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Estetika - Liauchuk LT

Rozdіl XII. ESTETICHNY POTENTSІAL HUDOZHNOЇ TVORCHOSTІ

§ 1. HUDOZHNYA TVORCHІST: PROBLEM PONYATІYNOGO aparata

In teorії estetichnoї science problem hudozhnoї tvorchostі zaymaє Especially Location. So sklalosya scho tvorchіst traditsіyno vivchalasya psihologіchnoyu Nauka i estetika slit musit obgruntuvati nayavnіst spetsifіchnogo, tobto estetichnogo aspect tvorchostі. Shcho Well before psihologіchnoї science, yak Won viznachaє tvorchіst dіyalnіst, kіntsevim pіdsumkom yakoї Je stvorennya materіalnih novih i tsіnnostey spirituality. As for svoєyu sutnіstyu cultural іstorichnim yavischem, tvorchіst Got psihologіchny aspect - Osobowa i protsesualny '. Protyagom ostannіh desyatilіt science robila sprobi Hoch bi chastkovo zlamati qiu traditsіyu: stverdzhuvalosya scho "tvorchіst Mauger rozglyadatisya in dvoh aspects: i psihologіchnomu fіlosofskomu. Psihologіya tvorchostі doslіdzhuє processes, psihologіchny

'Creativity // Psychology: Dictionary, M., 1990, p 393.

"Mehanіzm '' zdіysnennya act tvorchostі. Fіlosofіya rozglyadaє power about sutnіst tvorchostі, yak in rіznomu puts in rіznі іstorichnі Epoch 2. Slіd pіdkresliti scho zaznachena problem statement dosit obmezhena i do not fіksuє takoї vazhlivoї osoblivostі tvorchostі, yak sumіzhnіst, tobto Yednist psihologіchnogo, fіlosofskogo, estetichnogo, upmost, mistetstvoznavchogo, pedagogіchnogo, navіt medichnogo pіdhodіv. Osobistіsny tvorchostі character, one yak s її vazhlivih rice zmushuє vivchati "perehresnі" situatsії (moral estetichnі, estetiko-psihologіchnі, moral and pedagogіchnі that іn.), Posture vrahuvannyam yakih unlikely chi mozhlive opanuvannya vsіm obsyagom tvorchіst the category.

Sprobi osmisliti tvorchіst fіlosofsku kategorіyu yak, scho Got folding vnutrіshnyu ponyatіynu structure robilisya doslіdnikami neodnorazovo. In zagalnoteoretichnomu planі tvorchіst іnterpretuєtsya dіyalnіst yak, scho porodzhuє "schos yakіsno basis, schos, yak nіkoli ranіshe not іsnuvalo" 3.

Tsya Dumka peregukuєtsya s іnshimi, SSMSC vklyuchenі in dovіdniki chi Je Zora avtorskimi points. Tvorchіst viznachayut takozh yak "schos yakіsno basis, scho vіdrіznyaєtsya nepovtornіstyu, origіnalnіstyu i suspіlno-іstorichnoyu unіkalnіstyu" 4. Sered іsnuyuchih poglyadіv zaslugovuє uwagi i Taqiy, scho namagaєtsya poєdnati two rіznih ponyattya - stvorennya th opanuvannya "Tvorchіst - tse tsіlespryamovana dіyalnіst, naslіdkom yakoї viyavlyaєtsya vіdkrittya (stvorennya, vinaydennya) chogos new ranіshe nevіdomogo, Activity abo scho vіdpovіdaє vimogam hour, opanuvannya vzhe іsnuyuchim bagatstvom culture "5.

