Estetika - Liauchuk LT

§ 4. categories "TRAGІCHNE" i "KOMІCHNE"

Zvernuvshis to Helsinki Human to the one sotsіalnih її moral problems Mistetstvo stimulyuvalo viniknennya Especially yogo mind - Drama in dvoh rіznovidah: tragedії komedії i, s yakimi pov'yazane Formation slit dvoh estetichnih kategorіy - tragіchnogo i komіchnogo.

Aristotle analіzuyuchi sutnіst poetichnogo pіznannya lyudskogo svitu to yakogo vіdnosit i drama, so viznachaє yogo znachuschіst. Poezіya, Pichet vіn in vіdomіy pratsі "Poetichne Mistetstvo" fіlosofіchnіsha i seryoznіsha for іstorіyu, more talk about bіlshe zagalne, todі yak Istoria - odinichne about deprivation. Same tsya vlastivіst pov'yazuvala drama napriklad, s tim, scho Won not just vіdtvoryuє realnі podії Zhittya, іstorії chi lyudskih vchinkіv and second doslіdzhuє, shukaє їhnі reasons. Rozvitok dramatic pov'yazany s pіznannyam zakonomіrnostey i rushіynih forces lyudskoї povedіnki. Nayvazhlivіshim dosyagnennyam dramatic Mistetstvo Je viyavlennya protirіchchya yak rushіynoї Sealy lyudskoї іstorії.

Dramatic Mistetstvo originated from Davnіy Gretsії on gruntі cult holy pov'yazanih Zi's death that God voskresіnnyam Dіonіsa. Sorrow s drive smertі i have radіst zv'yazku s voskresіnnyam, emotsіyne zbudzhennya that zvіlnennya od emotsіynoї naprugi - takі osnovnі peredumovi dramatichnoї dії, scho slit in sformuvalisya drevnіh mіsterіyah. Otzhe drama - tse exposure The peredusіm. Exposure The hero osobistostі in yakіy obov'yazkovo Je konflіkt, tobto protirіchna situatsіya; exposure The zavzhdi come to completion, oskіlki Got yakus tsіl, let them navіt fіktivnu chi uyavnu. W dosyagnennyam tsіlі abo vіdmovoyu od її zdіysnennya kіnchaєtsya exposure The i - takі zagalnі Zakoni dramaturgії for tragedії yak, so i for komedії.

Dramatic Mistetstvo viniklo spochatku in formі .tragedії, potіm z'yavilas i komedіya. Novі chasi gave us ot rіznovid - drama in vuzkomu znachennі words. Viznachayuchi rіznitsyu mіzh tsimi dramatic views Mistetstvo Hegel nagoloshuvav on such naybіlsh znachuschih її Especially: in osnovі tragedії lezhit konflіkt scho stosuєtsya substantsіonalnih forces Helsinki Human i suspіlstva; uzagalneno mozhna viznachiti yogo yak konflіkt mіzh liberty dії Helsinki Human i ob'єktivnoyu neobhіdnіstyu, yak protistoїt tsіy svobodі. In komedії, navpaki, konflіkt pov'yazany s sub'єktivnіstyu abo zovnіshnіm vipadkom, SSMSC spriymayutsya pomilkovo yak suttєvі. Drama at vuzkomu znachennі words Je chimos serednіm mіzh tragedієyu i komedієyu, Got bezlіch modifіkatsіy.

Klasichnі FORMS tragіchnih konflіktіv, vtіlenі from happening Mistetstvo, svіdchat about INCREASING rozumіnnya lyudstvom protirіchchya mіzh liberty lyudskoї dіyalnostі i vchinkіv that ob'єktivnoyu dіysnіstyu, yak protistoїt Helsinki Human Volya.

Іstorichno Perche Form tragіchnogo konflіktu Je konflіkt Zhittya that smertі. Tragіchnіst smertі could usvіdomlyuvatisya deprivation on tlі vzhe usvіdomlyuvanogo immortality lyudskogo old, yak was mozhlivim deprivation zavdyaki іstorії, tobto tragіchna samosvіdomіst Bula estetichnoyu Form іstorichnoї svіdomostі.

