home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Chastina III. ZAGALNІ basis of commodity VIROBNITSTVA the I RINKOVOЇ Economy

Rozdіl 10 SUTNІST the I GENESIS OF MERCHANTABILITY VIROBNITSTVA. Product of I Yogo VLASTIVOSTІ

§ 1. Characteristics of commodity virobnitstva

Osmislennya Suchasnyj ekonomіchnih problems through the prism of svіto Vågå dosvіdu-making, commercial rozvitku virobnitstva rin i-Got kovih vіdnosin suttєve values ​​for teorії i practice rink voї transformatsії Economy of Ukraine.

Suspіlstvo Knows two main tipi organіzatsії Economy: on-Gospodarstwa positive integer i Gospodarstwa trademark. Їm vіdpovіdayut Dvi osnovnі FORMS gospodaryuvannya: Natural i trademark.

Іstorichno Perche type ekonomіchnoї organіzatsії suspіlnogo virobnitstva, yaky panuvav protyagom trivalogo hour, Bulo Nat-General Gospodarstwa for yakogo produkti pratsі yak result virob-nitstva vikoristovuvalis for zadovolennya NKVD potreb no-poserednіh virobnikіv i chlenіv їh homelands, tobto for vikoristannya in furrows gospodarskoї odinitsі - genus plemenі, patrіarhalnoї sіm'ї, community toscho yak rіznovidіv. The main natural forms of Gospa-daryuvannya Somalia th velikі maєtki traditsіynogo type.

Natural Gospodarstwa harakterizuvalosya suspіlnim podіlom pratsі in zarodkovomu stanі, zamknutіstyu organіzatsіyno-ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv, roz'єdnanіstyu, vіdіrvanіstyu gospodaryuyuchih sub'єktіv one od one primіtivnoyu tehnіkoyu that tehnologієyu virobnitstva, low productivity of manual Prace. Tom progression from rozvitku productive forces i suspіlstva CCB duzhe povіlnim. Usі zv'yazki natural Gospodarstwa obumovlenі deprivation Especially pratsі processes that vikonannya quiet chi іnshih operatsіy in tіsnih furrows okremih gospodarskih odinits. When tsomu robochem force pozbav-county mobіlnostі, she won virobniche teritorіalne zakrіplena. The natural gospodarstvі virobnichі vіdnosini viyavlyayutsya in nematerіalіzovanomu viglyadі yak pryamі vіdnosini mіzh participant mi stvorennya benefits. Products pratsі rozpodіlyayutsya bezposeredno. Pong without uchastі Rinku nadhodyat in NKVD th virobniche Spozhiv-vannya.

G productive forces rozvitkom natural Gospodarstwa staє pereshkodoyu sotsіalno-ekonomіchnomu Progreso. Vlastivі Yomou state-podarska zamknutіst, primіtivnіst, vіdosoblenіst, patrіarhal-nіst, slabkіst vnutrіshnіh stimulіv rozvitku not vіdpovіdayut on-demand obmіnu produktsієyu mіzh virobnikami, yaky all bіlshe poshi-ryuєtsya in zv'yazku s zrostannyam produktivnostі pratsі. Vsezrostayu-Chii vpliv on suspіlne virobnitstvo trademark zv'yazkіv in Epoch-pіz Demba Serednovіchchya vzhe mozhna nazvati revolyutsіynim. Natura-Gospodarstwa not stopped Buti panuyuchim type suspіlnogo VJ robnitstva, vіdbuvsya perehіd to zagalnogo Gospodarstwa commodity.

However, Tse slit is not meant Povny zniknennya natural state-podarstva. Vono slit th sogodnі rozpovsyudzhene in kraїnah scho-vivayutsya roses. In seredinі XX century. in їh natural napіvnaturalno i-th virobnitstvі Bulo zaynyato 50-60 vіdsotkіv population. Deyakі yogo manifest toil Location i in minds rozvinutoї Economy (napriklad, natural .pіdsobne Gospodarstwa). In nespriyatlivih for suspіl-tion Minds (napriklad, vіyna, polіtika avtarkії toscho) Mauger z'yavi-tisya tendentsіya to naturalіzatsії virobnitstva.

