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CULTUROLOGY - Gritsenko TB

9. Culture of the XX - XXI century cob.

9.1. Osnovnі tendentsії rozvitku culture in the twentieth century.

Rozvitok zarubіzhnoї that vіtchiznyanoї culture of the XX - XXI on the cob stolіttya vіdbuvaєtsya in folding often superechlivih obstavinah, if sotsіalnі, polіtichnі, vіyskovі, ekologіchnі kataklіzmi vplivayut on lyudsku osobistіst, zmіnyuyut її tsіnnіsnі orієntiri, transformuyut sotsіokulturny rozvitok.

On rubezhі XIX-XX centuries. in svіtі zavershuєtsya perehіd kapіtalіstichnogo to a method virobnitstva, stvoryuyutsya mogutnі monopolії, provіdnі zahіdnі rozpodіlyayut's World powers on the sphere vplivu, kolonіzuyuchi vіdstalі in ekonomіchnomu vіdnoshennі Kraina. Naukova-tehnіchna revolyutsіya, zapochatkovana in the XIX century., Іstotno vplinula on rozvitok virobnichih forces spriyala іndustrіalіzatsії, urbanіzatsії, pіdnesennyu zagalnogo osvіtnogo rіvnya population.

On fonі zagalnogo ekonomіchnogo zrostannya on the cob XX century. in svіtі narostayut ekonomіchnі i polіtichnі protirіchchya, scho, zreshtoyu, prizvodyat to Pershoї svіtovoї vіyni that sotsіalnih revolyutsіy. Persha svіtova vіyna (1914-1918 pp.) Is small katastrofіchnі naslіdki for lyudskoї tsivіlіzatsії, oskіlki znischila traditsіynі uyavlennya about gumanіstichnі іdeali, target spriyatlivі obstavini for Zhovtnevoї revolyutsії 1917 p. in Russie, scho on dovgі desyatilіttya podіlila's World for two witch Tabor.

In the 20's pp. provіdnі zahіdnі powers on Pevnyi hour vstupayut in perіod ekonomіchnogo zrostannya, stvoryuєtsya League of the natsіy (1919) - mіzhnarodna organіzatsіya scho put on metі obmezhennya ozbroєn, Borotba peace i BEZPEKA narodіv. In Tsei hour Zahodі zrostav rіven Zhittya population polіpshuvalisya minds pratsі i Zahist sotsіalnogo robіtnikіv, zmenshuvalasya Quantity Masov vistupіv. At sorry perіod sotsіalno-ekonomіchnoї stabіlnostі viyavivsya nestіykim. Deyakim powers (US, Frantsіya) away podolati krizovі yavischa democratically zasobami. Prote in ryadі kraїn coming to Vladi radically nastroєnі polіtiki. Fashistska dictatorship vstanovlyuєtsya in Іtalії (B.Mussolіnі, Ti-20 pp.), In Nіmechchinі to the Nazis coming to Vladi s cholі A.Gіtlerom in Іspanії rozpochinaєtsya Gromadyanska vіyna.

In the XX century. in ryadі kraїn vstanovlyuyutsya totalіtarnі rehearse. Totalіtarizm (fr totalite -. Sukupnіst, povnota, totus od lat -. Uves, tsіly) - a form of sovereign pravlіnnya scho harakterizuєtsya Povny (total) control suspіlstva, lіkvіdatsієyu more democratic freedoms (CPCP, fashistska Zittau, Zgoda China). The field of culture for such minds takozh Je pіdkontrolnoyu vplivu state-sponsored. Over the minds vіdsutnostі Svobody tvorchostі mittsі zmushenі dotrimuvatis Pevnyi reglamentovanih pripisіv, obmezhen and Mistetstvo in tsіlomu Got obґruntovuvati іdeї scho progoloshuyutsya Vlad. Power is struggling Totalіtarna s usіma Mystetskyi directly that dіyachami culture, SSMSC not pіdtrimuyut ofіtsіynogo rate not dotrimuyutsya derzhavnoї іdeologії. Progoloshuєtsya tsіlkovite pіdporyadkuvannya іnteresіv i Svobody osobistostі іnteresam powers. Formuєtsya totalіtarna svіdomіst, if Person of not mayuchi zmogi Braty fate in Gromadska zhittі, vіrit scho pravlyacha partіya that її Lider povnіstyu virazhaє її Interests, staє Passive, s prignіchenoyu psihіkoyu, unprincipled.