Prote іstinny tragіzm vinikaє in situatsії, if in tsentrі tragіchnoї kolіzії - vіlno dіyucha osobistіst. Hegel, in zv'yazku s CIM roz'yasnyuє rіznitsyu mіzh neschastyam i tragedієyu: prikrі nepriєmnostі mozhut trapitisya s Lyudin without usyakogo spriyannya s її side without yakoї whether the guilty, just vnaslіdok zbіgu zovnіshnіh vipadkovostey, yakihos obstavin (hvoroba, vtrata bagatstva death toscho). Spravdі, tragіchne strazhdannya nakladaєtsya on іndivіdіv tіlki yak naslіdok їhnіh NKVD Act reasonably, spryamovanih on vіdstoyuvannya chogos usіm svoїm іsnuvannyam; Well with such a tse mіroyu vipravdano, yak i spovneno guilty 16.

Otzhe, deprivation special person exposure The hero stvoryuє tragіchnu kolіzіyu - kolіzіyu Svobody i neobhіdnostі. Rozumіnnya between Svobody that neobhіdnostі viznachaєtsya rіvnem rozvitku sotsіalnoї practices that іstorichno concrete forms sotsіalnoї aktivnostі osobistostі. Yakscho zvernutisya to antichnoї tragedії, the nіy neobhіdnіst spriymalas yak rock, share tobto Won usvіdomlyuvalas yak neminuchіst nastannya pevnoї podії. Oskіlki share - tse ob'єktivna prirechenіst podіy, the foundation kolіzії antichnoї tragedії naychastіshe zakladalosya ignorance of the reason for the negative vchinku yak and vіdpovіdno i tragіchnoї delinquent hero.

Hero tragedії Sophocles' Edіp-CAR "potraplyaє in tragіchnu kolіzіyu vnaslіdok osobistoї dії svoє through ignorance. On Fіvi de tsaryuє Edіp Apollo nasilaє plague dwellers

16 Div .: Hegel G. Aesthetics. T. 3. S. 578.

pokarati vbivtsyu poperednogo King Laius. Edіp takes vіdshukati vbivtsyu, Abi vіdvernuti od Mista punishment. Vіn not Knows, scho old man to drive him on in dorozі Fіvi, i Je CAR Lai spravzhnіy yogo Batko (Edіp vvazhaє svoїm dad Polі-ba, the king of Corinth).

Rozgortannya dії tragedії - tse ruh od Ignorance to knowledge, to formuvannya tragіchnoї blame. Vodnochase - tse st peeled, tobto not vіdmova od skoєnogo (Aje for vchinkom - ignorance), and of acceptance of the fact scho velit share. Usvіdomivshi scho vіn myself vinny have negarazdah Mista, Edіp result in dіyu virok, priynyaty vbivtsі schodo slit on the cob tragedії - vikolyuє sobі ochі podaєtsya i have vignannya.

Yakscho Well zvernutisya to pіznіshoї Epoch, zokrema to tvorіv Shekspіra, i porіvnyati sutnіst tragіchnoї kolіzії Edіpa king i king Lіra, then without Especially trudnoschіv udaєtsya viyaviti uniquely vischy rіven іstorichnoї svіdomostі, scho th vіdbivaє sutnіst dіalektiki Svobody i neobhіdnostі in lyudskіy zhittєdіyalnostі.

King Lear absolutely vіlny in svoїh vchinkah іndivіd - vіn Gospodar powers. Yogo rіshennya rozdіliti korolіvstvo nіchim, krіm osobistoї Volya not determіnovane. Tragedіya King Lіra - naslіdok yogo osobistoї dії. In dolі King Lіra Especially vіdchutne usvіdomlennya addition, scho Got Freedom dії Helsinki Human svoї mezhі, stink zumovlenі dіyalnіstyu іnshih people and otzhe, team Rukh podіy, yaky skladaєtsya ob'єktivno s bezlіchі іndivіdualnih NKVD Act reasonably i vchinkіv. Shekspіr in svoїh tragedіyah Vpershe porushuє power about the natural right of Helsinki Human svіdomo i vіlno priymati rіshennya - dіyati abo not dіyati, vihodyachi іz іnteresu NKVD.

