Fіlologіya. Methods. pedagogy

W іstorії formuvannya ukraїnskoї komertsіynoї termіnologії

I. S. Krisyuk, vikladach

Radikalnі zmіni scho vіdbuvayutsya in vіtchiznyanіy ekonomіtsі, i perehіd to rinkovoї Economy, rozshirennya samostіynostі of companies, stvorennya novih іnfrastruktur, formuvannya komertsіynih vzaєmozv'yazkіv s broad stake partnerіv, appeared realnoї mozhlivostі vihodu of companies, organіzatsіy on zovnіshnіy rinok toscho led to neobhіdnostі vikoristannya in povsyakdennіy praktitsі velikoї kіlkostі novih i understand termіnіv. Vischevkazanі zmіni digit mіroyu vplinuli on dіyalnіst pratsіvnikіv іntelektualnoї sphere rozshirili contingent spetsіalіstіv usіh rіvnіv, zokrema quiet, kotrі ranіshe not Ziman bіznesom i mali vіdnoshennya not to komertsіynoї spherical dіyalnostі. In the Danian hour stink potrebuyut profesіynih knowledge scho bazuyutsya on zasvoєnnі komertsіynoї termіnologії.

In ukraїnskіy leksikografії vіdsutnіy vіdpovіdny dovіdkovy Bank danih s komertsіynoї termіnologії. Naymensh opratsovanoyu Je komertsіyna termіnologіya scho rozvivalasya on osnovі torgovelnoї termіnologії. Vzhe samі termіni "komertsіya" that "pіdpriєmnitstvo" potrebuyut chіtkogo viznachennya, defіnіtsіy, zafіksovanih have vocabularies. Aje ESUM i SSUM that INSHI suchasnі leksikografіchnі Vidanov not understand rozmezhovuyut komertsії i torgіvlі. Lachey Oksfordsky vocabulary prolivaє Svitlo on values ​​tsogo words: "Komertsіya" - dіyalnіst for sale tovarіv abo poslug s metoyu pributku obsession. Prybutok od komertsії obkladaєtsya pributkovim podatkom instead podatkom on realіzovany prirіst kapіtalu. Dati more precise viznachennya komertsії s point Zora podatkoobkladennya dosit vazhko. In zakonі about podatki konstatuєtsya deprivation, scho to komertsії slіd vіdnositi whether yaky view torgіvlі, virobnitstva and whether takozh yak fate i have all sorts zaіnteresovanіst komertsіynіy dіyalnostі. Korolіvska front fee podatkoobkladennya pributkіv h i p income in 1995. vstanovila "shіst Find our komertsії: fact zdіysnennya operatsії; poshirennya vlasnostі rights to assets, scho abo prodayutsya kupuyutsya; frequency zdіysnennya odnorіdnih operatsіy; Robot s asset vikonana s metoyu zrobiti yogo such scho prodaєtsya; obstavini realіzatsії asset; nayavnіst pragnennya Prybutok will win.

However zhodna s Tsikh acquaint themselves alone sobі not konstatuє komertsіynogo operatsії nature. So rank, the person, yak schorіchno prodaє svіy avtomobіl s metoyu pridbannya new s point Zora Je podatkoobkladennya not avtomobіlyami merchant. "

Vazhlivoyu peredumovoyu vivchennya whether yakoї suchasnoї termіnosistemi, zokrema komertsіynoї termіnologії, Je doslіdzhennya іstorії її formuvannya that rozvitku. One s vidatnih vіtchiznyanih termіnologіv T. I. Panko zaznachala "Termіnoznavstvo yak science in Borgo termіnologієyu before. Pershochergove zavdannya ukrajins'koho termіnoznavstva vbachaєmo in fact dwellers Show іstorіyu formuvannya natsіonalnih termіnologіchnih systems and processes vodnochase i viroblennya conceptual ambushes termіnotvorennya i termіnovzhivannya, viyaviti karkasnі moments sistemnoї organіzatsії termіnіv on rіvnі nomіnatsії is the paradigmatic for funktsіonalnomu rіvnі z'yasuvati power termіnologіzatsії that determіnologіzatsії " .

Nemozhlivo osmisliti Suchasnyj values ​​quiet chi іnshih understand zokrema understand komertsіynoї termіnologії without zvernennya to іstorії їh evolyutsії scho vplivalo on nabuvannya them їh values.

