєrіdnoyu Modell quiet temple, extraordinary mozhlivostey, yakih to blame dotyaguvatisya cutaneous bi moviti, zvichayna Lyudin. CREATIVE dіyalnіst Mitzi - tse processes svіdomoї realіzatsії estetichnogo, usvіdomlene stvorennya estetichnoї tsіnnostі. Yakscho at whether yakіy іnshіy sferі lyudskoї dіyalnostі estetichne Mauger realіzuvatisya stihіyno, neusvіdomleno, the mistetstvі odnієyu s nayvazhlivіshih funktsіy Yea i funktsіya estetichnogo. This can be vvazhati Mistetstvo vischoyu, svіdomo stvorenoyu estetichnogo sphere.

Look Teoretichnі A. Baumgarten formuvalisya in one hour, if estetichne Znannya yak warehouses Chastina fіlosofії vzhe i dovga little uneasy іstorіyu. Tse i Epoch serednovіchchya in the minds yakoї napisanі Augustine Express Yourself "Spovіd", "Pro Musica", "About the order"; i Epoch Renaissance, yak gave svіtovі estetichnu spadschinu Leonardo da Vіnchі, Albrecht Dürer, Lorenzo Valla, Pіko della Mіrandola; i classicism, osnovnі metodologіchnі fun- yakogo znayshli poslіdovne visvіtlennya in "Poetichnomu mistetstvі" Nіkoli Boileau. Suchasnikami Baumgarten boule vidatnі estetiki i theorists Mistetstvo Іogann Vіnkelman that Gotthold Efraіm Lessіng.

Otzhe, Introduction Baumgarten termіna estetika, but by the Branch i fіksatsіya pevnoї Naukova knowledge on spiral-digit іstoriko theoreticity dosvіd i zakrіplyuvalo for science estetikoyu її subject - zakonomіrnostі chuttєvogo pіznannya i hudozhnoї tvorchostі.

Vazhlivim Etap in rozrobtsі problemi estetiki subject becoming perіod rozvitku nіmetskoї klasychnoji fіlosofії. Bezposerednіy іnteres to a wide Cola estetichnih problems Kant viyavili, Fіhte, Shellіng Hegel.

Іmmanuїl Kant (1724-1804 pp.) Perekonany, tіlki scho Person of Mauger Buti іdealom handsome, tіlki lyudstvo "Mauger Buti іdealom doskonalostі" 5. Otzhe, znovu ponyattya doskonalіst visuvaєtsya yak vazhliva coordinate formuvannya garmonії, іdealu.

Johann Gotlіb Fіhte (1762-1814 pp.) In rozumіnnі estetiki tyazhіv іdeї Institution to subject science to tsієї

Kant I. Works:. The 6 m M., 1964. T. 5. S. 237.

teorії Mistetstvo. Rozglyadayuchi spetsifіku Mistetstvo in porіvnyannі s Nauka i morallyu, vіn vvazhav sho sama Mistetstvo spriyaє tsіlіsnoї Helsinki Human Formation. Tsya Dumka stimulyuvala іnteres Fіhte to problem hudozhnoї genіalnostі

Well Osoblivoї uwagi zaslugovuє fіlosofsko-estetichna pozitsіya Frіdrіha-Vіlgelma Josef Shellshga (1775- 1854 pp.). zokrema prochitanі him Ієnі that Vyuitsburzі lektsії s fіlosofії Mistetstvo in yakih argumentuєtsya Dumka about hudozhnyu tvorchіst that estetichne spoglyadannya yak vischі stupenі rozvitku absolute. Shellіngu viyavivsya blizkim romantic-іrratsіonalny looking at Svit, yaky daє right govorito about tsogo fіlosofa yak about spadkoєmtsya ієnskih romantikіv, zokrema F. ІІІlegelya i Novalіsa

Look at Zmіni їііellіnga pov'yazanі s 1814-1817 pp., If postupove zblizhennya fіlosofa s teosofskimi, relіgіyno-mіstichnimi spryamuvannyami Pocha zmіtsnyuvatisya last trump. Sche 1803 p. in pratsі "Fіlosofіya i relіgіya" Shellіng viznachiv absolute God yak, yak bezkіnechnu pershoosnovu. On the cob 40th rokіv vіn acted as yak vzhe viraznik aristocratic-klerіkalnih kіl Nіmechchini, yak svіdomy promoter mіstiko-teosofskih іdey.

Pіdkreslyuyuchi skladnіst, neodnoznachnіst i superechlivіst sudzhen Shellіnga not possible not to force viznati їh vplivu on svіtorozumіnnya іntelіgentsії Єvropi drugіy polovinі in the XIX century., And takozh i in the minds of the XX century. Vіdbitok shellіngіanstva znahodimo in fіlosofskih kontseptsіyah i Hegel Feuerbach, Schopenhauer i Freud, Bergson Korkegora i. Wide diskusіyu okremі PROVISIONS Shellіnga viklikali on Shtutgartskomu gegelіvskomu kongresі in travnі 1975 p. Mozhna priєdnatisya to Dumka, scho "lіnіya viskhіdnogo fіlosofskogo Ruhu proyshla povz pіznogo Shellіnga through Hegel to yogo uchnіv - gegelyantsіv and Dali - to yogo materіalіstichnih kritikіv. Ale without ob'єktivnoї dіalektiki natural Butt at Rann Shellіnga not Bulo b nastіlki widely vіdpratsovanogo ob'єk-givno-dіalektichnogo vchennya Hegel "6.