In protsitovanih viznachennyah tvorchіst pov'yazuєtsya s tsіlespryamovanoyu dіyalnіstyu Helsinki Human, yak stvoryuє novі abo yakіsno novі materіalnі i duhovnі tsіnnostі. In tsіlomu correctly vіdbivshi osnovnі іdeї, pov'yazanі s ponyattyam "tvorchіst" tsі viznachennya unlikely chi mozhut zadovolniti us. Chomu? Pochuttya nezadovolenostі z'yavlyaєtsya peredusіm od vikoristanih termіnіv "schos", "scho nebudu" when harakteristitsі stvoryuvanogo in protsesі tvorchostі chogos new. Tsі termіni nesumіsnі s Naukova viznachennyam, їh empathy direct at Dumka about vipadkovіst,

2 Creativity // Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. M. 1983.S. 671.

3 Ibid. S. 670.

4 Creativity // Concise Dictionary of Philosophy. M., 1979, p 3! 8.

5 Creativity // Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. M ,, 1980, pp 1322.

neviznachenіst tvorchostі, naslіdki yakoї in protsesі pіznannya nachebto not have zakladenі viznachenu Lyudin tsіl abo hudozhnіy the brainchild. Termіni "schos", "scho nebudu" on sutі, sprostovuyut vіrnu Dumka about tvorchіst yak tsіlespryamovanu dіyalnіst in protsesі yakoї Lyudin namagaєtsya otrimati concrete results. Pong in the position of making neviznachenіst about "yakіsno basis", scho in stvoryuєtsya protsesі tvorchostі.

Analіzuyuchi іsnuyuchі viznachennya tvorchostі, slіd, we'll see about staviti power obsyag ponyattya "basis" i obov'yazkovo pіdkreslyuvati scho just past about "printsipovo basis" ranіshe nevіdome. Zv'yazuyuchi tvorchіst іz stvorennyam new neobhіdno chіtko viyavlyati kriterії new vіdrіznyati yakіsno basis, yak result tvorchostі, od kіlkіsnogo analіzu new principle - such scho Yea tirazhuvannyam abo template robots. Especially uwagi slіd zvernuti on Find our takі tvorchostі, yak: Uniqueness, origіnalnіst, suspіlno-іstorichna unіkalnіst. Aje, priynyavshi kontseptsіyu tvorchostі yak "opanuvannya vzhe іsnuyuchim bagatstvom culture" slіd viznati scho opanuvannya stvorenim Got Elements novelty deprivation for a specific іndivіda, scho taka orієntatsіya ruynuє tvorchіst origіnalnіst yak, yak-suspіlno іstorichnu unіkalnіst. Otzhe, tvorchіst opanuvannya stvorenim yak Mauger deprivation rozglyadatisya in furrows pedagogіki, ​​vihovannya Helsinki Human, stimulyuvannya її іnteresu to knowledge, to culture.

Analіzuyuchi naybіlsh vazhlivі, spetsifіchnі parametric tvorchostі, potrіbno pіdkresliti scho tvorchіst - tse svіdoma, productive dіyalnіst schodo stvorennya yakіsno materіalnih novih i spirituality tsіnnostey, SSMSC toil suspіlno-іstorichnu znachuschіst.

Vazhlivim aspect vivchennya tvorchostі Je rozglyad power about Vidi її, Aje is the chi іnsha kontseptsіya skladaєtsya fallow od of "zvuzheno" chi "rozshireno" Tlumach tvorchіst. Pragnuchi pіdnyati authority tієї chi іnshoї profesії, doslіdniki іnodі navmisne pіdkreslyuyut CREATIVE її character hoch naspravdі just past about zvichaynu template dіyalnіst, not yak Mauger pretenduvati on stvorennya yakіsno novih tsіnnostey. To dwellers pіdnyati authority profesії chi Know Roads Ahead stimulyuvannya profesіynih navichok, neobov'yazkovo manіpulyuvati ponyattyam "tvorchіst". Mova guilty about Iti rozvitok moral svitu Helsinki Human, formuvannya in neї pochuttya vіdpovіdalnostі, profesіynoї gordostі, pochuttya obov'yazku toscho. Slіd, we'll see chіtko rozmezhovuvati ponyattya "tvorchіst" i "craft." Tvorchіst obov'yazkovo vklyuchaє a opanuvannya craft, yak yak vistupaє svoєrіdny tramplіn for tvorchostі, dopomagaє nakopichennyu CREATIVE dosvіdu. Prote crafts yak culture of labor profesіynih navichok i tehnіchnih priyomіv not peredbachaє obov'yazkovogo "prorivu" CREATIVE in scope.

