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Business Economics - Pokropivny SF

14.3. Logistics Production

In its activities, the company uses the material and technical resources (raw materials, fuel, energy, components, etc.). They are in the process of production are converted into products (services) and subject to constant replenishment.

To this end, organized logistics, including: identification of needs for material and technical resources, search for and purchase of resources, organization of delivery, storage and delivery to customers in the enterprise. The supply of material and technical resources must be timely, comprehensive and require minimal costs. It performs the work of the Logistics Supply Company.

The material and technical resources, the company becomes a market where sellers and suppliers are directly enterprises - manufacturers or organizations - mediators. Acquisition of material -.. Technical resources directly from the producers, ie the organization of supply for direct links, has advantages in that it enables the operative account the special requirements of the buyer to the product specific wishes with respect to its composition, structure, design, planning, delivery dates, etc. . n. in direct connections are available, especially those of the material and technical resources that are needed continuously in large quantities, as well as products for individual orders and complex equipment. However, the entire range of material and technical resources necessary for the production, sometimes reaches tens of thousands of names and sizes. It is clear that it can not be delivered by direct links. Those resources that are needed in small amounts periodically and irregularly, more economical to buy from middlemen - wholesalers and shops. The last set of a certain range of goods for sale and geographically located close to businesses and consumers.

Irregular or periodic purchase of material and technical resources, especially with standardized uniform properties can be carried out on the commodity exchanges, where the concentrated information about the sale of products and the level of current prices.
The terms of the main suppliers of the company is quite stable, especially under conditions of mass and serial production when there is a constant need for a large number of identical materials. But occasionally there are new challenges that require new material and technical resources and new suppliers (development of new products, the replacement and improvement of technological systems, new construction, and so on. N.). However, even without this it may be necessary to replace certain suppliers to expand their circle. Therefore, an important issue is the choice of suppliers.

Choosing resource providers, should take into account a number of factors, including compliance with the production capacity of suppliers the company's needs in the materials, the quality and price of the latter, the supplier's reputation, its territorial remoteness and efficiency of supply, speed of response to the buyer's requirements, payment terms, access to credit and etc. These characteristics of suppliers are carefully analyzed and chosen the right partner to provide the best conditions of supply at the lowest cost.

Between supplier and consumer of material resources is a contract that regulates all the supply conditions: quantity, quality, price, delivery time, form of payment, liability for breach of contract. Resources come to the warehouse of the enterprise, from which further served to jobs.

Objects technology (machinery, equipment, appliances, and so on. P.), Which are needed occasionally, stored on the company stock up to the date of commissioning. As for materials, the supply of such jobs is regular and is considered the final stage of the logistics of production. It is carried out on a particular system. For each department or unit service logistics set spending limit based materials consumption norms and the planned scope of work. Within the limit of the materials issued from the warehouse shops.

Depending on the type of production use different limitation systems and software shops materials. At the enterprises of individual and small-scale production is widely used decentralized (passive) system supply shops. Warehouse provides the materials on the basis of one-time requirements of the shops that are prepared independently and transported. In terms of mass and volume production with a stable range of products and materials used rhythmic consumption centralized (active) system for ensuring workplaces. Warehouse delivers materials within the established limit in the workplace in the required quantity and at the right time, in accordance with the calendar. The centralized system allows you to use warehouse space more efficiently, vehicles, mechanization and automation of successful transport and warehouse operations.

Centralized supply of materials, workshops and jobs becomes a higher form in conditions of integrated production and supply chain, "but exactly the time" (Japanese version - "kanban") when all processes and their software are carried out in accordance with a clear calendar schedule. In a single work schedule also includes distributors to ensure the production process is often directly "on wheels", reducing stockpiles of materials of mass consumption to a minimum.

Determination of material requirements

The need for material and technical resources are defined differently, depending on their destination. Number of technical means, ie. E. Of machinery and equipment, calculate sporadically in the design of production systems. Calculations material requirements are scheduled and carried out on a single methodological basis. Number of materials specific species needed enterprise in the billing period in real terms (Mpn), and that should be purchased, calculated according to the formula

(Mpn) = Mp + Mn + Mark, (14.3)

where Mp - material consumption in the billing period;

MN, Mark - transition stock of materials, respectively, at the beginning and end of the billing period.

Materials are spent on the following needs: primary production, production tooling, repair and maintenance work, measures to improve the technical level of production, capital construction on its own. Material consumption is calculated by multiplying the flow rates on the volume of production (work). This fundamental principle is specified in accordance with a particular object of valuation. In particular, the consumption of materials for the production of products Mp.p calculated by the formula

(14.4)

where n - number of items of manufactured products;

Ni - the volume of production of i- names in physical measurement;

- The rate of material consumption per unit of i-th product;

Mn.p - consumption of material changes in the balance of work in progress.

