Estetika - Liauchuk LT

Rozdіl IX. ІSTORICHNІ ZAKONOMІRNOSTІ HUDOZHNOGO ROZVITKU

§ 1. ІSTORICHNA TIPOLOPYA Mistetstvo

Mistetstvo, yak i cutaneous sotsіalne yavische, Got your іstorіyu, yak zapochatkovana naskelnimi tvarin The images, ritual dances i spіvami, kam'yanimi іdolami toscho. Trivaє i zbagachuєtsya Won th poninі, if of order i s painting Musica, theater i arhіtekturoyu іsnuyut telebachennya Kino i, i ballet design on llodio. Yak narodzhuvalis i zmіnyuvalisya protyagom tisyacholіt hudozhnya tvorchіst i estetichna dіyalnіst Helsinki Human? Chi mozhna govorito about viskhіdny character rozvitku Mistetstvo, Chi yogo cutaneous іstorichny Etap Yea i samotsіnnim samodostatnіm? Shcho maєtsya on uvazі, if just past about іstorichnіst Mistetstvo for Change?

Sogodnі vzhe zagalnovіdomo scho rozumіnnya rozvitku Mistetstvo yak Yea pravomіrnim not Progreso. Nezaperechnim Je th those scho yogo pevnі perіodi Rozwi not zbіgayutsya іz zagalnim rozvitkom suspіlstva, and yak tse stosuєtsya okremih vidіv Mistetstvo so i hudozhnogo virobnichogo processes in tsіlomu. Before w nayvischa skladnіst polyagaє in fact scho do the first Mistetstvo passed epochs give us spravzhnyu estetichnu Nasoloda i Pevnyi mіroyu vistupayut yak rule zrazok.

Axis chomu automatic and perenositi on іstorіyu Mistetstvo traditsіynі uyavlennya about ruh on viskhіdnіy so self yak i sprobi poyasnyuvati nerіvnomіrnіst hudozhnogo rozvitku metamorphosis of Mistetstvo - right bіlsh nіzh sumnіvna and otzhe, bezperspektivna.

The concrete form of іstorichna suspіlnoї practice, scho gruntuєtsya nasampered on Pevnyi tipі suspіlnogo virobnitstva, porodzhuє spetsifіchny estetichny dosvіd, yaky determіnuєtsya Pevnyi sphere opanovanogo Lyudin Butt. Zrozumіlo, otzhe, scho on rannіh Etap lyudskogo rozvitku, if osnovnі zusillya Helsinki Human boule spryamovanі on uporyadkovuvannya zovnіshnogo svitu that usvіdomlennya spetsifіki lyudskogo Zhittya, hudozhnі FORMS E shukaєmo i znahodimo in quiet areas, SSMSC pov'yazanі s virobnitstvom utilіtarnih predmetіv, stvorennyam sotsіalnogo expanse that usvіdomlennyam sotsіalnogo hour. Mistetstvo crafts, architecture i mіfologіya yakraz Yea i timey hudozhnіmi forms scho oposeredkovuyut concrete іstorichny that estetichny dosvіd. Pozitivnі zrushennya in zagalnomu sotsіalno-ekonomіchnomu stanovischі suspіlstva, rozvitok science roblyat Available i neobhіdnim dedalі aktivnіshe ovolodіvati vnutrіshnіm svіtom Helsinki Human, zagliblyuvatis in її sotsіalnі vіdnosini. The I CAME tse stimulyuє appeared lіteraturi, Painting, Music. Zavdyaki estetichnomu dosvіdovі Mistetstvo hour od hour vіdkrivaє novі sphere SSMSC vimagayut of order s practicality estetichnogo that hudozhnogo opanuvannya. Rozvitok Mistetstvo polyagaє sama from bezperervnomu vіdkrittі novih areas dosvіdu i novih structures їh hudozhnogo opanuvannya.

