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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Bєlyaєv OO

Topic 7 VITRATI VIROBNITSTVA the I Prybutok

Vivchayuchi dan theme vazhlivo zasvoїti i z'yasuvati: for au-Perche, ekonomіchny zmіst vitrat virobnitstva that їh Vidi; Alternatively, logіku vzaєmozv'yazku vitrat virobnitstva, vartostі product that yogo tsіni; in tretє Yakimov rank analіz vitrat vplivav of acceptance on rіshen pіdpriєmtsyami schodo povedіnki pіdpriєmstva to market analysis; on-quarter, ekonomіchnu nature pributku, yogo sutnіst, Vidi, rate, and takozh іsnuyuchі teorії pributku.

§ 1. Sutnіst, zmіst i Vidi vitrat virobnitstva

Whether yak virobnitstvo zavzhdi pov'yazane s vitratami, oskіlki tse - processes vikoristannya faktorіv virobnitstva, SSMSC vtіlyuyutsya in stvorenomu produktі (tovarі, posluzі). Ostannіy, yak vіdomo, harakterizuєtsya spozhivchoyu vartіstyu (korisnіstyu) i trudomіstkіstyu, tobto Pevnyi kіlkіstyu costs urechevlenoї that zhivoї pratsі. In pіdsumku stink i stanovlyat vartіst product Chi Hotel. Chastina їh vartostі, yak vtіlyuє vartіst urechevlenoї pratsі (zasobіv virobnitstva) іsnuє slit to virobnitstva processes. Vaughn deprivation transferred to vigotovleny goods from viglyadі vartostі materіalnih vitrat. Alive Prace Helsinki Human stvoryuє pure product - Ponad vartostі transferred to the goods materіalnih vitrat. Zrozumіlo, scho Got processes virobnitstva bezperervno povtoryuvatis and tse mozhlivo deprivation todі, if Yogo Factory vіdtvoryuyutsya. Chastka vartostі, yak avansuєtsya for postіynogo funktsіonuvannya virobnitstva, viznachaєtsya yak vitrati virobnitstva.

Sotsіalno-ekonomіchny zmіst vitrat virobnitstva

Neobhіdno rozrіznyati suspіlnі vitrati i vitrati pіdpriєmstva. Sukupnіst materіalnih vitrat urechevlenoї pratsі (vartіst spozhitih zasobіv virobnitstva) that vitrat zhivoї pratsі (i neobhіdnoї dodatkovoї), scho harakterizuє vartіst virobnitstva product for suspіlstva, becoming suspіlnі vitrati.

Sukupnіst materіalnih vitrat urechevlenoї pratsі that vitrat chastki zhivoї (neobhіdnoї) pratsі, tobto kapіtalu scho formuє vartіst virobnitstva product for pіdpriєmstva, nazivayut vitratami pіdpriєmstva.

Schematically tse zobrazheno in Fig. 1, s yakogo seen scho in printsipі vitrati suspіlstva perevischuyut vitrati pіdpriєmstva an amount vartostі dodatkovogo product (GDP pributku).

So rank, vitrati pіdpriєmtsya (pіdpriєmstva) on stvorennya tovarіv netotozhnі vitratam suspіlstva.

Fig. 1. The structure of the product vartostі

Vitrati virobnitstva - tse penny viraz quiet pіdpriєmstva costs (fіrmi) SSMSC pokazuyut, at scho deal for Demba stvorennya vіdpovіdnoї produktsії (tovarіv, poslug). Until such vitrat nalezhat Elements rіznih faktorіv virobnitstva, SSMSC vikoristovuyutsya in danomu virobnichomu protsesі. Osnovnі s them: vitrati to pay zhivoї pratsі (zarobіtna board pratsіvnikam that pіdpriєmtsyam); vitrati on pridbannya that utrimannya virobnichih budіvel and takozh machines - obladnannya, verstatіv toscho (zasobіv pratsі); vitrati to pay for natural resursіv (zemlі, Vod, korisnih Kopalin), scho yak vikoristovuyutsya in virobnitstvі sirovina that materіali (subject pratsі); vitrati to pay energonosіїv (naphtha, gas vugіllya, elektrichnoї energії) that іn. - Takozh predmetіv pratsі toscho.

In materіalno-rechovіy strukturі vitrat in mіru ekonomіchnogo rozvitku zmіnyuyutsya yak yakіsnі parametric її elementіv so i funktsіonalna s role mainly them. Change log Tendentsії such zumovlyuyutsya NAUKOVO-tehnіchnim Progreso.