In іstorichnomu doslіdzhennі termіnologії zvodyatsya acquiring the Two ways: structurally movny ponyatіyny that, semantically, zumovleny rozvitkom tієї chi іnshoї science virobnitstva craft. "All scho pov'yazane s usvіdomlennyam ponyattya termіna, zblizhuє lіngvіstiku not deprivation s Galuzo Naukova knowledge, and th s rіznimi areas virobnichoї practice profesіynoї pratsі. In Money Does vipadku whether there yaskravo i naochno viyavlyaєtsya phone reception rozvitku MTIE, її leksichnoї system is the іstorії materіalnoї i duhovnoї culture of the people "- Pichet in" Ukraїnskomu termіnoznavstvі "T. I. Panko.

Formuvannya komertsіynoї termіnologії (Dali - CT), semantics is the etimologіya termіnіv scho incoming to neї, evolyutsіya understand vіdobrazhayut peredusіm materіalnі FORMS Zhittya people yogo Economy, Gospodarstwa, torgіvlі, іdeologіyu rіznih klasіv. Istoria CT daє wide porіvnyalno-іstorichny materіal for zagalnoteoretichnih doslіdzhen. Konkretnі methods of such doslіdzhennya zumovlenі twofold ob'єkta doslіdzhennya: s one side, Istoria CT Je subject vivchennya movoznavstva, lіngvіstiki and other s - torkaєtsya samoї sutі protsesіv scho skladayut torgіvlyu, pіdpriєmnitstvo, komertsіyu yak dіyalnіst, Galuzo.

Otzhe, perіodizatsіya CT bagato in chomu bude spіvpadati s іstorієyu torgіvlі in Ukraїnі. Form is the methodical torgovelnoї (komertsіynoї) dіyalnostі zmіnyuyutsya in zv'yazku s rozvitkom that zmіnoyu sposobіv virobnitstva i character virobnichih vіdnosin, SSMSC prizvodyat to zmіni zmіstu commodity virobnitstva th obmіnu scho znahodit vіdobrazhennya in zmіstі komertsіynoї termіnologії. Together s note yak CT Chastina leksichnogo warehouse ukraїnskoї lіteraturnoї MTIE pіdporyadkovuєtsya laws її rozvitku. Otzhe, zvernemosya to іstorії pіdpriєmnitstva i komertsіynoї dіyalnostі in Ukraїnі.

Pіdpriєmnitstvo - yakіst, organіchno pritamanna people. In Dictionnaire Dal vono viznachaєtsya yak vigadka, Namir, rіshennya vikonati yakus nova right, pristupiti to zdіysnennya chogos digit. Mozhna vkazati scho vono peoples lyudstvom s time. Hіba starodavnі mislivtsі, ribalka she slit bіlshe remіsniki kuptsі i do not boule vpravnimi, inveterate people? Hіba zanyattya whether yakoyu not cope vimagalo od them Tsikh yakostey?

Our Kraina bula zavzhdi oseredkom pіdpriєmnitstva i torgіvlі. Tsomu digit mіroyu spriyalo її geografіchne position. Roztashovana Stick Єvropi i Azії, Won zdavna became Perekhrest svіtovih torgovelnih shlyahіv. Through neї passed the Great Way 's varyagіv in Greeks ", yaky z'єdnuvav Zahіdnu i Pіvnіchnu Єvropu s Vіzantієyu. Pochinavsya vіn s Novgorod and Kiev center yogo CCB. W ear of Kyiv Brav vіdomy hydrochloric Way, Cauterets vіv through Galich have flattered de dіlivsya on Dvi gіlki: pіvdennu - through Krakіv i i pіvnіchnu Prague - on Warsaw i Regensburg. Vid of Kyiv pochinavsya Celebrities Zaloznykh Way to Skhid.

Pіdpriєmnitstvu torgіvlі spriyali i i y nayavnіst nashіy kraїnі rіznih natural geografіchnih zones lіsovoї, lіso-stepovoї, stepovoї i subtropіchnoї (Cream), scho zooms i torgіvelny obmіn mіzh them on osnovі rozpodіlu pratsі.

Spravzhnogo rozvitku pіdpriєmnitstvo i torgіvlya Nabeul in Kiїvskіy Rusі. Tsey perіod zafіksovano Ponad 80 remіsnichih fahіv: kozhum'yaki, kovalі, shevtsі, bondarі, zbroyarі toscho. Cutaneous remіsnik ob'єdnuvav in sobі pіdpriєmtsya i, i Komersant. Komersant - bo vіn kupuvav sirovinu, zbuvav svoї virobi, bіznesmena - Aje vіn volodіv svoїm virobnitstvom, manager - the fact scho vіn organіzuvav Prace svoїh pіdmaystrіv i uchnіv.