Taqiy vzaєmozv'yazok usіh elementіv suspіlno-іstorichnoї practices th estetichnogo dosvіdu suspіlstva daє mozhlivіst podіlyati іstorіyu Mistetstvo in vіdpovіdnostі s іstorichnimi Epoch, SSMSC proyshlo lyudstvo. Pravomіrnіst such understanding, yak "Mistetstvo pervіsnoї Helsinki Human", for scho mayzhe three trivalіstyu ohoplyuє chvertі іstorії lyudstva, obumovlena nasampered character materіalnogo virobnitstva, yak not vihodit for mezhі zbirannya i polyuvannya. Samy zmіst practice i dosvіdu Helsinki Human rannіh on Etap іstorії viznachiv i character hudozhnoї dіyalnostі, yak zarahovuyut to іstorії Mistetstvo s great zasterezhennyami. Epoch of barbarism, if lyudstvo zdіysnyuvalo perehіd od zbirannya i polyuvannya to productive gospodaryuvannya, hour formuvannya monogamnoї sіm'ї that Perche polіtichnih organіzatsіy suspіlstva, harakterizuєtsya printsipovimi zavoyuvannyami, SSMSC zooms perehіd to tsivіlіzatsії. F. Engels s tsogo drive Pichet "Vdoskonalenі zalіznі znaryaddya, kovalsky mіh, hand Mlyn, a potter's wheel, vigotovlennya olії i vinorobstvo, rozvitok obrobki metals, scho jump in hudozhnє craft carts i boyova kolіsnitsya, pobudova ships decks i s doschok rudiments arhіtekturi yak Mistetstvo, Mista, obnesenі dovkola toothed stіnami s Basta, gomerіvsky EPOS all i mіfologіya - Head spadschina axis yak Greeks suffered s barbarism in tsivіlіzatsіyu ''.

Zaznachimo, scho Tsikh zaluchennya perіodіv lyudskoї іstorії to іstorії Mistetstvo - dosyagnennya mistetstvoznavstva i estetiki ostannogo stolіttya. Vivchennya relіktovih suspіlstv, yak conductive etnografi, the results arheologіchnih doslіdzhen, dosyagnennya antropologіv gave zmogu rekonstruyuvati genesis estetichnoї i hudozhnoї dіyalnostі Helsinki Human, viyaviti zakladenі in samіy prirodі tsієї dіyalnostі mozhlivostі, SSMSC realіzuvalisya on pіznіshih Etap tsivіlіzatsії.

Istoria Mistetstvo, yakoyu її sformuvala in the XVIII century. єvropeyska science pochinala vіdlіk s gretskogo that rimskogo antique Mistetstvo yak naydavnіshih s vіdomih lyudstvu. Batko іstorії Mistetstvo Vіnkelman, target "Іstorіyu Mistetstvo starodavnostі" (1764 p.), Was slain in svoєmu tvorі іdeyu rozumіnnya Mistetstvo yak suspіlnoї dіyalnostі great significance, yak i virazhennya Glibin naysuttєvіshih porivan people. Vodnochase Vіnkelman s prezirstvom postavivsya to Mistetstvo ancient Immediately, zahіdnoєvropeyskogo serednovіchchya, narodіv іnshih regіonіv, yak not vіdpovіdalo іdealu ancient Mistetstvo.

Has acted against the excesses estetichnih іdealіv Vіn-Kelman, nіmetskі romance TIK, Wackenroder, the brothers Schlegel that INSHI pіdnyali to shield Mistetstvo narodіv scho lishilisya posture "Іstorієyu" Vіnkelmana. Іz zahoplennyam talking stink about taєmniche i Velična Mistetstvo ancient gatherings, and takozh zahіdnoєvropeyskogo serednovіchchya. Velika povagu Vіnkelmana to Svitla Rozum in mistetstvі antichnostі romance dopovnili stverdzhennyam velichі lyudskih emotsіy, pochuttіv addicted.

