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CULTUROLOGY - Gritsenko TB

6.5.4. Renaissance at Nіmechchinі

Zittau in the XV century. Bula types serednovіchnoyu kraїnoyu, rozdіlenoyu on bagato dwarf knyazіvstv (Electorate). Rozdrіbnenіst in nіy not Dolan, yak in іnshih kraїnah and pіdsilyuvalasya. Number samostіynih teritorіalnih odinits syagalo tisyachі. Haotichnіst i roz'єdnanіst galmuvali ekonomіchny rozvitok, Hoca nіmetskі Mista truncated slit vіdіgravali valued role in svіtovіy torgіvlі. The situation in Nіmechchinі sklalasya taka, scho usі suspіlnі mills - i Selanne, i Burger, i navіt litsarstvo - boules nalashtovanі opozitsіyno to knyazіv - "іmperskih chinіv". Tsya is total opozitsіya vililasya on the cob of the XVI century. in Reformatsіyu that Selyanske vіynu.

Polіtichny that sotsіalno-ekonomіchny ustrіy nіmetskih mіst

So very, yak in Іtalії, Hoca th two stolіttya pіznіshe, nіmetskі Mista pochinayut lead Borotba Zi svoїmi feudal senyorami for polіtichnі law. Pіslya zvіlnennya od svoїh kolishnіh gospodarіv nіmetskі Mista formally pіdkoryayutsya vladі іmperatora - vladі dalekіy that primarnіy. On vіdmіnu od Bhagat іtalіyskih Comune bіlshіst nіmetskih mіst perebuvali in zlidnyah. Protsvіtali tіlki naybіlshі s them zavdyaki vіdnosnіy ekonomіchnіy Nezalezhnosti, rozvitku torgіvlі second craft. Mista on Pіvnochі boule, headaches rank, torgіvelnimi centers ..

In seredinі XV century. hudozhnі centerand Nіmechchini peresuvayutsya on Pivdennyy Zahid Kraina. One іz nayrozvinenіshih tsentrіv pіvdennoї Nіmechchini CCB Nuremberg. Krіm knigodrukuvannya, there protsvіtali takozh zbroyarstvo, vigotovlennya rіznomanіtnih іnstrumentіv that іnshih virobіv s metal. Tsі tіlki the Branch did not become the basis gospodarchogo Zhittya pіvdennonіmetskih mіst. Pong, boule takozh pozhivnim seredovischem for Mistetstvo. Іlyustratsії for knizhok, kreslennya mehanіzmіv, The Weapon, the project yuvelіrnih embellishment - truncated Tse vikonuvalosya artists, engravers th vinahіdnikami. And at the appointed Dobou painter, printmaker i vinahіdnik nerіdko CCB odnієyu individuals.

Misto Nuremberg - center nіmetskogo gumanіzmu

Pіvdennonіmetske Misto Nuremberg Bulo not tіlki center zarodzhennya rannokapіtalіstichnih vіdnosin and th center gumanіstichnoї culture. Here lived geographic Sebastіan Munster that Martіn Begaym. Sered tipografіv i vidavtsіv boule people s gumanіstichnoyu osvіtoyu, takі yak Anton Koberger. Malyunki for knizhok scho vihodili s drukarnі Koberger, vikonuvali provіdnі nіmetskі artists - Michael Wohlgemuth Albrecht Dürer that.

Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo Nіmechchini Dobie Renaissance

Culture nіmetskih mіst in XV century. bagato in chomu zalishalasya serednovіchnoyu. In nіy viyavilisya OAO All harakternі RISS pіznoї Gothic s one side - a crisis that zgasannya great style, and the other s - protorenesansne beginning virostalo bezposeredno scho tsogo s style. Krisa viyavilasya in poslablennі th v'yalostі poperednoї, ranіshe takoї tsіlіsnoї th silnoї hudozhnoї kontseptsії. Architecture bula, yak i kolis, gothic. Ale її gothic viglyad Stavan bіlsh zovnіshnіm, bіlshe zvodivsya to dekoruvannya. Pochinayut perevazhati sporudi dіlovogo priznachennya, SSMSC not so much potrebuvali єdnostі s Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo.