About rіven rozvitku crafts i maysternostі remіsnikіv Davnoї Rusі svіdchat i chudovі zrazki virobіv scho dіyshli to us, i vіdguki suchasnikіv on Shodі i Zahodі. Napriklad, slit in serednovіchnіy Frantsії llyanі tkanini called Ruska, and anglіysku movu word "sable" priyshlo s davnoruskoї.

Rozkvіt pіdpriєmnitstva i komertsіynoї dіyalnostі vіdbivsya in "Ruskіy Pravdі" (low power torgіvlі prisvyachena articles, loan protsentіv, bankrutstva toscho).

Tatar-mongolska Nabal pіdіrvala OAO All third-party polіtichnogo, ekonomіchnogo, cultural Zhittya Kiїvskoї Rusі. Ale i torgіvlya craft duzhe Shvydko vіdrodzhuvalisya. Deyakі tehnologії boule zabutі, deyakі zgrubіli and INSHI Nabeul new rozkvіtu. Away rozvitku crafts spriyala organіzatsіya i shops. Guilds zdіysnyuvali Suvorov reglamentatsіyu, pіkluvalisya about yakіst virobіv i dbali about Zahist svoїh chlenіv od svavіllya feodalіv. Yak tsehovі so i pozatsehovі remіsniki Pocha pratsyuvati on rinok, rather than іndivіdualnogo zamovnika.

Rozvivalasya torgіvlya, vnutrіshnya yak, so i zovnіshnya. When tsomu here so very viyavilasya serednovіchna reglamentatsіya. However komertsіyna dіyalnіst rozvivalasya. Vinikli postіynі fair i Bazaar, zarodzhuvalasya spetsіalіzatsіya torgіvlі.

Remіsniche virobnitstvo was pіdґruntyam appeared novoї stadії in rozvitku manufactory Hoca Pershi manufactory z'yavilisya slit in kіntsі XVI Art. (I Kievskiy Lvіvsky monetnі yard, Yanіvska papіrnya, pushkarnі in Kiєvі, Chigirinі toscho). Pong trivaly hour Mali sporadic nature vinikali, rozpadalisya, stvoryuvalisya znovu. Tіlki Article XVIII. uvіyshlo in іstorіyu yak Doba rozkvіtu manufactory. On naybіlsh rozvinenih manufactures vikoristovuvalasya energіya waterwheel.

Sort order s manufactory virobnitstvom prodovzhuєtsya rozvitok crafts. Rozvivayutsya promisli, Hoca deyakі s vіdpadayut them and deyakі zmіnyuyut svіy character. So, chumatsky Promisel s torgovelno traffic peretvorivsya on freight torgovelny. Access in all kinds pіdpriєmnitstva so self yak i in komertsіynіy dіyalnostі, in XVIII - XIX century on the cob. vіdbuvavsya processes pervіsnogo nakopichennya kapіtalu.

Persha half of the XIX century. harakterizuєtsya cob Promyslova coup transition od manufactory to the factory, to velikoї mashinnoї іndustrії. Zamіna water wheel steam engines in the 20-30-x Rokach vіdbuvalasya in gorіlchanіy i mukomolnіy promislovostі in 40th Rokach - at tsukrovіy. The other half of the XIX century. - Tse perіod completion Promyslova revolution, the emergence kapіtalіstichnih vіdnosin.

Together s CIM on Danian perіod pripadaє i cob "zolotoї Dobie" vіtchiznyanogo pіdpriєmnitstva. Vaughn harakterizuєtsya viniknennyam i novih rozvitkom forms - banks, strahovі kompanії, syndicate bіrzhі, torgіvelnі fіrmi i domi toscho. Vaughn visunula low talanovitih pіdpriєmtsіv - Botkіnih, Mamontov, Morozov Ryabushinskih on Ukraїnі - MS Avdakova, OK Alchevskogo, Brodskih, Tereschenkіv, Haritonenkіv, Hanenkіv that іnshih. Tsya Doba sider until 1914 p. Talanovitі manager pіdpriєmtsі, Komersant vіdomі i in nastupnі perіodi.