In іstorії estetiki robilisya sprobi viznachiti spetsifіku crafts i Mistetstvo. In tsomu planі zaslugovuє to uwagi point Zora I. Kant, yaky obgruntuvav peredusіm vіdmіnnіst Mistetstvo od Nature: "Mistetstvo vіdrіznyaєtsya od nature yak dіyannya od dіyalnostі abo Act reasonably vzagalі and product abo result Mistetstvo vіdrіznyaєtsya od objects of nature yak tvіr od dії.

Mistetstvo treba Bulo b nazvati tіlki creation through freedom, through tobto svavіllya, yak yak vibiraє basis svoєї dіyalnostі Rozum "6.

Porіvnyuyuchi lyudsku dіyalnіst s Mistetstvo Kant chіtko rozmezhovuvav practicality i theoreticity dіyalnіst, vmіnnya i knowledge. Person of, yak good pratsyuє for zrazkami for templates nezdatna stvoryuvati vitonchene Mistetstvo. I. Kant vvazhaє scho Mistetstvo vіdrіznyaєtsya od crafts sama fact scho Pershe (vitonchene Mistetstvo) priєmne sama on sobі, tse gras pozbavlena dotsіlnostі and craft - tse right, yak itself sobі nepriєmna i privablyuє deprivation result - zarobіtkom.

Kantіvske protistavlennya vitonchenogo Mistetstvo i craft slіd analіzuvati yak zrazok metafіzichnogo rozrivu estetichnoї i praktichnoї dіyalnostі. Fіksatsіyu Kant such rozrivu mozhna viznati justice, Yakscho analіzuvati processes rozpodіlu pratsі in the minds of kolishnogo kapіtalіstichnogo virobnitstva, yak vitіsnyalo remіsnika chasіv feodalіzmu, pozbavlyayuchi yogo tvorchoї іnіtsіativi, mozhlivostі stvoryuvati tsіlіsny product. Well Yakscho mi analіzuєmo hudozhnyu tvorchіst then zalezhnіst mіzh remіsnikom i Mitzi descho іnsha, nіzh tse podaєtsya Kant kontseptsії. When tsomu zauvazhimo scho kantіvska pozitsіya zastosovuvalasya th at podalshі perіodi. So, 20-30-i Rocky XX century. in the minds of becoming cob sotsіalіzmu robilisya sprobi uporyadkuvati ponyattya "mitets", "virobnik", "Meister", "remіsnik". However, not dovіvshi їh to logіchnogo completion sprovokuvali pomilkovu tendentsіyu rіzkogo rozmezhuvannya Tsikh understand yak yak on zakrіpilosya theoreticity, so i on pobutovomu rіvnі. The I yak naslіdok

6 Kant I. Works: In 6 t M "T. 1964. 318 5...

tsogo - іronіchne representations to remіsnika i vtrata Profit sіonalіzmu, pobutovizatsіya tvorchostі, vіdriv її od crafts i maysternostі. Otzhe, neobhіdno not deprivation chіtko viyavlyati rіvnі crafts i tvorchostі and second rozmezhovuvati crafts yak vіdtvorennya pattern i craft virobnitstvo yak, scho Got іndivіdualny character yaskravo virazhenu maysternіst. Same here i vіdbuvaєtsya vzaєmozv'yazok crafts i tvorchostі.

The problem vidіv tvorchostі Got i Taqiy aspect yak obumovlenіst tvorchostі tієyu the sphere of culture, in yakіy Won realіzuєtsya: science, Mistetstvo, tehnіka, polіtika, pedagogy toscho. A tse vimagaє viyavlennya svoєrіdnostі psihologії tvorchostі kozhnіy s from them, and takozh nature vіdnoshen mіzh them.

Realіzatsіya tvorchostі in sferі Mistetstvo pov'yazana s hudozhnoyu tvorchіstyu in osnovі yakoї lezhit processes stvorennya novih estetichnih tsіnnostey. Analіz hudozhnoї tvorchostі peredbachaє transformatsіyu zayavlenoї us іdeї sumіzhnostі on rozglyad ponyatіynogo aparata, spirayuchis on yaky, mi can doslіdzhuvati spetsifіku hudozhnoї obdarovanostі, talent, Etap CREATIVE PROCESS toscho. Sumіzhnіst ponyatіynogo aparata peredbachaє digit theoreticity robot schodo viyavlennya quiet understand ,, SSMSC. in the specific sciences mozhut transformuvatisya in doslіdzhennya hudozhnoї tvorchostі. Aje tsіlkom zrozumіlo, scho cutaneous science Got i takі ponyattya, SSMSC not pіddayutsya transformatsії sumіzhnі in science, Hoch at zagalnoteoretichnomu planі Veni mozhut formuvati Pevnyi svіtovіdchuttya in yakemu іsnuє yak Mistetstvo in tsіlomu so i dermal specific mitets.