In realnіy gospodarskіy praktitsі іsnuyut ob'єktivnі reason, SSMSC poyasnyuyut formuvannya vitrat virobnitstva yak samostіynoї ekonomіchnoї the category. In osnovі tsogo processes lie Ekonomichna vіdokremlenіst gospodaryuyuchih sub'єktіv (of companies) i neobhіdnіst zabezpechennya їh simple vіdtvorennya. Pіdpriєmstva-tovarovirobniki vіdnosno ekonomіchno vіdokremlenі one od a yak vlasniki faktorіv (zasobіv) virobnitstva i stvoryuvanogo their product (commodity). Got Podіbne Location navіt in furrows odnієї FORMS vlasnostі, napriklad in state-sponsored sektorі and note bіlshe - privacy.

Vodnochase Retschow zmіst vitrat virobnitstva on rіznih Etap ekonomіchnogo rozvitku Got th rіznu suspіlnu form. Thus, in the minds of simple commodity virobnitstva tsі vitrati vimіryuvalisya vartіstyu spozhitih materіalnih faktorіv virobnitstva. Together s vitratami pratsі bezposerednogo іndivіdualnogo tovarovirobnika in formі suspіlno neobhіdnih costs stench zbіgalisya s vartіstyu product.

Vitrati virobnitstva yak Ekonomichna kategorіya doslіdzhuvalis bagatma vchenimi. Іstotny vnesok Svoge hour Bulo zrobleno predstavnikami trudovoї teorії vartostі, zokrema Marx in the third tomі "Kapіtalu". Vіn rozglyadav kapіtalіstichnі vitrati virobnitstva yak-cost kapіtalіsta pіdpriєmtsya on zarobіtnu fee materіali, sirovinu, pal, amortizatsіyu zasobіv pratsі that іn. Tobto vitrati virobnitstva - tse scrip costs minuloї (urechevlenoї) that chastki zhivoї pratsі, yak neobhіdna for vigotovlennya Pevnyi mind potrіbnoї product of Quality at dosyagnutomu rіvnі rozvitku virobnitstva. For Marx, kapіtalіstichnі vitrati virobnitstva Je vіdokremlenoyu chastkoyu suspіlno neobhіdnih vitrat on virobnitstvo product (Yogo vartostі).

Formula vartostі product (W) vіn poznachav:

W = C + V + M,

de With - vartіst spozhitih zasobіv virobnitstva;

V - vartіst neobhіdnogo product (vartіsny ekvіvalent zarobіtnoї pay);

M -vartіst dodatkovogo product (prirіst vartostі schodo vartostі neobhіdnogo product).

Zvіdsi - Formula kapіtalіstichnih vitrat virobnitstva, yak Got Taqiy viglyad:

K = C + V,

To de - kapіtal, avansovany pіdpriєmtsem in virobnitstvo.

Marks Ale rozrіznyav avansovanі costs kapіtalu i viokremlyuvav їh od precisely vitrat virobnitstva. Ostannі - tse vitrati on virobnitstvo danoї gotovoї produktsії on vіdmіnu od one-time costs, pov'yazanih s avansuvannyam kapіtalu, yaky potrіbny for pervіsnoї organіzatsії virobnichogo processes.

Vazhlivim Naukova dorobkom away for doslіdzhennya tsієї problemi ekonomіchnoyu science became poєdnannya elementіv C i V odnіy in the category of "vitrati virobnitstva". When tsomu slіd vrahovuvati scho meta doslіdzhennya in the author's "Kapіtalu" bula spetsifіchnoyu. Vaughn pov'yazuvalas s yogo namіrom vsebіchno rozkriti persons livostі naymanoї pratsі, virazhenoї in the category of "kapіtalіstichnі vitrati virobnitstva".