Another svіtova vіyna (1939-1945), zhorstkіsha i krovoprolitnіsha for poperednyu, vplinula on svіtoglyad mіlyonіv people. "Bagatomіlyonnі lyudskі victim, vtrata nezlіchennih materіalnih i cultural tsіnnostey pіdіrvali vіru in garmonіyu svіtovlashtuvannya, sponukali to pereglyadu poperednіh uyavlen about priznachennya i kriterії culture, duhovnostі" * 47.

* 47: {Istoria ukraїnskoї that zarubіzhnoї Culture: The Teaching posіbnik /S.M.Klapchuk, V.F.Ostafіychuk, Yu.A.Gorban that іn. K .: Znannya.-Pres, 2004, P.242.}

In the XX century. ruynuyutsya kolonіalnі іmperії, SSMSC Mali chislennі volodіnnya in Azії, Afritsі, Latinskіy Ameritsі. Pozbulisya svoїh zamorskih teritorіy Velikobritanіya, Frantsіya, Іspanіya, Portugal, Gollandіya, Іtalіya toscho, natomіst on polіtichnіy kartі svitu z`yavilisya novі molodі nezalezhnі powers. In kіntsі stolіttya arrogant collapse svіtova sotsіalіstichna system i s one rozpalasya naybіlshih totalіtarnih powers - Radyans'ka Union.

Novіtnіy hour іstorії lyudstva - tse perіod, if naukovі vіdkrittya that tehnіchnі dosyagnennya not deprivation polіpshuvali yakіst Zhittya and generally produces ekologіchnih to global catastrophes, spriyali stvorennyu zbroї masovogo znischennya, and naukovtsі not peredbachali tragіchnih naslіdkіv zastosuvannya svoїh vіdkrittіv in maybutnomu. Nobelіvskі laureates P.Kyurі, M.Sklodovska-Kyurі, E.Rezerford, Bohr, doslіdzhuyuchi power radіoaktivnostі that vіdkrivayuchi novі hіmіchnі Elements, did not know scho kolis їhnі naukovі zdobutki peretvoryatsya on Terrors Hіrosіmi Nagasakі i chi Chornobilsku catastrophe.

Global man-made disaster s grave naslіdkami for navkolishnogo seredovischa lyudstvo rozplachuєtsya takozh for nadmіrnu urbanіzatsіyu.

On rubezhі XX-XXI centuries. lyudstvo zustrіlosya s problems od virіshennya yakih deposits share tsivіlіzatsії. Tsі problemi priynyato nazivati ​​global (global French -. Zagalny, vsesvіtnіy, the globus od lat -. Kul) - zagalnimi, poshirenimi the entire planet. Before them pershoryadnih s sogodnі nalezhat podolannya ekologіchnoї crisis, pov'yazanoї s katastrofіchnimi naslіdkami lyudskoї dіyalnostі; vіdvernennya vіyni іz zastosuvannyam zbroї masovogo znischennya, stvorennya bez`yadernogo nenasilnitskogo svitu; podolannya hunger zlidnіv, negramotnostі; Poshuk novih Jerel sirovini scho zabezpechili used the following rozvitok Economy.

On zmіst zahіdnoї culture vplivali naukovі vіdkrittya that tehnіchnі zdobutki in rіznih Galuzo: osvoєnnya space, rozvitok Komp'yuterniy tehnologіy, komunіkatsії systems appeared novih synthetical materіalіv, dosyagnennya in the Branch bіologії (klonuvannya, a gene іnzhenerіya). Zavdyaki such global zmіnam Suchasnyj suspіlstvo nazivayut "postіndustrіalnim", "іnformatsіynim" toscho.

Zahіdna Culture Especially Obrazotvorche Mistetstvo, rozvivalasya dvoh directly at:

- Further rozvitok realіzmu klasichnogo Mistetstvo, udoskonalennya i novih Poshuk forms viraznostі in furrows tsogo hudozhnogo directly;

- Poshuk printsipovo novih zasobіv hudozhnoї viraznostі scho lead to culture appears modernіzmu.