On zmіnu natural Gospodarstwa priyshli trademark virob-nitstvo i zasnovana on nomu gospodaryuvannya commodity form. Prote trivaly hour stink funktsіonuvali time. Mercantile virobnitstvo - tse Taqiy type organіzatsії Economy, Money Does produkti at pratsі VJ roblyayutsya for sale on rinok. Flea viroblyayutsya s metoyu zadovolennya potreb spozhivachіv i nadhodyat to them through vikoris-tannya rinkovih vіdnosin. Zvichayno, at scho tsomu gospodaryuyuchy sub'єkt natsіleny on otrimannya Vigoda. Such orієntatsіya virobnits-Twa zumovlyuє neobhіdnіst postіynih ekonomіchnih zv'yazkіv mіzh VJ robnikami that spozhivachami, ekonomіchnu vzaєmozalezhnіst їh, yak rozpochinaєtsya pridbannya zasobіv s i i predmetіv pratsі zakіnchuєt Xia realіzatsієyu produktsії chi poslug, that іn.

Zagalnoyu minds viniknennya, rozvitku i funktsіonuvannya goods-tion virobnitstva Je suspіlny podіl pratsі. In yogo osnovі vinikayut virobnichі vіdnosini mіzh people have formі obmіnu pratsі products.

Bezposerednoyu cause of viniknennya commodity virobnitstva Je Ekonomichna vіdosoblenіst tovarovirobnikіv. Vaughn nerozdіlno pov'yazana s rozvitkom privatnoї vlasnostі on zasobi virobnitstva that ekonomіchnoyu i Yurydychna virobnika liberty.

Ekonomichna vіdosoblenіst tovarovirobnikіv - tse TAKE STAN-vische for yakogo stink samostіyno virіshuyut power gospodarskoї dіyalnostі: scho viroblyati, yakimi zasobami, SSMSC resources vikoristo-vuvati toscho. Vaughn peredbachaє samostіyne rozporyadzhennya virob-lenoyu produktsієyu, volodіnnya her, її vіdchuzhennya i vikoristannya vіdpovіdno to Vlasnyi іnteresіv. Tom ekonomіchne vіdosoblennya non-vіddіlne od vlasnostі on zasobi virobnitstva i viroblyuvanu produktsіyu. On Pevnyi stupenі suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі ekonomіchny phone reception rіznih vlasnikіv neminuche vistupaє in tovarnіy formі.

W ekonomіchnoyu vіdosoblenіstyu tovarovirobnikіv nerozrivno pov'yazanі ekvіvalentnіst i vіdplatnіst їh vіdnosin. Je Tse odnієyu іz zagalnih korіnnih Find our commercial virobnitstva i obmіnu.

Mercantile Gospodarstwa vinikaє takozh through nayavnіst superech-nostі mіzh virobnitstvom i spozhivannyam, nevіdpovіdnіst spozhivnoї vartostі viroblenih goods that require suspіlstva yogo chlenіv. Tse vimagaє obov'yazkovogo viznannya spozhivachami viroblenoї produktsії aposterіorі, tobto gruntuyuchis on Pevnyi dosvіdі. Vіdsutnіst sama such viznannya factuality oznachaє vіdsutnіst commodity Gospodar-tion i tovarnoї FORMS gospodaryuvannya. The natural gospodarstvі spozhivachі takozh koristuyutsya products not osobistoї pratsі deprivation, and th pratsі svoїh odnoplemіnnikіv. However, the stench otrimuyut his mud-hour non-vіdkinuti її abo vіlno obirati іnshogo virobnika.

Yak concrete іstorichny type organіzatsії suspіlnogo virobnits-Twa, trademark Gospodarstwa harakterizuєtsya postіynim CPU-ed Rukh. Mercantile virobnitstvo th obіg in svoєmu rozvitku passing Dvi stadії: nizhchu - barter Gospodarstwa, vischu - Penny Gospa-States. In barter whether yaky goods can bezposeredno obmі-nyati on whether yaky Inshyj without vikoristannya pennies. At Penny іsnuє Especially goods - groshі, yaky mozhna obmіnyati on whether yaky Inshyj goods and ostannіy - on groshі. In gospodarstvі, zasnovano th at Penny obmіnі, suspіlnі vitrati nizhchі, nіzh there obmіn de zdіysnyuєtsya Relief for barter.