Marx teorіya vitrat virobnitstva Je konkretizatsієyu analіzu processes stvorennya vartostі, Cauterets has zaznachalos yak, yak vіn traktuvav result suspіlno neobhіdnoї pratsі, vtіlenoї in tovarі. W usіh sukupnih costs Marx viokremlyuvav vitrati on virobnitstvo tovarіv. Okrіm them vіn takozh i analіzuvav vitrati, pov'yazanі s realіzatsієyu product. Tse - vitrati obіgu, SSMSC podіlyayutsya on chistі, pov'yazanі bezposeredno s kupіvleyu-sale (zarobіtna board pratsіvnikіv torgіvlі, utrimannya trading primіschen advertising toscho) that dodatkovі costs (transportuvannya, packaging, fasuvannya that іn.). Marx vihodiv s of scho vartіst product utvoryuyut vitrati virobnitstva i Ti vitrati obіgu, kotrі factuality yavlyayutsya him prodovzhennya processes virobnitstva in sferі obіgu, tobto dodatkovі vitrati.

When doslіdzhennі vitrat virobnitstva Marx pereyshov potіm i to іnshoї problem - analіzu utvorennya serednoї normalized pributku on rіvnoveliky kapіtal.

Zahіdnі doslіdniki (in Vol. H. Th suchasnі) rozglyadayut vitrati virobnitstva pid Kut Zora pіdpriєmtsya-gospodarnika. Rozv'yazannyam theoreticity zavdan schodo obґruntuvannya optimalnoї strategії fіrmi dosyagaєtsya slit one meta, yak Svoge hour vіdmіtiv Marx - obґruntuvati principle obsession rіvnogo income on skin penny odinitsyu (Dolar, franc, mark i, etc...), Vkladenu in bud- yaky virobnitstva factor. So rank, suchasnі doslіdniki rinkovogo Gospodarstwa otrimali that samy result - utvorennya serednoї normalized pributku. When tsomu polіtichna ekonomіya zblizilas s mathematics, de often traplyayutsya vipadki rozv'yazannya odnієї i tієї Well zadachі rіznimi ways.

In rinkovіy (kapіtalіstichnіy) ekonomіtsі sotsіalno-Ekonomichna sutnіst vitrat virobnitstva viyavlyaєtsya in fact, scho stink vіdobrazhayut ekonomіchnі vіdnosini mіzh gospodaryuyuchimi sub'єktami s not just drive pratsі costs (urechevlenoї that zhivoї) on vigotovlennya produktsії and Vlasnyi - vіdnosini s drive vitrat kapіtalu. Aje vіn akumulyuє OAO All chinniki virobnitstva.

Over the minds sotsіalno orієntovanoї rinkovoї Economy zavdyaki її demokratizatsії, zastosuvannyu aktsіonernih i partnerskih forms gospodaryuvannya postupovo "nіvelyuєtsya" protistoyannya mіzh Prace i kapіtalom. Before rechі, antagonіzm mіzh them Marx is the yogo poslіdovniki absolyutizuvali.

In drugіy polovinі XX century. in rozvinutih kraїnah vіdnosini Naiman pratsіvnikіv i pіdpriєmtsіv dedalі bіlshe nabuvali tsivіlіzovanih forms spіvrobіtnitstva, tobto vіdbuvalisya zmіni in sotsіalno-ekonomіchnomu zmіstі vitrat virobnitstva.

Suchasna Ekonomichna teorіya uniquely poglibila i konkretizuvala analіz vitrat virobnitstva scho znayshlo svoє vіdobrazhennya i in navchalnіy lіteraturі (divas pіdruchniki amerikanskih ekonomіstіv Campbell R. McConnell i Stenlі L. Brue;. Edvіna J. Dolan i Deyvіda E. Lіndseya that іn..). Nazvanі authoritarian zmіst, Location i role vitrat virobnitstva rozglyadayut not just in the abstract, theoretical nature, and applied aspektі - yak warehouses yelement tsіni, KOTRA formuєtsya in rinkovomu mehanіzmі on osnovі Change log popitu Offers i. Pid ponyattyam "vitrati virobnitstva" stink rozumіyut ekonomіchnі vitrati, SSMSC vklyuchayut usі platezhі vlasnikam resursіv, dwellers garantuvati stabіlnі delivery Tsikh resursіv for vіdpovіdnogo virobnichogo processes. Before them nalezhat i zovnіshnі vitrati, viplachuvanі on korist postachalnikіv, Square stosovno danogo pіdpriєmstva and takozh vnutrіshnі vitrati, SSMSC stanovlyat kompensatsіyu for samostіyne vikoristannya Vlasnyi resursіv. (H One elementіv vnutrіshnіh vitrat, z point Zora їh traktuvannya in ekonomіks, Je Normal Prybutok pіdpriєmtsya, scho yak rozglyadaєtsya vinagoroda for vikonuvanі funktsії him.)