That Zgoda vzhe gliboke vivchennya ancient Mistetstvo viyavilo phone reception yogo s Mistetstvo skhіdnih narodіv - nosіїv bіlsh drevnoї tsivіlіzatsії. Same Won celebrated

Engels F. Pohodzhennya sіm'ї, privatnoї vlasnostі i Powers // K. Marx, F. Engels creates. T. 21. 33.

great vpliv on antichnі culture Gretsії i Rome and otzhe, the whole єvropeysku tsivіlіzatsіyu. Tse Bulo i Mistetstvo Sumer Akkad, ancient Єgiptu, Vavіlonu, Assirії that іnshih narodіv scho inhabited teritorіyu Maloї Azії i rozvivalis priblizno on the same type of cultural ekonomіchnih i ambushes, Mali zagalnі RISS culture i boule pov'yazanі mіzh him not tіlki vіynami i vzaєmnimi zavoyuvannyami, and the first cultural, gospodarskimi obmіnami that zapozichennyami. Shirshov i Zi detalnіshe mamboo.com This user spadschinoyu tsogo svitu formuvalo uyavlennya about samobutnіst i Pevnyi іstorichnu viznachenіst hudozhnoї dіyalnostі narodіv quiet, right smack іstorikam Mistetstvo vidіliti Mistetstvo ancient Immediately at samostіyne for yakіstyu cultural hudozhnє utvorennya. Vzhe takі poslіdovniki Vіnkelmana, Yak Herder, Schiller, Humboldt Vіlgelm, Gelderlіn that Hegel pochinali zagalnu іstorіyu Mistetstvo sama s Mistetstvo ancient Immediately.

Shcho Well before іstorії єvropeyskogo Mistetstvo then vono vzhe bіlsh-Mensch tіsno pov'yazuvalosya s viznachenimi at the hour of cultural іstorichnimi Epoch - serednovіchchyam, Vіdrodzhennyam i Novim hour. And i Mistetstvo serednovіchchya, i Mistetstvo Renaissance zavdyaki stilovіy єdnostі, neznachnіy vnutrіshnіy diferentsіyovanostі i dosі vivchayutsya yak tsіlіsnі hudozhnі phenomenon.

New Mistetstvo Well o'clock - perіodu scho zbіgaєtsya s rozvitkom that formuvannyam kapіtalіstichnoї ekonomіchnoї formatsії i in bіlsh wide planі єvropeyskoї tsivіlіzatsії, harakterizuєtsya folding vnutrіshnіm diferentsіyuvannyam and otzhe, іnshimi principles іstorichnoї perіodizatsії. I Baroque classicism, romanticism sentimentalism i, i klasichny criticality realіzm - іstorichnі FORMS Mistetstvo so zvanoї burzhuaznoї Dobie to її Creasy on rubezhі XIX-XX stolіt. Harakterizuyutsya yak stink virazniki Pevnyi spirituality ruhіv that printsipіv hudozhnogo vіdobrazhennya dіysnostі, kontseptsії i Helsinki Human Culture, yak lezhit in osnovі svіtoglyadu artist - viraznika suspіlnih spirituality potyagіv Svoge hour. The I Yakscho nazvanі hudozhnі techії spochatku zmіnyuyut a one-by-hour, then Druha pochinayuchi s half of the XIX century. E stikaєmosya s situatsієyu Especially, if odnochasno іsnuє-valued Quantity hudozhnіh napryamіv i techіy yak sporіdnenih mіzh him, so i printsipovo protilezhnih: realіzm i naturalіzm so titles sotsіalіstichny realіzm i modernіstskі techії - abstraktsіonіzm, futurism, ekspresіonіzm, surrealism, dadaїzm toscho.

Otzhe, іstorichna tipologіya Mistetstvo vikoristovuє number tsіly understand why yakimi stand osoblivі fun- podіlu іstorії hudozhnogo Process: hudozhnya Epoch, hudozhnіy eg abo techіya, hudozhnіy method i hudozhnіy

style.

Hudozhnya Epoch - viznachennya concrete іstorichnogo Etap rozvitku Mistetstvo scho zbіgaєtsya s cultural іstorichnoyu Epoch in osnovі yakoї lezhit Pevnyi sposіb virobnitstva sho vkazuє on tsіlіsnіst materіalnoї i duhovnoї |praktiki.

Hudozhnіy eg abo techіya - viznachennya concrete іstorichnogo Etap rozvitku Mistetstvo, pov'yazanogo s Pevnyi directly suspіlnogo spiritual Ruhu, foundation yakogo becoming Pevnyi kontseptsіya svitu i Helsinki Human.

Hudozhnіy method - іstorichno obumovleny sposіb stvorennya hudozhnіh tvorіv, pobudovany on pevnіy sistemі printsipіv i priyomіv vіdboru that uzagalnennya zhittєvogo materіalu, otsіnki yogo s pozitsіy estetichnogo іdealu.

