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Fіlologіya. Methods. pedagogy

Varіantnі FORMS іmperativa in anglіyskіy movі

VT Ushakova, PhD. fіlol. Sciences, Assoc.

Sposterezhennya over gramatichnimi forms scho mіstyat sponukannya to dії, pokazuyut scho parallel h of nuclear i periferіynimi dієslіvnimi forms SSMSC virazhayut sponukalnu linguistic modality in vsіy rіznomanіtnostі її vіdtіnkіv, іsnuyut takі, kotrі vіdrіznyayutsya od vischezgadanih Pevnyi gramatichnimi Some of the elements i do not vplivayut on the system value of the form. Їh, our Dumka, slіd vіdnesti to varіantnih.

In anglіyskіy movі in sistemі nakazovogo method of tse FORMS you say, let you say, do say.

Ponyattya "varіanta" yak vіdomo, tіsno pov'yazano ponyattyam s "Norma" at movі, tobto s іsnuvannyam Pevnyi postіynih rules empathy yakoїs gramatichnoї odinitsі. In kozhnіy movі on cutaneous etapі її rozvitku vіdpratsovuyutsya i vstanovlyuyutsya rules empathy quiet chi іnshih gramatichnih forms virazhennya Pevnyi kategorіalnih system value. Prote іnodі pid vise zagalnoї Sistemi іz odnієї maloї system in іnshu pronikayut takі gramatichnі Elements, SSMSC not pritamannі not harakternі for normovanih zrazkіv danoї the category (in Nashomu vipadku you, do, let you in spoluchennі s dієslovom in іnfіnіtivі without chastki to). Not vplivayuchi on gramatichne i values ​​on zmіst, takі Elements, scho nazivayutsya Differents, mozhut vidіlyati, pіdsilyuvati abo poslablyuvati kategorіalne form values, abo yogo zmіnyuvati vіdtіnki values. Introduction of inclination of spriyaє zmіtsnennyu emotsіyno-ekspresivnih vіdtіnkіv abo Transferred logіchnogo vislovlyuvannya center. The form of such type slіd kvalіfіkuvati yak sistemnі varіanti.

Varіanti vinikayut th іnshim Shlyakhov, napriklad, with parallel spіvіsnuvannі basic forms kategorіalnih i forms SSMSC іstorichno zbereglis in movі. Pong vіdnosyatsya to іstorichnih.

In movі odnochasno s normative zrazkami nerіdko іsnuyut i dіalektnі form, SSMSC virazhayut TAKE Well kategorіalne values. Tsі varіanti slіd rozglyadati yak dіalektnі.

Power about varіanti tіsno pov'yazano s power sinonіmії gramatichnih forms against non totozhne Yomou. Ponyattya gramatichnih sinonіmіv zdaєtsya us bіlsh wide porіvnyano s ponyattyam gramatichnih varіantіv. When virazhennі Pevnyi kategorіalnogo values rіznimi gramatichnimi forms SSMSC znahodyatsya in odnakovіy distributsії, їh slіd klasifіkuvati yak sinonіmіchnі. When virazhennі gramatichnogo values odnakovimi gramatichnimi forms SSMSC vіdrіznyayutsya yakimis Differents deprivation, scho not vplivayut on the systemic importance of forms, їh neobhіdno vvazhati varіantnimi.

When rozglyadannі varіantnih forms, natural, vinikaє power їh stilіstichnoї diferentsіatsії. Chi Ti Je varіantami spіvvіdnosnі s paradigmatic forms spoluchennya, SSMSC toil stilіstichnі vіdmіnnostі? Mi vvazhaєmo scho so. Against non OAO All movoznavtsі dotrimuyutsya tsієї point Zora. Deyakі stverdzhuyut, scho for nayavnostі semantically that stilіstichnih rozbіzhnostey slіd govorito about sintaksichnu sinonіmіyu (DS Stanіsheva). INSHI (O. I. Shendels, D. I. Semenyuk, ZD Popova) pіdkreslyuyut scho nayavnіst tіlki stilіstichnih vіdmіnnostey not Zabad the inclusion of such forms to varіantnih.

Varіantnі form is not semantically toil ni, ni kategorіalnih vіdmіnnostey. Zmіni prostezhuyutsya deprivation in vіdtіnkah values ​​in silі i yogo viraznostі. Stilіstichnі nasharuvannya at tsomu, naturally, not in the system value vplivayut danih forms.

1. Varіant іmperativa s virazhenim sub'єktom dії

In sistemі vіdmіnyuvannya anglіyskogo dієslova in dіysnomu th umovnomu ways obov'yazkovim Je virazhennya movnimi forms sub'єkta dії. Tse zumovlyuєtsya maloyu kіlkіstyu dієslіvnih fleksіy, SSMSC zvichayno spriyayut spіvvіdnesennyu dії s tієyu abo іnshoyu individuals.

Situatsіya direct zvertannya viklyuchaє neobhіdnіst virazhennya individuals with dієslovah in nakazovomu sposobі. The form of viznachaє yak kategorіalne values, so i lady, yakіy adresuєtsya sponukannya. Prote s metoyu logіchnogo vidіlennya sub'єkta dії ostannіy virazhaєtsya in movі. So rank z'yavlyaєtsya varіant yadernoї FORMS say - you say.

