home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 3. Vzaєmozv'yazok require virobnitstva i popitu

Vzaєmozv'yazok potreb i virobnitstva harakterizuєtsya nasampe-ed vplivom virobnitstva needful, yaky polyagaє in the fact scho on au-Perche, s time virobnitstvo fantazієyu stvoryuє novі require re-tvoryuє їh s odinichnih (vlastivih okremim people) on masovі, tobto zabezpechuє rozshirene vіdtvorennya required; Alternatively, virobnitstvo stvoryuє spozhivchі benefits otzhe, zabezpechuє zadovolennya required.

Vpliv take to virobnitstvo polyagaє in the fact scho on au-Perche, zadovolennya potreb harakterizuє natural spryamovanіst virob-nitstva to whether Money Does suspіlstvі *; in other words, require stimulyuyut rozvitok virobnitstva. Same appears novih potreb Therefore lead to

waking novih Galuzo, budіvnitstva novih of companies, rekonstruktsії іsnuyuchih; in tretє, rіven rozvitku require їh bagatstvo, rіznoma-nіtnіst that Location is quiet chi іnshih require of strukturі lyudskih tsіnnos-children harakterizuyut rіven rozvitku suspіlstva in tsіlomu (Yogo bagatstvo, stupіn tsivіlіzovanostі) i kozhnoї okremoї Helsinki Human (Rose-vinena Lyudin Got bagatі , rіznomanіtnі required).

Gumanіzatsіya virobnitstva, vlastiva postіndustrіalnomu suspіl-stvu, zumovlyuє pіdsilennya vzaєmovplivu potreb i virobnitstva, Aje Won peredbachaє bezposerednє pіdporyadkuvannya require processes pratsі Helsinki Human yak, so i yogo result *.

Tse oznachaє, s one side, scho processes pratsі guilty zabezpechi-minute zadovolennya require of tvorchіy pratsі, іntelektualnіy, vіdpovі-dalnіy, zmіstovnіy dіyalnostі. Zadovolennya such potreb vimagaє adekvatnoї zmіni zmіstu i pratsі nature and dosyagnennya vіdpovіd-nostі result (product) will require pratsі Helsinki Human - viznachennya potreb slit up cob processes pratsі that zabezpechennya virobnitstva tієї produktsії deprivation, yak CIM require vіdpovіdaє.

W other side, i rozvitok zmіstu nature pratsі that virobni-tstva obumovlyuє rozvitok, zbagachennya require stvoryuє Person of, scho zdatna pratsyuvati a new i spriymati novі produkti virobni-tstva. Tsei processes applied to skhemі, navedenіy in Fig. 8.

Yak vzhe zaznachalosya, require Je bezmezhnimi for svoєyu Sutta. Bezmezhnіst їh Got rіznі FORMS Wink. Vaughn polyagaє on au-Perche, in fact, scho require postіyno vіdtvoryuyutsya (not possible, poїvshi for-dovolniti needful in times їzhі nazavzhdi i); Alternatively, rozvitok sus-pіlstva i virobnitstva porodzhuє all novі th novі required; in tretє not Got between processes udoskonalennya structuring require їh oblagoro-Jen, yak not Got between i processes udoskonalennya lyudskoї osobis-tostі.

Bezmezhnіst potreb obumovlena yak bezmezhnіstyu fantazії, pro-product of yakoї stink Yea, so i rozvitkom virobnitstva, yak in the minds konkurentsії postіyno udoskonalyuєtsya, stvoryuє novі spozhivchі good and otzhe, i novі required. Wide rozpovsyudzhennyu potreb Spree-yut i suchasnі komunіkatsії, rozvinena advertising, yak-pevniti namagaєtsya for us in the fact scho mi potrebuєmo neskіnchennu Quantity pre-metіv, SSMSC without zdієї ADs mi kupuvali.

Otzhe, Yakscho rozglyadati potreb system in tsіlomu, doslіdzhuvati zmіni, scho in nіy vіdbuvayutsya protyagom trivalogo hour, tobto doslі-dzhuvati rozvitok system will require, then ostannі postayut before us,

by au-Perche, yak bezmezhnі i, in other words, yak pіdporyadkovanі dії zagalnogo law zrostannya required. Yakscho Well rozglyadati needful in particular th spozhivchomu blazі, the Leather Pevnyi moment mіru її zadovolen-nya, scho vіdbuvaєtsya in protsesі spozhivannya tsogo good need nasi-chuєtsya. Tom cutaneous dodatkova odinitsya tsogo spozhivchogo good at-wear lyudinі less then zadovolennya, otzhe, Got Mensch dodatkovu (gra-Border) korisnіst, nіzh poperednya. Tse oznachaє pіdporyadkuvannya pro-Cesu nasichennya konkretnoї required in Leather Pevnyi time hour dії law spadnoї granichnoї korisnostі. Meaning tsogo law polyagaє in fact scho vіn vplivaє on popit, otzhe on povedіnku spozhivacha.