Rozvitok zagalnogo svіtoglyadu, vihіd on іstorichnu arena wide sotsіalnih verstv, knots in osoblivo radically podіy Zroby zrozumіlіshimi Reason tragіchnih kolіzіy scho їh F. Engels duzhe chіtko viznachiv- yak kolіzіyu mіzh іstorichno neobhіdnoyu vimogoyu i practicality nemozhlivіstyu її zdіysnennya. And mozhlivі two tipi kolіzіy: a) svіdomіst not Mauger ohopiti іstorichno neobhіdnu vimogu vnaslіdok obtyazhenostі Old іstorichnimi forms; b) okremі individuals pіdnіmayutsya to usvіdomlennya іstorichnoї іstini scho Veda neminuche їh zagibelі up, more share vsіh spravzhnіh geroїv Mauger Buti tіlki tragіchnoyu. Same Taqiy pіdhіd daє zmogu rozrіznyati tіsno pov'yazanі mіzh him іstorichnu that special person tragedії, tobto tragedіyu old order, yaky vіrit in his pravomіrnіst i zahischaє її, that tragedіyu new on botsі yakogo Je іstorichne vipravdannya, tobto the Future, ale slit Absent realnoї sotsіalnoї Sealy, zdatnoї peresiliti іnertsіyu passed. Navіt Yakscho hero has acted proti іsnuyuchogo order keruєtsya svoїm Vlasnyi іnteresom, tobto to kіntsya not usvіdomlyuє zagalnogo values ​​svoєї dіyalnostі then i Tse vzhe daє pіdstavi tverditi about obumovlenіst kolіzії ob'єktivnim pitched svitu. Otzhe, ob'єktivna side (minds) in poєdnannі s energієyu that aktivnіstyu sub'єktivnih, porivan (nayavnі mozhlivostі) Yea i tim єdinim zagalnim processes, yaky viznachaє dinamіku іstorichnogo rozvitku lyudstva. Hero in tsomu protsesі vіdrіznyaєtsya od rows dіyovih osіb tim, scho yogo dіyalnіst osvyachena Pevnyi mіroyu vsezagalnim, substantsіynim values.

In the XX century. zahіdna estetika zmіnila svoї uyavlennya about tragіchne porіvnyano s klasichnim yogo rozumіnnyam. Uwagi zoseredilasya zdebіlshogo on vnutrіshnoosobistih experience. Іstorichnі podії, sotsіalny Oseredok hoch i spriymalisya yak neobhіdnі, that all are vvazhalisya zovnіshnіmi obstavinami, SSMSC not obumovlyuyut sutі tragіchnogo konflіktu.

In klasichnih systems tragіchne uyavlyalos Yakima Perekhrest nayzagalnіshih protirіch mіzh іdealnim real i, i іndivіdom suspіlstvom, Stara i novim orders, mіzh pragnennyami Helsinki Human i "hitrіstyu" svіtovogo Rozum toscho. Istoria Niby napovnyuvala tragіchne zmіstom. Well Tvortsі new Mistetstvo that authoritarian Suchasnyj estetichnih teorіy vkazuyut into another cause globalnoї vazhlivostі, yak obumovlyuє tragіchnіst lyudskogo Zhittya. Vіdnahodyat stink її in yakihos postіynih, vіchnih іsnuvannya minds. When tsomu zauvazhimo scho Suchasnyj rozumіnnya tragіchnogo poznachene kraynіm pesimіzmom. Ubogіst іndivіdualnogo іsnuvannya, porazki scho postіyno pereslіduyut Lyudin, zovsіm pozbavlenі vipravduvalnogo kosmіchnogo i just order, yak Tse Bulo in antichnostі, abo yakoїs іstorichnoї dotsіlnostі scho nepіdvladna rozumіnnyu okremoї individuals. That Je sprobi osyagnuti tragіzm without yogo abo positive rozv'yazannya vipravdannya.

Vіdpravnim point transformatsії the category tragіchnogo for zahіdnoї culture of XX century. mozhna vvazhati formuvannya "tragіchnogo pochuttya іsnuvannya" yak was domіnuyuchim i protistavnim usіm іnshim looking at Zhittya. M³ gel de Unamuno, wrote the book "Tragіchne vіdchuttya Zhittya people i narodіv" (1913 p), giving Niby CIM naymennya suchasnіy іstorichnіy dobі. Tse LUVs hour, if vіdkidalisya schemes, xylitol Rozum, perevaga vіddavalas experience and not rozdumam, іntuїtsії instead іntelektovі, pіdsvіdomostі instead svіdomostі that її control. The book "Tragіchne vіdchuttya Zhittya ..." Unamuno pobudovana for the scheme of zaperechennya zagalnogo th abstract, perekreslennya tієї fіlosofії, yak yde od odnієї deprivation yasnostі Rozum, nehtuyuchi Lyudin іz plotі i krovі.