The value is calculated Mn.p when change substantially balances work in progress. It is determined differently depending on the latitude range of products and flow rate standards. With a limited range of products and large application rates op mined change in the number of products in progress, which is multiplied by the rate per product flow. In other cases, the value Mn.p calculated approximately on the basis of changes in the value of work in progress measurement and materials costs for currency over the past year.

Thus the calculated cost of production of the basic materials, semi-finished products, components and the supporting materials that are standardized for the manufacture of certain products. Consumption of materials to support and service processes are determined by multiplying the amount of work or the number of service facilities on the flow rate. Objects of rationing the consumption of materials in this case may be one hour of work equipment (lubricating, cooling materials, energy), tonne-kilometer traffic (materials for the maintenance of vehicles), a unit of remontoslozhnosti equipment (repair materials, spare parts), the number of workers (overalls , special food, and so on. n.).

Intervals of supply of materials to the plant and the time of their use, with rare exceptions, are not the same: many materials coming into production is continuous, ie, every day... Therefore there is a need for materials stocks. By appointment stocks are divided into current, preliminary and insurance. They are stored in warehouses along, but guideline values ​​are calculated separately.

Current stock of the company provides work in the period between two successive batches of materials receipts. It is a variable: peaks at the time of the party of receipt of materials, gradually decreases during use, and becomes minimal just before the next delivery (Figure 14.7.).

Maximum current stock (Mz.t.max) equals party supply of materials, which depends on the interval between the supply and the average daily cost of materials, t. E.

Mz.t.max = mc • tn (14.5)

where MS - average consumption of materials in physical measurement;

tn - the interval between the proceeds of another batch of materials in days.

A variation of this is seasonal stock, which is created in seasonal conditions, seasonal or seasonal harvesting material handling.

Preparatory margin required when before using materials require special preparation (drying, cutting, editing and so on. N.). It is defined by the formula

Mz.pd = MS Getting • t, (14.6)

Getting where t - time to prepare the materials in days.

The insurance reserve is created in the event of a possible delay receipt of another batch of materials. It is determined by the formula

Mz.str = mc • t NC, (14.7)

where t NC - Time-term replenishment of days or at regular intervals of supply - the average deviation from it.

Thus, the total stock of materials is as follows:

maximum Mz.t. max = Mc (t n + t + t Getting NC) (14.8)

minimum Mz.t. min = Mc (tpodg NC + t), (14.9)

average (14.10)

To maintain the current reserves at the appropriate level is important to the system inventory control. The choice of the control system is influenced by many factors, primarily the value of material requirements, the regularity of the start of production, supply form, and so on. N. Regulation of stocks may be carried out under the "high-low", "standard parties", "standard interval" and al.

The best known is the system we have "high-low" on which stocks are replenished to a level not lower than the minimum value, and after receiving the next batch will not exceed the maximum number. To ensure these conditions, the order for the next delivery of materials stands at a value of current stock, sufficient to work up to the receipt of the ordered material. This value is called the reserve "point of order" (MTZ) and is determined by the formula

(14.11)

where t s - time in days from the date of order to the parties of receipt of materials.

Other inventory control system, as follows from their names, strictly regulate the largest party supply or the interval between them.

The value of stocks of materials significantly affects the performance of the enterprise and the effect is not clear. On the one hand, an increase in inventories due to the supply of large quantities requires a lot of working capital, additional costs for storage of materials, compensation for possible damage and loss. These losses and the costs can be considered proportional to the value of the stock, that is, the schedule lines. On the other - the supply of large quantities reduces the number of deliveries and thus transportation and procurement costs, since the latter is relatively little dependent on the size of party supplies, and much more on the number of these parties (for the issue of costs, shipment documents patrols agents, transportation and so forth.. ). Increase in supply Party gives the opposite effect: the loss and costs associated with the storage reserves are reduced, and transportation procurement costs increase (Figure 14.8.).

Optimal is a party delivery (n o), which provides the minimum total cost (Sm.z) to purchase (Ref) and storage (CXP) materials, t. E. When

Sm.z = Ref + CXP> min (4.12)

Substituting the components that form the corresponding values, we obtain

(14.13)

(14.14)

where M - the annual demand in the materials;

Stz.r - transportation and procurement costs;

CM - unit price of material, excluding transportation and procurement costs;

R - coefficient taking into account losses from the diversion of funds to reserves and the cost of materials storage.

Hence the optimum batch delivery is determined by the following formula:

(14.15)