Hudozhnіy style - stіyka system hudozhno-shaped zasobіv i priyomіv hudozhnoї tvorchostі, typical for Pevnyi іstorichnogo perіodu.

Shcho stosuєtsya zakonomіrnostey іstorichnogo rozvitku, the stench of yak realіzuyutsya dіalektichna VZAYEMODIYA hudozhnoї spadkoєmnostі, traditsії i innovation.

Hudozhnya spadkoєmnіst - tse vnutrіshnya tendentsіya rozvitku Mistetstvo, yak zabezpechuє zberezhennya- hudozhnіh dosyagnen, rozvitok zmіstu i rozshirennya spherical Mistetstvo. Same Won, spadkoєmnіst, zabezpechuє the following pokolіnnyam zasvoєnnya hudozhnogo dosvіdu; od Demba vіdshtovhuєtsya basis pokolіnnya, zavdyaki chomu Got bіlsh wide Prostir for tvorchostі. That itself is th Istoria Mistetstvo bula b nemozhlivoyu, yakbi mіzh Starym novim i have mistetstvі not Bulo zagalnogo. Spadkoєmnіst yak type zv'yazku mіzh Starym i novim harakterizuєtsya tim, scho in nіy Leather in Novi viyav mistetstvі not vіdkidaє not zaperechuє of scho viniklo ranіshe and vstupaє s him at dіalog, zbagachuyuchi note by i imagine i poperednika.

Hudozhnya traditsіya - zakrіplena in hudozhnomu dosvіdі, svіdomostі Yednist hudozhnogo zmіstu i form, yak zabezpechuє more adequate hudozhnomu vtіlennyu spriynyattya ob'єkta hudozhnogo vіdobrazhennya. Traditsіya Je neobhіdnoyu minds іsnuvannya culture vzagalі i Mistetstvo zokrema, more garantuє zberezhennya cultural hudozhnogo dosvіdu i, i phone reception vzaєmorozumіnnya pokolіn.

Hudozhnya spadkoєmnіst harakterizuє act i result hudozhnoї tvorchostі schodo zasvoєnnya traditsії, zvernennya to yakoї Mauger didst rіzny character: traditsіonalіzmu, epіgonstva (formally vіdtvorennya traditsії) CREATIVE rozvitku (nemozhlivogo without spravzhnogo innovation) that vіdkidannya, zaperechennya, rebellion against traditsії (psevdonovatorstvo).

Hudozhnє innovation - tendentsіya rozvitku Mistetstvo, based yakoї pokladayutsya spіvmіrnіst that spіvzvuchnіst chasovі, zdatnіst know i zdіysniti rozvitok new zmіstu and takozh vіdshukati, stvoriti vіdpovіdnі zobrazhalno-viraznі zasobi. Innovation in kіntsevomu pіdsumku vipravdovuє traditsіyu, more cutaneous basis dosyagnennya usvіdomlyuєtsya deprivation in porіvnyannі s temple її zrazkami i nabutkami, pіdtverdzhuyuchi note by zhittєzdatnіst i plodotvornіst zv'yazku pokolіn. Dodamo takozh, scho innovation naybіlsh polemіchnih metodіv i forms nerіdko Niby zaperechuє nayblizhchu traditsіyu but Yakscho vono spravzhnє- the tse in іm'ya bіlsh glibokih sharіv tієї Well traditsії.

Spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh traditsієyu i innovation and otzhe, i character spadkoєmnostі Je dosit gnuchkimi i in rіznі іstorichnі perіodi rіznih types in culture tsya VZAYEMODIYA zdіysnyuєtsya spetsifіchno. Whether yak concrete іstorichna situatsіya schorazu vimagaє spetsіalnogo doslіdzhennya.

Oznayomivshis s tipologієyu hudozhnogo Rozvi Mistetstvo that basic zakonomіrnostyami іstorichnogo rozvitku vzagalі, zrobimo sprobu rozіbratisya have reasons naysuttєvіshih for Change, scho vіdbuvalisya in іstorії hudozhnoї dіyalnostі.