Novі Elements, zaproponovanі "Tragіchnim vіdchuttyam Zhittya ..." - tse peredusіm zvernennya to pochuttіv, greatness in nіkchemnostі, nesterpnіst іsnuvannya konkretnoї Helsinki Human, zvinuvachennya to address culture, positive otsіnka frenzy svyatіst іdіotіv toscho. Same stink, tsі Elements, povinnі boule in novih minds zamіniti zmіst klasichnogo rozumіnnya tragіchnogo. Vіdmіnnoyu risoyu podіbnih sprob slіd vvazhati іndivіdualіzatsіyu tragіchnogo, tobto viznannya of scho єdina mozhlivіst pіznannya tragіchnogo - zvernennya to іsnuvannya to samoї svіdomostі іndivіda, obumovlenoї CIM іsnuvannyam. However logіchna evolyutsіya "tragіchnogo vіdchuttya life" that sprob yogo osmislennya completed estetizatsієyu absurdity (іnakshe th Booty could not), more pov'yazana s totality viluchennyam s Mistetstvo digit, pіdnesenogo hero, yaky usіm єstvom svoїm pov'yazany s vuzlovim protirіchchyam Epoch, Je svoєrіdnim obrantsem, accounting yakogo AIAI Visoka mіsіya.

That axle zmіnu tragіchnomu geroєvі coming Superman, the hero detective, an adventurer. Tse did not oznachaє scho XX century. Knows not tragіchnih kolіzіy, navpaki, zagroza svіtovoї vіyni, ekologіchnoї disaster, overpopulation is the Cima іnshih problems virіshennya yakih abhors zvolіkannya, vimagaє od Mistetstvo Buti on rіvnі poklikannya Svoge. Power "Booty Booty chi no" sounds odnakovo yak for okremoї Helsinki Human, so i for suspіlstva for lyudstva in tsіlomu. Addressing vono usіm, Square od Rasi, vіrospovіdannya, Helsinki Human sotsіalnogo status. The I zrozumіle vsіm. Otzhe essence tragіchnogo nabuvaє descho іnshogo vіdtіnku, vіdbivayuchi vіchny potyag to podolannya іstorichnih between lyudskoї freedom, Borotba for the Future, that have been approved to іdealіv navіt tsіnoyu Zhittya NKVD.

The actual Istoria zdіysnyuєtsya not tіlki tragedіya yak and yak th komedіya 3 tsogo drive Marx wrote scho Istoria dіє gruntovno i go through chislennі Fazi, zabirayuchi to mogili zastarіlu Zhittya form. Ostannoyu fazoyu vsesvіtno-іstorichnoї FORMS Je її komedіya. Taqiy hіd іstorії potrіben for dwellers lyudstvo fun Rozluch Zi svoїm passed 17.

Smіh, yak vіdomo, zvіlnyayuche dіє on Lyudin and pochuttya Humorului vvazhaєtsya one s nayblagorodnіshih lyudskih pochuttіv. Zvichayno, komіchne i smіshne - not odne th those SAME, yak i not all smіshne - komіchne. Ostannє skorіsh Je product rozvinutoї lyudskoї culture, zdatnіstyu poglyanuti on itself zboku, pіdnyatisya over povsyakdennimi svoїmi іnteresami. Komіchne, yak i tragіchne, pov'yazane Zi Helsinki Human liberty, vpevnenіstyu її in bezumovnіy mozhlivostі pіdnyatisya over himself, over Vlasnyi іnteresami. Hegel vvazhav scho zagalne pіdґruntya komedії - tse's World Where Money Does Person of yak sub'єkt Zroby currently Povny hospodar of scho Yea znachuschim for neї yak sutnіsny zmіst її knowledge i zdіysnen; tse's World, tsіlі yakogo ruynuyut samі currently svoєyu nesuttєvіstyu. Protirіchchya mіzh znachuschіstyu FORMS i nіkchemnіstyu zmіstu scho vgaduєtsya critical spryamovanim Rozum, stvoryuє komіchnіst kolіzії. Pochuttya humors, i yak yak whether Lots Other estetichne pochuttya not daєtsya lyudinі so od narodzhennya, vono rozvivaєtsya time іz rozvitkom osobistostі i staє pokaznikom dinamіchnoї pruzhnostі lyudskogo Rozum th fantazії. For viznachennyam I. Kant, humors have positive znachennі Je sama zdatnіst talent l Yudin without usyakih those pіdstav nabuvati good mood, if not about all the judging so yak zvichayno and navіt navpaki, ale, zvichayno Well, for Pevnyi principles Rozum.