Analіz vzaєmodії potreb i popitu zdіysnili predstavniki theorem-tichnoї techії, scho Got titles Marginalism [marginal - boundary). Won was born in drugіy polovinі XIX century. i zalishila gliboky slіd in svіtovіy ekonomіchnіy nautsі (Menger, F. Vіzer, E. Bohm-Ba-Werke, A. Marshall, Pareto, D. Hіks).

Marzhinalіsti rozrobili teorіyu spozhivatskoї povedіnki, day-nіst yakoї polyagaє chomu y-axis:

1. In the minds stabіlnoї Economy Person of cutaneous pragne occasion whith currently ratsіonalno, tobto optimіzuvati svіy Dobrobut - maxi-mally zadovolniti osobistі required.

2. dwellers dosyagti tsієї methylene, pokupets viklyuchno sub'єktivno otsі-nyuє nagalnіst tієї chi іnshoї require іntensivnіst її. Vіdpovіdno to Tsikh otsіnok vіn rozpodіlyaє svіy income mіzh rіznimi spozhivchimi benefits. Chim Vishcha іntensivnіst require tim vischі sub'єktivnі otsіnki and the fact th at bіlshy popit tse good.

3. viznachennya sub'єktivnih otsіnok vikoristovuyut yavische spadnoї granichnoї korisnostі spozhivchogo benefits tobto sub'єktivna otsіnka of good, yak kupuyut, formuєtsya on rіvnі yogo boundary-noї korisnostі.

Rule for Yakima mozhna optimіzuvati zadovolennya require gaє-field in such trumpery rozpodіlі income spozhivacha at Money Does

ostannіy, napriklad, Dolar, vitracheny pridbannya on the skin type of the product, brings bi odnakovu dodatkovu (boundary) korisnіst, Abo (another law of Gossen)

Proіlyustruvati yogo dіyu possible for such abstract dopomo goy-tion butt. Spozhivach s obmezhenim income (about 5 g.) To come to the store, buy milk dwellers that hlіb. Zvichayno, cutaneous dodatkova plyashka milk loaf that hlіba toil for Demba Mensch boundary korisnіst, nіzh poperednі, vihodyachi s yogo income (Table. 1).

Tom spozhivach pridbaє Perche plyashku milk, scho Got to Demba naybіlshu boundary korisnіst and takozh friend plyashku milk i Bu khanka hlіba scho toil odnakovu korisnіst boundary. When tsomu vіn vitrativ all svіy income i optimіzuvav Dobrobut zgіdno s income.

Otzhe through vivedennya law spadnoї granichnoї korisnostі namagayutsya poyasniti, chomu spozhivachі kupuyut odnі i do not kupuyut INSHI goods, chomu rіznі Flea stink kupuyut in rіznіy kіlkostі, When tsomu dіysno vazhlivim Yea those scho on pіdstavі zv'yazku mіzh sub'єk-tive otsіnkoyu Pevnyi spozhivchogo benefits that stage zadovolen-nya required in nomu mozhna peredbachiti time nasichennya Rinku Pevnyi spozhivchim good i prognozuvati switching popitu on INSHI spozhivchі good.

In chomu Well polyagaє dіysne practicality values ​​vivchennya required?

1. Gliboke doslіdzhennya require viznachennya ієrarhії їh widely vikoristovuєtsya in menedzhmentі at rozrobtsі teorіy motivatsії. Zgіdno s tsimi teorіyami manager Got vivchati require rіznih ka-tegorіy robіtnikіv i zastosovuvati takі stimulated to pratsі, SSMSC vіdpo-vіdayut naybіlsh nagalnim require kozhnoї categories: robіtnik A bude good pratsyuvati, Yakscho Yomou pіdvischiti zarobіtnu Pay (more on Persha planі in Demba fіzіologіchnі required); B - Yakscho Yomou zaproponuvati vischu Posada (in Demba on Persha planі pot Reb in viznannі, povazі); B - Yakscho Yomou zaproponuvati vіdpovі-dalnіshu CREATIVE robot de vіn mіg bi rozvinuti svoї zdіbnostі.

2. Vivchennya potreb nabuvaє great value in suchasnіy Mar ketingovіy dіyalnostі, Aje kontseptsіya marketing peredbachaє visa-The shutter potreb yak peredumovi virobnichogo processes. Zgіdno s her viroblyati slіd deprivation takі goods, SSMSC neobhіdnі spozhivacham, todі does not require great dokladati zusil for realіzatsії їh.