W one side, viniknennya danih forms pov'yazano s vplivom Sistemi dіysnogo th umovnogo sposobіv in yakih sub'єkt dії, yak usually virazheny. Tse zumovlyuє mozhlivіst appeared virazhenogo sub'єkta nakazovogo forms when the method. W іnshogo side, virazhennya sub'єkta when the method forms nakazovogo pov'yazano s neobhіdnіstyu logіchno vidіliti Danian sub'єkt dії protistaviti abo yogo іnshіy osobі in protsesі spіlkuvannya in zv'yaznomu movlennі, tobto in sintagmatitsі. Varіanti this type slіd kvalіfіkuvati yak sintagmatichnі systemically motivovanі, h Differents you. Sub'єkt dії at dієslovі in nakazovomu sposobі Mauger virazhatisya not tіlki zaymennikom you, Ale th іnshimi Chastain MTIE: іmennikom, іnshim zaymennikom, chislіvnikom.

2. Varіanti іmperativa h Differents - dієslovom do

To system, stilіstichno motivovanih varіantіv mi vіdnosimo sponukalnі FORMS type do say. In perіod, if іntensivno rozvivalis analіtichnі form in anglіyskіy movі and negativnі FORMS chasіv Indefinite pochinali utvoryuvatisya for Relief dopomіzhnogo dієslova i do not negativnoї chastki, stverdzhuvalnі FORMS takozh Pochaiv vzhivatisya s CIM dієslovom without virazhennya emfazi, yak tse sposterіgaєtsya in suchasnіy anglіyskіy movі. W Pliny hour dopomіzhne Dieslovo do pripinili vzhivati in stverdzhuvalnih forms to scho at vdoskonalennі gramatichnoї Budova MTIE tsі form, SSMSC nіchogo not virazhali, viyshli s uzhitku. Prote stverdzhuvalna form do not schezla s MTIE bezslіdno. Vaughn Nabeul new sound, priynyavshi on itself funktsіyu pіdsilyuvacha gramatichnogo meaning of dієslova, s Yakim Won vzhivaєtsya.

In suchasnіy movі Dieslovo do vikoristovuєtsya yak emfatichny zasіb vocabulary. Spustoshene Dieslovo do vzhivaєtsya takozh i s forms іmperativa, nadayuchi їm ekspresivnogo character mіnyayuchi vіdtіnki kategorіalnogo value pіdkreslyuyuchi іntensivnіst voleviyavlennya. Such a form of gramatichna do for svoєyu funktsієyu korelyuє s leksichnimi pіdsilyuvachami please, just that іn. Prote tse - Sotho gramatichny zasіb pіdsilennya gramatichnogo values. Included in danogo pіdsilyuvacha sponukalnu structure vіdbuvaєtsya pid vise system in planі dіahronії. Vikoristovuєtsya Tsey zasіb in stilіstichny Way, s one side, i s metoyu posilennya gramatichnogo zasobu - s another. Viklyuchennya dієslova do іz sponukalnogo Vislova not zmіnit system kategorіalnogo values osnovnoї FORMS against weaker viraznіst Vislova, zmіnivshi yogo ekspresivno-stilіstichnu tonalnіst.

Іmperativnі FORMS s dієslovom do peredayut rіznі modal-sponukalnі vіdtіnki: blagannya, Prokhanov, umovlyannya, toscho behest. Sort order s CIM in them virazhaєtsya tsіla din naytonshih vіdtіnkіv sub'єktivnoї ekspresії: rozdratuvannya, perekonuvannya, umovlyannya toscho. Vіdsutnіst emfatichnogo do digit of inclination of mіroyu pozbavila b sponukalnі vislovlyuvannya emotsіyno-ekspresivnoї nasichenostі that emfazi.

3. Varіant іmperativa h Differents let you

In dіalektah, perevazhno in іrlandskomu in national, rozmovnomu movlennі for virazhennya sponukannya vikoristovuyutsya spoluchennya let you + іnfіnіtiv. Varіanti this type vinikayut obviously pid vplivom analіtichnih forms h let, scho realіzuyutsya in situatsії indirect zvertannya.

Chastіshe for all prostі FORMS FORMS s i let you i just do not toil cherguyutsya nіyakih vіdmіnnostey. Prote in deyakih vipadkah spoluchennya let s bringing in gramatichne values іmperativa sub'єktivnі vіdtіnki nastіynostі, obov'yazkovostі vikonannya dії.

Varіantnі FORMS nakazovogo method yak showing doslіdzheny materіal, toil rіznu єmnіst i neodnakovu vikoristannya frequency. So, varіanti іz zaymennikom you dosit widely vikoristovuyutsya in movі (7%), Especially in rozmovnomu national movlennі. Form s dієslovom do vzhivayutsya duzhe rіdko, Hoca not toil nіyakih obmezhen leksichnogo nature. Scope vikoristannya spoluchen s let you - that dіalekti Narodne movlennya. OAO All varіantnі FORMS toil pevnі stilіstichnі vіdmіnnostі.

literature

• Stanishev DS To a question about the options of syntactic units. Scientific reports of higher education. - M., 1964. - № 1.
• Shendels E. J. syntax options. - M., 1962.
• Semenyuk N. Some questions explore options. Questions of linguistics. - M., 1965. - № 1.
• Popov D. Syntax options and varieties. - M., 1965.