Istoria pіdpriєmnitstva knew i downturn (Rocky svіtovoї that gromadyanskoї voєn), i perіodi Renaissance (Nep). Ale pіdpriєmnitstvo, one yak s forms dіyalnostі people nіkoli not znikalo povnіstyu. Vono zavmiralo, nabuvalo potvornih forms, and all the same іsnuvalo. Sogodnі vono perezhivaє svoє narodzhennya basis. Same to vivchennya іstorії pіdpriєmnitstva i komertsіynoї dіyalnostі nabuvaє especial importance.

The basis of the lexicon, pov'yazanoї s torgіvleyu, yak i suspіlno-polіtichnoї, yuridichnoї that vіyskovoї, becoming praslov'yanska vocabulary. Prote naypovnіshe doslіdzhuvana us grupa vocabulary presented in perevazhno pam'yatkah dіlovogo pismenstva (at leksitsі staroukraїnskoї MTIE XIV-XV cent.). Tse zafіksovano zdebіlshogo in ofіtsіynih Yurydychna documents: Darchia, bills of sale pіdtverdnih i charters, privіleyah, Danino, rozmezhuvalnih charters, supplementary certificates, borgovih zobov'yazannyah i bail recording on viznachennya posagu, about Mein cholovіka i squad, and have takozh charters merchant s allowed vіlnogo proїzdu through volodіnnya feudal ruler, s viznachennyam rozmіru mita od tovarіv rіznih in shopping centers, on ferries, in records about Orenda writhing povіdomlennyah about zbіr podatkіv. Zbereglisya takozh privatnі Listi dіlovogo nature.

Doslіdzhennya staroukraїnskoї MTIE on bazі dіlovoї dokumentatsії pov'yazane Zi spetsifіchnimi trudnoschami: from zv'yazku s nerozchlenovanim writing in origіnalі that nedoskonaloyu іnterpretatsієyu tekstіv, SSMSC zbereglisya in pіznіshih lists mozhlivі rіznochitannya okremih urivkіv: rіzne tlumachennya їh, context zavzhdi dostatnіy for viznachennya semantics termіnіv. Naygolovnіshim Yea those scho in dіlovomu pismі presented not all the vocabulary togochasnoї MTIE: deyakі spherical togochasnogo Zhittya znayshli not have dіlovih pam'yatkah Svoge vіdobrazhennya, INSHI zafіksovanі vibіrkovo, sporadically, about їh nayavnіst funktsії i have movі XIV-XV century. communicated to judge on pіdstavі nebezposerednіh i Indirect svіdchen.

Slovnikovy warehouse XIV-XV century. representations nasampered lexicon dіlovih dokumentіv, SSMSC became the basis of "Dictionnaire staroukraїnskoї MTIE XIV-XV century." (K., 1977, t 1,.. 1978 m 2), that deyakih іnshih, zokrema opublіkovanih in Vidanov serії "Pam'yatki ukraїnskoї MTIE. "

The basis for zasobіv virazhennya understand pov'yazanih s torgіvleyu becomes in the XIV-XV century. utvorennya, scho slit in sformuvalisya davnoruskіy movі. Central word on the above torgіvlі yak processes vistupaє Tsey perіod Dieslovo torguvati in rіznomu grafіchnomu oformlennі scho vіdbivaє yak traditsіyne yogo writing, so i RISS live folk movlennya on rannіh Etap Formation MTIE ukraїnskoї narodnostі: torgovatsya, torguvati, trade trgovat, trgovatі that іn . In sferі Act reasonably, pov'yazanih s kupіvleyu sales, zvichayno vikoristovuvalis pohіdnі utvorennya od davnіh spіlnoslov'yanskih korenіv, yes that -Buy (prodavatsya, prodatsya, zaprodati, buy, Cope, koupovati, zakoupiti, pokupiti that іn.

Efficiency at slovotvіrnomu planі boule pohіdnі od spіlnoslov'yanskoї Basics of mn - titles on the above Act reasonably rіznih obmіnnih operatsіy.

Torgіvlya yak zanyattya okremih population groups in the documents of the XIV-XV century. zvichayno poznachalasya pohіdnim utvorennyam od dієslova torguvati: Trade, Trade, dlo, bargaining, trg. Rіdshe in tsomu znachennі zasvіdchuєtsya Gandel - zapozichene through polske poserednitstvo (pervіsno literally rozumіnnі "right hand", "dіyalnіst", "obmіn tovarіv"). Yak spetsіalna Hosting Project rozdrіbnoї torgіvlі s XV century. zasvіdchuєtsya word Cram, scho wider through polsku movu.