Pochuttya Humorului s neobhіdnіstyu potrіbne not tіlki pismennikovі, the artist, and the first chitachevі, glyadachu. Traplyayutsya people SSMSC not vіdchuvayut komіzmu kolіzії, SSMSC zovsіm nechuttєvі to humors. Tsіkavo, napriklad, yak Gogol proanalіzuvavshi Perche vistavu svoєї komedії "Revіzor" viznachiv cause 'nevdachі її postanovnikіv. Peredusіm, vvazhaє Gogol nevdalo pіdіbrano actor, yaky Zroby inspector zvichaynim fibbers not zrozumіvshi spravzhnoї Nature komіzmu hero. Pismennik upevneny scho bіlshy uspіh LUVs bi skorіshe in vipadku, yakbi the role of the inspector priznachili naybeztalannіshogo actor perekonavshi yogo in fact, scho Khlestakov - Person of spritna, Rozumny i navіt noble, the I tse fact pіdkreslyuє Gogol, scho Khlestakov zovsіm not fool - vіn not fibbers for the craft itself vіn zabuvaє scho Brescia i navіt vіrit himself in those scho talk about 18.

Vazhko vzagalі Know schos protilezhnіy ^ Moreover, over denote smіyutsya people. Naybanalnіshі rechі mozhut viklikati smіh, ale so very smіyutsya i over-valued, glibokimi yavischami, Yakscho them z'yavitsya yakas nesuttєva side, yak i superechit zvichkam povsyakdennomu dosvіdovі people. Smіh todі Je deprivation viyavlennyam samovdovolenogo practical Rozum, sign, scho mi dosit rozumnі, Abi rozpіznati contrast i vіdchuti currently vischimi for komіchnogo hero. Buvaє takozh smіh znuschalny, doshkulny, smіh od vіdchayu toscho. Komіchnomu Well, navpaki, vlastiva bezkіnechna dobrozichlivіst vpevnenіst i have svoєmu bezumovnomu pіdnesennі over Vlasnyi protirіchchyami rather than PRSPs experience. Zashkarubly Rozum zdatny not to tsogo yakraz vipadku in fact, if vіn naybіlsh smіshny for іnshih.

Komіchne naychastіshe pov'yazuєtsya іz situatsієyu, if samі on sobі neznachnі i nevazhlivі tsіlі zdіysnyuyutsya s viglyadom velikoї seryoznostі that Zi digit prigotuvannyami. Ale Lyudin Yakscho i do not dosyagaє in tsomu vipadku svoєї methylene, then nіchogo not vtrachaє, oskіlki Won Bajan chogos naspravdі Neznachny scho not vplivaє on її Zhittya. Komіchnoyu Yea i situatsіya, if іndivіd bere on itself virіshennya yakihos Nadzvychaina sytuatsia zavdan, absolutely nezdatny ale to tsogo. Komіchnі kolіzії stvoryuyutsya for rakhunok i zovnіshnogo vipadku, zbіgu protilezhnih іnteresіv i harakterіv. Schopravda, then do not obey dopuskatisya Peremohy hibnogo protirіchchya, bezgluzdostі i durnits.

Smіh Je neobhіdnim Elements komіchnogo, zavdyaki Money Does vіdbuvaєtsya rozv'yazannya samoї kolіzії and vodnochase i soulful rozryadka glyadacha, listener, chitacha od naprugi spіvperezhivannya. Dzherelo komіchnogo - tse not tіlki pіdmіna zmіstu, value, and the second mіri torn down, stvorennya іlyuzії. Tom smіh suprovodzhuє vikrittya nіkchemnostі scho pretenduє on yakus znachuschіst, smіh zmіtsnyuє gіdnіst Helsinki Human.

Komіchne Je rіznomanіtnim, Got rіznі stupenі i-form virazhennya, takі, zokrema, yak humors, satire, sarcasm. Usі stink Yea znaryaddyam podolannya nedolіkіv in lyudinі that sotsіalnih processes, ruynatsії hibnih іlyuzіy people about yourself, zasobom stverdzhennya celebration іdealu through zaperechennya old, that scho vіdzhilo.

Div .: 17-K Marx Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right // K. Marx and F. Engels. 2nd ed. T. 1. S. 418.

18 Div .: Gogol NV Works:. The 4 t M., 1968. T. 2. 489.