Printsipovo nova spryamovanіst estetichnі problemi otrimuyut in teoretichnіy spadschinі Georg Vіlgelma-Frіdrіha Hegel (1770-1831 pp.). In vstupі to lektsіy s estetiki Hegel zaznachiv scho subject tsієї science Got Booty "kingdom of beauty", yak yak іnterpretuєtsya him

e Nara JS West-European philosophy of the XIX century. M., 1976. S. 239.

"Sphere .mistetstva, abo, slit tochnіshe - hudozhnoї tvorchostі". Slіd pam'yatati scho Hegel vzagalі negatively stavivsya to termіna estetika i vvazhav for dotsіlne zamіniti yogo abo termіnom fіlosofіya Mistetstvo fіlosofіya hudozhnoї tvorchostі. Hegel vvіv in subject viznachennya estetiki ponyattya beautiful, yak yogo in Well kontseptsії obmezhuvalosya Mistetstvo. Otzhe, phone reception object estetiki s "kingdom of beauty" zvuzhuvav science itself, zamikav її deprivation on Ti problems SSMSC mozhna Bulo ototozhniti ponyattyam s beautiful. Bezposerednіy phone reception deprivation s problems Mistetstvo vіdsіkav od subject estetiki all scho znahodilosya Mistetstvo posture.

Gegelіvsku іdeyu zv'yazku estetiki i have a nice rozvinuv svoїh theoreticity Poshuk MG Chernishevsky (1828-1889 pp.). Viznachayuchi subject estetiki through ponyattya beautiful, vіn against not obmezhuvav yogo sphere Mistetstvo and napolyagav on zdatnostі tsієї science to vseosyazhnostі Zhittya. Such pozitsіya chіtko prostezhuєtsya at sprobah fіlosofa viznachiti beautiful areas in rіznih zhittєdіyalnostі Helsinki Human. So rank, the authority of M. Chernishevskogo zakrіpiv on rosіyskomu gruntі rozumіnnya estetiki through іdeyu beautiful.

On mezhі XIX i XX century. digit іnteres viklikala pozitsіya Marx schodo estetichnoї science. Pіznіshe, pіslya Zhovtnevyy podіy 1917 p., Marksistska pozitsіya obumovlyuvala rozvitok radyanskoї estetichnoї science i, zvichayno Well, Bula bezzasterezhno priynyata in bagatoh kraїnah Єvropi th Azії, SSMSC Mali sotsіalіstichnu orієntatsіyu.

In theoreticity Prace "Ekonomіchno-fіlosofskі manuscript 1844 rock" that "Nіmetska іdeologіya" Marx doslіdzhuyuchi processes of formation Helsinki Human yak sotsіalnogo sub'єkta, digit uwagi pridіliv analіzovі mehanіzmu formuvannya її osobistіsnogo representations to dіysnostі. When tsomu zvertaє uwagi on itself the role of yak vіdvoditsya stvorenomu substantive svіtovі yak "realnіy" Helsinki Human prirodі de vіdbuvaєtsya її zhittєdіyalnіst. Marx vkazuvav on nerozrivny vzaєmozv'yazok stvorenogo of labor dіyalnіstyu subject svitu i Especially samoї Helsinki Human Performance. Peretvoryuyuchi nature vіdpovіdno to svoїh require Lyudin zmіnyuє i currently in practice hodі "napratsovuє" takі zdіbnostі, TAKE representations to navkolishnogo svitu, SSMSC give zmogu їy tvoriti "Crazy for the laws." Materіalno-spirituality's World Where Money Does Givet i dіє Lyudin, Je vіdobrazhennyam її sutnіsnih forces. Vodnochase's World materіalnih i cultural tsіnnostey, stvorenih popered nіmi pokolіnnyami, vistupaє basis for the following dіyalnostі pokolіn.

Person of, yak vіdomo, Je chuttєvoyu іstotoyu її VZAYEMODIYA i Zi svіtom zdіysnyuєtsya peredusіm zavdyaki chuttєvomu spіlkuvannyu. Together s note slіd pіdkresliti scho zdatnіst to chuttєvogo spriymannya svitu zabezpechuєtsya not just the facts nayavnostі in Helsinki Human pochuttіv and formuvannyam takoї zdatnostі in most aktі chuttєvogo spoglyadannya, yak stimulyuє to rozpredmechuvannya suspіlnogo smislu subject yavischa chi. Taqiy rozvitok in lyudinі spetsifіchnogo potentsіalu chuttєvostі Marx viznachav yak peretvorennya lyudskogo pochuttya in so the title of theoreticity pochuttya. Lyudin in svoєmu іndivіdualnomu rozvitkovі, povedіntsі, dіyalnostі spiraєtsya at sutі on dosvіd poperednіh pokolіn, zakrіpleny in forms of culture. Marx vidіlyaє sotsіalnu, practical nature lyudskogo chuttєvogo representations to dіysnostі i vvazhaє scho stvorennya p'yati zovnіshnіh pochuttіv - tse robot vsієї poperednoї іstorії. In furrows marksistskoї fіlosofskoї kontseptsії science estetika viznachaєtsya yak taka, scho vivchaє nature funktsії, zagalnі Zakoni i zakonomіrnostі estetichnoї dіyalnostі Helsinki Human suspіlstva that. Tacke viznachennya estetiki viklyuchaє s not the subject of science Mistetstvo, Aje vono Je spetsifіchnoyu Form estetichnoї dіyalnostі.