Prior understand SSMSC vikoristovuyutsya at vivchennі hudozhnoї tvorchostі, ale carry sobі uzagalnene values, you can vіdnesti ponyattya kalakogatіya i ^ catharsis about zmіst yakih vzhe yshlosya in poperednіh rozdіlah. Until the number of sumіzhnih understand slіd takozh vіdnesti ponyattya empatіya (spіvperezhivannya) - opanuvannya emotsіynim pitched іnshoї Helsinki Human, "vchuttya" in її experience. Empatіya rozkrivaє Taqiy vazhlivy aspect CREATIVE PROCESS Mitzi, yak experiences them quiet themselves emotsіynih stanіv in yakih is staying іnsha Lyudin. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya zavdyaki ototozhnennyu Mitzi s іnshoyu Lyudin, yak Yea ob'єktom hudozhnogo analіzu, abo s geroєm stvoryuvanogo create. Slіd vrahovuvati scho empatіya nachebto closed in furrows bezposerednogo emotsіynogo dosvіdu i vіdrіznyaєtsya, napriklad, od "іdentifіkatsії", "vіdіgravannya rolі" SSMSC TER mozhut suprovodzhuvati CREATIVE processes i povinnі widely vikoristovuvatisya to doslіdzhennі hudozhnoї tvorchostі.
Znachnoї teoretichnoї uwagi zaslugovuє ponyattya "іdentifіkatsіya" (ototozhnennya), yak psychologists have rozglyadayut єdnostі rіznih aspektіv. Іdentifіkatsіya - tse processes poєdnannya sub'єktom of himself s іnshim іndivіdom chi GROUP of people s Relief emotsіynogo zv'yazku. Tse vodnochase included in Vlasnyi vnutrіshnіy's World (of acceptance of yak Vlasnyi) Pevnyi tsіnnіsnih rules zrazkіv on SSMSC orієntovana іnsha Lyudin. Іdentifіkatsіya - Tse takozh naslіduvannya processes, "Buchan" іnshogo іndivіda yak prodovzhennya of himself. In protsesі іdentifіkatsії mitets "carry" itself at prostorove i hours Helsinki Human іnshoї field, modelyuє її psihologіyu, motives vchinkіv.

In doslіdzhennі hudozhnoї tvorchostі pevnoї uwagi i zaslugovuyut takі netraditsіynі ponyattya, yak avtoritarnіst - sotsіalno-psihologіchna characteristic Mitzi, yaky pragne maximum pіdkoriti vplivovі his partner tvorchostі. Avtoritarnіst porodzhuє agresivnіst, pereotsіnku Vlasnyi mozhlivostey Suvorov control dіyami іnshih. Negativnі aspects of authoritarianism chіtko prostezhuyutsya in Collective kinds hudozhnoї tvorchostі, napriklad have teatrі in Kino.

We understand the system, SSMSC zaluchayutsya for doslіdzhennya hudozhnoї tvorchostі, slіd vklyuchiti i ponyattya aktivnіst "suprasituational aktivnіst", "poshukova aktivnіst" tobto Ti, SSMSC fіksuyut zdatnіst sub'єkta staviti novі tsіlі, ruynuvati stereotypes zmіnyuvati іsnuyuchі mistetskі, hudozhnі situatsії, authority canonical.

The problem ponyatіynogo aparata doslіdzhennya hudozhnoї tvorchostі is staying, yak vzhe zaznachalosya have stanі rozrobki. That, nezvazhayuchi on tse, slіd vrahovuvati i neobhіdnіst kategorizatsії yak understand the following Etap teoretichnoї robots have z'yasuvannі Nature tvorchostі.