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Estetika - Liauchuk LT

§ 2. ABSTRAKTSІONІZM

Abstraktsіonіzm (od lat abstractio -. Vіdokremlennya) Vpershe saying his Obrazotvorche mistetstvі. Pіznіshe vіn poshirivsya mayzhe on All types Mistetstvo. Zasnovnikom abstraktsіonіzmu vvazhaєtsya rosіysky artist Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944 pp.). In 1913 r. vseredinі abstract Mistetstvo vinikla samostіyna techіya - Suprematism (od lat supremus -. vischy, zverhnіy) pov'yazany s іm'yam Malevich.

Active participation in formuvannі abstraktsіonіzmu yak directly took Larіonov M., R. Delaunay, M. Seyfor, gollandskі artists groupies "Style". Digit vnesok in rozvitok teorії i practice abstraktsіonіzmu vnіs іdeolog groupies "Style" P. Mondrіan, Mistetstvo yakogo sklalosya pid vplivom іdealіzmu i teosofії. Zaznachimo scho bіlshіst predstavnikіv abstraktsіonіzmu tyazhіla to extremely sub'єktivіzmu, navіt relіgіynogo mіstitsizmu. Zavdyaki tsomu abstraktsіonіzm Pevnyi rank pіdtrimuvavsya relіgіynimi colas.

Іdeologіchnі, polіtichnі motivates digit mіroyu vplivali on otsіnku mistetstvoznavtsyami Sunset tvorchostі "dad abstraktsіonіzmu" V. Kandinskogo. Fakti bіografії Kandinskogo - rosіyanina, kolishnogo law student Maskovskiy unіversitetu, stazhista in maysternі vidatnogo landscape A. Kuїndzhі, pіslya revolyutsії - ultralіvogo artist, yaky pragnuv zasnuvati basis, revolyutsіyne Mistetstvo on іdealіstichno-relіgіynih ambushes, ale not znayshov pіdtrimki i Zgoda emіgruvav - actively obіgru-yutsya in numerical mistetstvoznavchih Prace, prisvyachenih abstraktsіonіzmu.

Well Pіp to the theoretical nature of the provisions abstraktsіonіzmu then vіdchutnogo vplivu vіn here arrogant od vzhe rozglyanutoї us fіlosofsko-estetichnoї teorії іntuїtivіzmu. The I spravdі, perekonlive rozkrittya yogo znahodimo in tezah Bergson about hudozhnyu tvorchіst samoviyavlennya Mitzi yak, yak about the artist Creator nіchim not zumovlenoї realnostі - Mistetstvo. Vіdverty sub'єktivіzm bergsonіvskih іdey CCB i zalishivsya Nadzvychaina sytuatsia blizkim formalіstichnim Poshuk in mistetstvі.

Vіdriv abstract Mistetstvo od natsіonalnih traditsіy privіv to zaperechennya pіznavalnoї i vihovnoї funktsіy Mistetstvo, yogo sotsіalnoї spryamovanostі. In 1911 grudnі p. Reports of in on Vserosіyskomu z'їzdі hudozhnikіv V. Kandinsky not deprivation zaperechuvav phone reception Mistetstvo s Zhittya and second calling sotsіalny zmіst in mistetstvі "otruєnim hlіbom". Zamіst "sotsіalnostі" vіn zaklikaet zrobiti subject Mistetstvo "psihіchnu realnіst". Qiu tendentsіyu vtіlyuvala svoєyu dіyalnіstyu grupa "abstraction - tvorchіst" vinikla yak in 1929-1930 pp. in Parizhі pid kerіvnitstvom M. Seyfora. On storіnkah magazine "Kolo i square" - theoreticity body frantsuzkih abstraktsіonіstіv - abstraktnіst, bezpredmetnіst Mistetstvo absolyutizuvalasya. Bіlsh of M. Sei-odds napolyagav on stvorennі new Mistetstvo - without funktsіy without kordonіv without Batkivshchyna. Express Yourself abstraktsіonіstіv nіyak not pov'yazuvalisya s dіysnіstyu are themselves nagromadzhennya kolorovih plyam, geometric fіgur. K. Malevich, napriklad, vzagalі namagavsya zvesti painting to dvoh kolorіv - Chorny i bіlogo, malyuyuchi chornі square on bіlomu tlі; pіznіshe vіn eksperimentuvav s one deprivation bіlim kolorom - malyuvannyam bіlogo on bіlomu artist vіdstoyuvav Dumka about the "clean pochuttya". Cheema teoretizuvan zalishili zasnovniki th Adept nerealіstichnogo Mistetstvo, that їm so i do not poyasniti away, chomu glyadach guilty in nagromadzhennі bezpredmetnih The images bachiti "his mrіyu", "Statement of the metamorphosis," "zvіlnitisya od Forms of Nature" i t. Іn.