Painting sculpture that postupovo vіddalyalisya od arhіtekturi, vtrachali organіchnu Yednist s her, yak bula zaporukoyu tsіlnostі th zhittєvostі gothic style. Fresco mayzhe zovsіm znikaє, zalishaєtsya vіtrazh scho zberіgav dosit visokі hudozhnі of Quality. HEAD sphere zastosuvannya Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo boule nadgrobki vіvtarі that, in painting pronikayut deyakі vіyannya Іtalії s i s Especially Nіderlandіv but spriynyattya Tsikh vіyan Pokey scho no robilo nіmetske Mistetstvo renesansnim ni, ni protorenesansnim and hіba scho bіlsh eklektichnim. Butt Mauger Buti pіznogotichny as titles "m'yaky style" de neochіkuvano prolunali іdilіchnі, nіzhnі to slaschavostі Noti. Such was Je Velma gratsіyna "Madonna altantsі s Troyanda" kelnskogo painter Stefan Lochner.

For style Express Yourself Rіmenshnaydera not tіlki znahodyatsya in ruslі gotichnoї traditsії, ale they slit bіlshe zagostreno those scho at gotitsі mortgage yak mozhlivіst. Form yogo sculptures nespokіynі, kutastі, pererіzanі zigzag folds. Yogo skulpturnі groupies nache vtisnutі in duzhe malies Prostir, fіguri Niby vitіsnyayut another one, i їhnі viraznі velikі head viglyadayut yakos vіdokremleno, vistupayuchi іz zagalnoї masi til. Gotichnі fun- viraznostі Rіmenshnayder maximized. However Vlasnyi gothic sculpture pіdkoryalasya arhіtekturnіy konstruktsії, tsya konstruktsіya obumovlyuvala plastichnі Zakoni i viznachala pevnі mezhі dinamіzmu sculpture. At that hour Mistetstvo Rіmenshnaydera vzhe nalezhit dobі, if plastic zvіlnyalasya od dictates arhіtekturi. Її vzhe nіscho not strimuvalo, gothic i ekspresіya teper otrimala spravzhnіy Prostir.

In the XV century. in Nіmechchinі vinikaє Mistetstvo prints. Viniknennya engravings tіsno pov'yazane s cob Yeri knigodrukuvannya. Pershi engraving derevі - ksilografії z'yavlyayutsya slit in Pershi desyatilіttya XV century, ranіshe, nіzh Pershi drukovanі book Gutenberg.. Hoch on nіmetskomu ґruntі engraving Pocha poshiryuvatisya Troch ranіshe, nіzh in Nіderlandah Іtalії that, but for Nіmechchini tse democratically Mistetstvo Especially little value. On rannіh stadіyah Tse bula bezіmenna "bottom" tvorchіst on zrazok usnogo folklore. Pіznіshe, if tsієyu tehnіkoyu zatsіkavilisya profesіynі artists engraving derevі perezhivaє spravzhnє hudozhnє pіdnesennya. Young Albrecht Durer stvoryuє in tehnіtsі ksilografії svoї Pershi masterpiece.

In pershіy chvertі XVI century, tobto pid hour naydramatichnіshih podіy nіmetskoї іstorії, the role of the engravings znovu staє digit -. Stench Teper zaluchayutsya to revolyutsіynoї propaganda yak agіtatsіynі listіvki villagers іlyustratsії pamfletіv, polіtichnі cartoons.

Engraving on mіdі, bіlsh vigadliva tehnіka, pochinaє rozvivatisya descho pіznіshe for ksilografіyu i s of the cob - yak Gains profesіynih mittsіv, SSMSC boule takozh i painters. Yak engraver on mіdі uslavivsya Martіn Shongauer. Yogo engravings vіdznachayutsya krasoyu malyunku, bagatstvom zhivih sposterezhen i maysternіstyu vpevnenogo stroke.

Nayyaskravіshoyu zіrkoyu nіmetskogo Mistetstvo XVI century. CCB Albrecht Durer - vidatny painter, engraver, Purshia on nіmetskomu ґruntі artist unіversal renesansnogo type. Yogo not mozhna nazvati іtalyanіzuyuchim Maistrov greatness Dürer at Yogo natsіonalnіy samobutnostі.