Torgovelna lands mіzh parties fallow od їh pozitsіy in nіy, small titles "purchase, sale." In znachennі "torgovelna lands" coexist takozh "Gandel."

In sferі obmіnu on the above disposable operatsіy in analogіchnomu znachennі get used mna, otmna, prominnіє.

Ob'єkt torgіvlі pam'yatkah in the XIV-XV century. poznachavsya perevazhno word goods, yak tse zbereglo values i in suchasnіy ukraїnskіy movі. Zrіdka in tsomu znachennі in moldavskih charters to get used to bargaining, on the above rozdrіbnogo product - NAME kramarє, kramarіa. The form Pіznіshe Cram, yak s Pevnyi obmezhennyam funktsіonuє i in suchasnіy ukraїnskіy movі. On the above pridbanoї vnaslіdok kupіvlі rechі (perevazhno zemelnoї vlasnostі) zasvіdchuyutsya titles kouplnіє, kouplєnіє, purchase, Yakima protistavlyalasya vlasnіst uspadkovana (paternal, homeland, matєrizna, i didizna a.) She won for the service (seniority, vislouzhєnіє).

Vіdbuvaєtsya away semantically spetsіalіzatsіya titles zanyattya torgіvleyu i inventory gospodarskoyu dіyalnіstyu, Ruhu koshtіv protsesі in commodity-trumpery obmіnu scho znahodit viyav the word-termіnah. Sort order uzhivaєtsya antonіmіchne packaging costs, roskhod, vidatki, vitrati. Tsі words arrogant pevnoї fonetichnoї transformatsії, vvіyshli to warehouse ekonomіchnoї termіnologії the following etapіv rozvitku Ukrainian Language i zbereglisya in Suchasnyj vzhitku yak normativnі (income Prybutok) abo vikoristovuvanі s Pevnyi genre stilovimi obmezhennyami (Ziska, parish, packaging costs).

Ponyattya groshovoї vartostі product poslіdovno virazhaєtsya uspadkovanim spіlnoslov'yanskim word tsna. W XV century. in tsomu znachennі zasvіdchuєtsya takozh Costa word, zasvoєne through chesko-polske poserednitstvo. Scope of empathy funktsії i yogo uniquely rozshiryuyutsya i zmіnyuyutsya in the following perіod іstorії Ukrainian Language. Yak vnesenoї titles purchased for pennies vistupayut rіch sumi patches, patch, and takozh gotovizna, board gotіvkoyu, cats pennies gotovyi pinzi. In znachennі pevnoї kіlkostі pennies s Article XIV. vіdome word scrip, Jerel yakogo Je lat zasvoєne through nіmetsko-polsko-cheske poserednitstvo: about Vier tisyachі Suman.

So rank, out of formation processes of vocabulary on the above understanding, pov'yazanih s torgіvleyu, zdіysnyuvavsya perevazhno on bazі quiet elementіv, SSMSC mova sformovanoї ukraїnskoї narodnostі uspadkuvala od MTIE basis. Sort order іz semantically spetsіalіzovanimi leksichnimi odinitsyami scho vzhe funktsіonuvali in davnoruskіy movі (torgovatї, buy, prodatsya, bargaining, guest debt) zasvіdchuyutsya pohіdnі od their tokens on the above understanding, pov'yazanih s torgіvleyu: the purchase, the merchant, Float, a merchant that іn. In protsesі semantically rozvitku zagalnovzhivanih slіv z'yavilisya pohіdnі utvorennya - termіni come, income pribytok, izysk that іn, SSMSC zakrіpilisya in uzhitku on pіznіshih Etap rozvitku Ukrainian Language..

Vnaslіdok novih mіzhetnіchnih kontaktіv in protsesі trade and ekonomіchnih vіdnosin in staroukraїnskіy leksitsі, pov'yazanіy s torgіvleyu, z'yavilisya in the XIV-XV century. novі zapozichennya perevazhno s romanskih i germanskih atoms through poserednitstvo staropolskoї i starocheskoї: Gandel, rynok, Cram, Brovary, fairs, Costa, rahovati, suma, vysumovati; pochasti s tyurkskih - Baryshnikov that іn. Pong in their Cherga steel bazoyu for the following creations novih slіv danoї groupies.

literature

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