3. Yea require vihіdnim point rozrobki natsіonalnoї Ekon-mіchnoї, sotsіalnoї i NAUKOVO-tehnіchnoї polіtiki rozvinutih kraїn. So, suspіlnі require Yea the basis of acceptance for rіshen in nayvazh-livіshіy for rozvitku virobnitstva structurally іnvestitsіynіy sferі. 3/4 komertsіynih innovations in US vprovadzhenі boule vzhe at 70 Rokach the results of market analysis vivchennya potreb i tіlki 1/4 - porodzhenі stihіynim іnnovatsіynim processes. Velikі fіrmi vraho-exist perspektivnі require that orієntuyutsya on tehnіchnі th produk-tovі zmіni scho dostupnі that vigіdnі spozhivachu. In arsenalі fіrm US Je priblizno 20 base metodіv modelyuvannya tehnіchnih protsesіv s orієntatsієyu on spozhivacha. In kraїnah s rozvinutoyu rinkovoyu eco-system nomіkoyu іsnuє sotsіalnih tehnologіy i viznachennya suspіl-noї otsіnki novih required. Pochinayuchi s 60th rokіv Promyslova VJ robnitstvo orієntuєtsya in the United States on a wide іndivіdualіzatsіyu sweat-Reb. Otzhe in the minds Suchasnyj rinkovogo Gospodarstwa require Yea i vihіdnim point i kіntsevoyu metoyu virobnitstva.

Virobnitstvo in the minds admіnіstrativno-komandnoї Sistemi GRUN-Tuva on planі i spryamovuvalosya on vikonannya plan (Aje-nal of Bulo not those zadovolnyaє chi zadovolnyaє not pro-duktsіya require viroblena people and those not vikonalo chi vikonalo pіdpriєmstvo plan). Hoch formally planuvannya guilty Bulo gruntuvatisya on viznachennі require ale factuality vono zdіysnyuvalosya method od dosyagnutogo, more rinkovy mehanіzm viznachennya potreb CCB vіdsut-nіy (vnaslіdok sovereign tsіnoutvorennya). Bezposeredno Well-curvature of the entire Citi din suspіlnih would be required under єdinogo central PSUs-Term etapі ekonomіchnogo rozvitku staє practical nemozhlivim.

In kіntsevomu pіdsumku virobnitstvo in the minds admіnіstrativno-komandnoї Sistemi zadovolnyalo suspіlnі require against vono for-dovolnyalo: 1) deprivation vuzke colo required; vnaslіdok hronіchnogo defіtsi-tu, vlastivogo tsіy sistemі, chastka-valued potreb vzagalі not zadovol-nyalasya; 2) deprivation unіfіkovanі require Aje tіlki ostannі, rozrahovanі on zabezpechennya deprivation neobhіdnih potreb peresіchnoї Helsinki Human, mo-horror Buti zakladenі tsentralіzovany in the policy plan.

So rank, in the minds virobnitstvo admіnіstrativno-komandnoї Sistemi galmuvalo rozvitok wide range require obum-Louvain obmezhenіst їh that unіfіkatsіyu. In its Cherga, nedostatno rozvinenі require strimuvali rozvitok virobnitstva negatively vplivali on mozhlivostі ekonomіchnogo zrostannya: znetsіnyuvali great-chiu; nizka vartіst robochoї Sealy obmezhuvala mozhlivostі for on-gromadzhennya natsіonalnogo bagatstva, Hoch i zabezpechuvala optionally-hіdnі mіnіmalnі required.

Naslіdkom nizkogo rіvnya potreb Bulo takozh vіdtvorennya netsi-vіlіzovanogo method of spozhivannya (nadmіrne empathy alcoholic napoїv in ryadі regіonіv that Sered Pevnyi prosharkіv suspіlstva), scho was great sotsіalnoyu Problems suspіlstva. Nizkі require spustoshuyut pobut, zvodyat to mіnіmumu dobrovіlnu Pratzen in sіm'ї, sіmeyne dozvіllya. Otzhe, nerozvinutі require Je result when i-chinoyu galmuvannya suspіlnogo rozvitku.

Structure of Economy of Ukraine on Suchasnyj etapі-digit m³ dig orієntovana on nizkі required. Suttєvo vplivaє needful gliboka Ekonomichna crisis, scho prodovzhuєtsya in Ukraїnі. Nizky rіven spozhivannya bіlshostі population in Tsikh minds not zabezpe-chuє vіdtvorennya require scho vzhe boule sformovanі ranіshe. Ex-treasure vzhe sformuvalas required in tvorchіy samostіynіy pratsі and іsnuyuchy rіven spozhivannya nizky. Tim himself deformuєtsya not vіdtvoryuєtsya on nalezhnomu rіvnі minutes required in this pratsі zmіstu.