Dürer CCB author theoreticity traktatіv "On Painting", "On the Beautiful", "Pro proportsії". They just past about the law spіvmіrnostі th proportsіynostі, about vazhlivіst geometrії, about neobhіdnіst postіyno vchitisya from nature i brothers in rіznih models naykrasche i poєdnuvati in one obrazі. However, the practice of Durer skladnіsha yogo teorіyu.

Schopravda, at Demba Je robots tsіlkom in dusі chіnkvechento, takі yak ogolenі fіguri Adam i Єvi, but the stench - not nayharakternіshe for Maistre. Harakternіshі arkushі "Apokalіpsisa" - velikі engraving derevі. Serіya "Apokalіpsis" bula target on mezhі XV-XVI Art. i on zlamі epochs. Yak zavzhdi in serednі vіki, vіdchuttya great podіy i Change log in lyudskіy svіdomostі pov'yazuvalosya іz bіblіynimi prorotstvami.

Through p'yatnadtsyat rokіv boule stvorenі znamenitі engraving mіdі Dürer "Vershnik, diyavol i die", "Holy Ієronіm", "Melanholіya".

Painter Grunewald CCB Povny protilezhnіstyu Dürer. Grunewald - tse mitets scho tsіlkom znahoditsya in polonі emotsіynoї stihії. For krasoyu koloru Tsey mitets Mauger nagadati venetsіantsіv, but over vnutrіshnіm zmіstom obrazіv Grunewald tsіlkom od vіdrіznyaєtsya them. One іz yogo Central tvorіv - Іzengeymsky vіvtar. The central Chastina tsogo vіvtarya - "Golgotha" Yakima scary viglyadaє Dead Christ, scho At Night visit to hrestі! Vіn Especially scary to scho here Absent umovnostі gothic kompozitsіy: TLO Got real Glibin and fіguri - Real ob'єm; zakrivavlene Dead tіlo viglyadaє spravzhnіm. Patetichnі fіguri obabіch Chrest for rozmіrami uniquely menshі for rozp'yatogo Іsusa, Hoca rozmіschenі in tіy samіy prostorovіy ploschinі. The Night pustelna th zelenkuvata. Usa Tse is not so used viglyadalo zhahlivo, yakbi zagalne rіshennya Kartini Bulo ploschinnim i umovnim. However, the first real vono scenic, i have tsomu porushennі ob'єmіv Je schos od zhahlivogo sleep: tіlo rozp'yatogo nache nasuvaєtsya on glyadacha s Glibin.

Іzengeymsky vіvtar, Tsey Marvellous, is perfectly svoєmu i vodnochase vіdrazlivy tvіr CCB completions in 1516 p. In tsі Rocky navіt vrіvnovazheny Holbein, Dürer molodshy suchasnik th Grunewald, an artist zovsіm іnshogo spryamuvannya, Kotra has not MAV nіchogo spіlnogo s gothic traditsієyu, target serіyu engravings derevі "smertі way."

Gromadyanska pozitsіya Holbein zavdyaki yogo "image smertі" staє zrozumіloyu. Artist CCB blizky to nayvidatnіshih nіmetskih gumanіstіv, in addition to the Erasmus chislі Rotterdamskogo. Vіn neodnorazovo painted portraits of Erasmus, іlyustruvav yogo "Praise glupotі". Ale actively in polіtichnі podії vіn not vtruchavsya. Pіslya porazki Selyanskoї vіyni artist emіgruvav to Anglії de lived up kіntsya Svoge Zhittya, pratsyuyuchi portraitist at dvorі anglіyskogo King.

Portraits - smut in tvorchostі Holbein. In tsomu zhanrі vіn dosyag top of spokіynoї, vіdshlіfovanoї th urіvnovazhenoї maysternostі. Hudozhnya manner of Holbein nastіlki ob'єktivna scho zdaєtsya, Niby through Demba promovlyaє nature itself. Erasmus Rotterdamsky from Demba viglyadaє Wise th іronіchnim, Amerbah - thin i charіvnim, Charles Morett - vіdlyudkuvatim, Thomas More - Suvorov zoseredzhenim. Je Tse naslіdkom bezpomilkovo vіrnogo vіdtvorennya artist ob'єmіv on ploschinі.

In Anglії Mistetstvo Holbein little velichezny vpliv i viznachilo rozvitok anglіyskogo painting yak perevazhno portretіv painting.