In osnovі abstraktsіonіzmu lezhit vіdriv Mistetstvo od ob'єktivnoї dіysnostі. Ponyattya "abstraction" predstavniki tsogo directly to get used to not rozumіnnі poglibnenogo vsebіchnogo pіznannya ob'єktivnoї realnostі through uzagalnennya, and planі Povny vіdrivu od ob'єkta. Zamіst ob'єktivnoї dіysnostі abstraktsіonіsti entered sub'єktivny's World odnієї Helsinki Human - artist. Pong's World absolyutizuvali Vlasnyi experiences that emotsіy - svoє "I" -

V. Kandinsky nagoloshuvav on neobhіdnostі svіdomogo vіdrivu Mistetstvo od dіysnostі i yogo protistavlennі іntelektovі that pochuttyam. Nagolos on emotsіyno-chuttєvіy prirodі Mistetstvo postupovo privіv abstraktsіonіzm to zaperechennya Mistetstvo yak zasobu pіznannya dіysnostі. In teoretichnіy pratsі Kandinskogo B. "On the Spiritual in mistetstvі" zavdannya tvorchostі viznachayutsya yak umіnnya artist "psihіchnoyu power" Farben viklikati "dushevnі vіbratsії". K. Malevich in traktatі "Vid Cezanne to Suprematism" skarzhivsya scho od hudozhnikіv vimagayut, abi "Mistetstvo Bulo zrozumіlim". In yogo Well Dumka, Bulo b maintained upstream, yakbi glyadachі "pristosuvali svoї head for rozumіnnya" formalіstichnih tvorіv. The I Dali: one "hto vіdchuvaє painting, less then bachit object", and Person of, yak "bachit subject" vzhe nespromozhna "vіdchuvati painting."

Absolyutizuyuchi's World Vlasnyi experiences, V. Kandinsky vbachav share in Helsinki Human samotnostі and otzhe, Won Mauger deprivation zvertatisya to samoї currently. Svit vnutrіshnіh sub'єktivnih experiences mitets vtіlyuє in "spiritual sutnіst" trikutnikіv, kvadratіv, tsilіndrіv have folding simvolіku kolorіv.

V. Kandinsky namagaєtsya poyasniti Leather kolіr. So, "bіly kolіr dіє our bike Movchan psihіku yak, yak Yea absolutely for us", and "Green kolіr similar to Tovsta, duzhe health neruhomu cow" 4. zhovto kolіr in B. Kandinskogo asotsіyuєtsya s "spiritual heat" and sіry - "beznadіyno neruhomy". Zaznachimo, scho not Got simvolіka kolorіv zagalnolyudskogo values. Napriklad have Єvropі symbol smertі - Chorniy kolіr, and bagatoh kraїnah Immediately - bіly. Simvolіchne tlumachennya green koloru yak of Hope, Cervone - yak napruzhennya, trivogi, Blakytny - yak Got nіzhnostі Volya abo, yak usually umovny character i vuzkі regіonalnі mezhі.

Kandinsky himself not MAV chіtkoї, tsіlkom produmanoї "kolorovoї" prog. About Tse svіdchat i yogo Poshuk "absolute", tobto naybіlsh viraznogo, emotsіynogo, hvilyuyuchogo koloru. In ranzі "absolute" Buvaev bіly i, i sinіy, i zhovto kolori. Sub'єktivіzm vrazhen Kandinskogo vіdbivsya at Yogo rozdumah about zhovto kolіr. Same tsomu kolorovі prisvyacheno Cheema storіnok robot Mitzi, at about spogadah dityachі prophets. Zahoplennya zhovto kolorom vіdchuvaєtsya th at poezіyah that muzitsі Kandinskogo. His opera pid titles "zhovto sound" vіn target yak zrazok vtіlennya abstraktsіonіzmu in muzitsі.

Usі sprobi V. Kandinskogo that yogo prihilnikіv was theoretically obgruntuvati unіkalnu role in koloru vіdtvorennі vnutrіshnіh experiences (arguments Suka, zokrema have spetsifіtsі rozvitku pervіsnogo Mistetstvo) sprav-

Div .: Kandinsky, On the Spiritual in Art. M., 1992. From 70-73.

lyayut vrazhennya boxed prompted. Rozrobiti system zagalnoviznanogo tlumachennya fіgur, znakіv i kolorіv-simvolіv abstraktsіonіsti not zmogli. Prote i sogodnі teorії V. Kandinskogo toil svoїh pribіchnikіv Sered provіdnih zahіdnih fіlosofіv, estetikіv, SSMSC not tіlki not Bacha hibnostі abo yogo Hoch b shtuchnostі argumentіv and navpaki, znahodyat novі aspects analіzu minutes that have been approved "іstinnostі" abstraktsіonіzmu.

Pokladayuchis its temple osvіchenіst, zokrema in the Branch Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo i Musicians, Kandinsky, without Vahan dovіryaє pravilnostі svoїh sudzhen. Garmonіynіst dushі ryatuє yogo od perebіlshen and bezposerednya schirіst Rozum nadaє "duhovnіy vladі in mistetstvі" Nadzvychaina sytuatsia zhittєvu energіyu.

Zrozumіlo, Becoming First rozvitok abstraktsіonіzmu pov'yazanі not deprivation s іmenami V. Kandinskogo that K. Malevich, spadschina yakih sogodnі so Visoko tsіnuєtsya fahіvtsyami. Digit vpliv the share abstraktsіonіzmu tvorchіst gollandskogo celebrated painter P. Mondrіana. Vihodyachi h Dumka, scho Svit zovnіshnіy, ob'єktivna realnіst zavzhdi Jerel strazhdan Yea, fear, Bolk Mondrіan vbachaє in abstraktsіonіzmі zasіb pozbavlennya whether yakih negatively emotsіy. At Demba abstraktsіonіzm hocks yak svoєrіdny maksimalіzovany ratsіonalіzm, oskіlki Lyudin zavzhdi for whether yakih Got obstavin spiratit on Rozum, memory "yatati about svіy vnutrіshnіy spiritual comfort. Svoєrіdna komfortnіst, vinikaє todі, if mi pozbavlyaєmosya emotsіynogo representations to yavisch i podіy ob'єktivnogo svitu; "Pure realnіst" tvorіv Mondrіana - tse realnіst, pozbavlena emotsіynostі, Wink pochuttіv, psihologіchnostі Artist zaklikaє to "denaturalіzatsії", "geometrizatsі, SSMSC dosyagayutsya on yogo Dumka, correctly vikoristannyam" kolorіv "(sinіy, zhovto, Chervoniy) i. "nekolorіv" (bіly, nintendo).

Sformulovanі Mondrіanom rules pobudovi hudozhnoї Kartini krіm Suvorov dotrimannya zakonіv kolorovogo spіvvіdnoshennya i chіtkoї geometrizatsії zaklikayut to Povny zaperechennya story, image, whether yakogo natyaku on real dіysnіst. Mondrіan CCB perekonany scho so rank vіn virіshuє i Folding psihologіchnu moral problem, yak spravzhnіy gumanіst pokazuє lyudinі Way zvіlnennya od strazhdan. Sze times pіdkreslimo scho Dzherelo strazhdan in teorії Mondrіana - real dіysnіst.

Teorіya i practice Suchasnyj abstraktsіonіzmu zdebіl-356

schogo kopіyuyut dosyagnennya "klasichnogo" abstraktsіonіzmu. Mabuchi, Tse svіdchit about vnutrіshnyu obmezhenіst abstract Mistetstvo, shtuchnіst ambushes on SSMSC spiral slit yogo zasnovniki. Abstraktsіonіzm giving rise bezlіch hudozhnіh modifіkatsіy, Sereda yakih vidіlyayutsya "lіrichny abstraktsіonіzm", "painting without form", "abstract ekspresіonіzm", "Tachisme" (painting kolorovih plyam) toscho.

Sered predstavnikіv usіh abstraktsіonіstskih techіy naybіlshoyu populyarnіstyu koristuєtsya visunuta zasnovnikami danogo directly іdeya іmprovіzatsії yak Basics of CREATIVE PROCESS. Absent sumnіvu, іmprovіzatsіya scho Mauger lead to tsіkavih naslіdkіv at CREATIVE protsesі. Prote in teorії B Kandinskogo Won Je peredusіm vipadkovіstyu, nepered-bachenіstyu CREATIVE PROCESS. Sered quiet, hto actively vikoristovuє principle іmprovіzatsії, Cheema remіsnikіv scho tyazhіyut to shtukaturstva "skandalіzuyut" svoїmi vitvorami auditorіyu.

Zaznachimo scho widely vikoristovuyuchi ponyattya "іmprovіzatsіya" abstraktsіonіsti in zhivopisі, muzitsі abo teatrі ototozhnyuyut її Zi spontannіstyu, schohvilinnіstyu, s "vіbratsіyami" dushі. However іmprovіzatsіya descho Lots Other. Vaughn mozhliva deprivation on rіvnі temple profesіonalіzmu i vimagaє bagatorazovogo zakrіplennya vzhe znaydenogo in robotі above solution. Lachey todі, spirayuchis on svіy CREATIVE luggage artist Mauger to come elementіv іmprovіzatsіynoї tvorchostі. Pіdkreslimo, elementіv sama, bo Istoria Mistetstvo not Knows prikladіv chistoї іmprovіzatsіynoї tvorchostі. Absolyutizuvannya іmprovіzatsії zdatne prizvesti to znischennya іntelektualnoї th emotsіynoї sutі Mistetstvo. So, napriklad, amerikansky composer George. Cage zamіnyuє spravzhnє Mistetstvo "samovirazhennyam" Mistetstvo, yak porodzhuєtsya vipadkovіstyu. On Dumka Cage person Mitzi, Duchovny's World yogo not povinnі Buti viznachenimi and Mistetstvo becoming deprivation "beztsіlnu GRU."

Otzhe theorists abstraktsіonіzmu zaperechuyut rozumіnnya Mistetstvo yak collapsible processes tvorchostі, yak synthesis ratsіonalno-emotsіynogo vіdtvorennya dіysnostі. Sub'єktivіzm, zhonglyuvannya folding yavischami CREATIVE PROCESS, yakimi Je іmprovіzatsіya that іntuїtsіya, prizvodyat to znischennya komunіkativnoї funktsії Mistetstvo.