Osnovnі zagalnі Find our commercial virobnitstva not stale od spetsifіki ekonomіchnoї system. Before them nalezhat: suspіlny podіl pratsі; Ekonomichna vіdosoblenіst virobnikіv; ekvіvalentnіst vіdnosin; rinkovy phone reception mіzh virobnikami i spozhivachami; visa-nannya suspіlnogo nature pratsі through rinok; zdіysnennya Ekon-mіchnih protsesіv in commodity-penny forms Shlyakhov kupіvlі pro-dazhu; virobnitstvo obmіnu for i in rozrahunku on Vigoda; competi-tsіya. Sered them takozh vіdkritіst Sistemi vіdnosin, іsnuvannya ta-cal kategorіy, yak product vartіst, mіnova vartіst toscho, i zakonіv commodity virobnitstva that obіgu. Tsі Find our toil Taqiy samy ob'єk-tive character, yak i trademark virobnitstvo that obіg.

Spetsifіka commodity virobnitstva nasampered pov'yazana s іsnu-vannyam rіznih yogo tipіv. According au-Perche, trademark virobnitstvo podіlya-єtsya on a simple i pіdpriєmnitske (tobto rozvinute, rozshirene). Simple commodity virobnitstvo gruntuєtsya on osobistіy pratsі Vlas-nikіv zasobіv virobnitstva i Je vihіdnoyu form of commodity virob-nitstva) Vono slim for svoїm obsyagom, harakterizuєtsya bezpo-serednіm i dobrovіlnim poєdnannyam virobnika s zasobami virob-nitstva, vіdsutnіstyu kupіvlі-sale robochoї Sealy yak product. The currents

varnіy formі vistupayut deprivation rechovі factorization virobnitstva is the go-tova Produkciya.

Just minutes pіdpriєmnitske trademark virobnitstvo Got yak spіlnі RISS, so i suttєvі vіdmіnnostі. Spіlnim Yea those scho stink of minds іsnuyut panuvannya privatnoї vlasnostі on zasobi virobnitstva, Rin-kovoї FORMS zv'yazku mіzh virobnikami i spozhivachami, konkurentsії mіzh tovarovirobnikami toscho. Vіdmіnnostі polyagayut in fact scho in simple commodity virobnitstvі virobnik i vlasnik zasobіv virobnitstva i produktіv pratsі - tse one person, todі yak at pіdpri-єmnitskomu virobnitstvі virobnik vіdokremleny od zasobіv VJ robnitstva i produktіv pratsі. In the minds of simple commodity-virob nitstva processes virobnitstva zdіysnyuєtsya on osnovі іndivіdualnoї pratsі. Vіn spryamovany on zadovolennya NKVD potreb virob-nick that chlenіv yogo sіm'ї. Pіdpriєmnitske virobnitstvo peredbachaє spіlnu Naiman Prace robіtnikіv zaradi pributku vlasnika state-podarstva. Simple commodity virobnitstvo zasnovane, yak usually on neskladnіy tehnіtsі and pіdpriєmnitske - on velikіy mashinnіy іndu-strії, avtomatizovanih toscho systems.

Sogodnі simple commodity virobnitstvo Je typical for kraїn scho rozvivayutsya. In rozvinutih kraїnah vono Got zalishkovy ha rakter vistupaє i have viglyadі drіbnogo commodity Gospodarstwa remіs-nikіv, fermerіv, rozdrіbnih torgovtsіv that іn. Ostannє nabuvaє all bіlshe pіdpriєmnitskoї spryamovanostі yak drіbny BIZNES, pore-Jen vzhe іsnuyuchoyu ekonomіchnoyu system.

Rozrіznyayut slit two tipi commodity virobnitstva: Purshia - іz stabіlnoyu, others - s bezperervno onovlyuvanoyu tovarіv nomenclature. Istoria Perche ohoplyuє perіod od glibokoї davnini to Dru-goї half of the XX century. Istoria another type rozpochalas in drugіy polo vinі XX century. So, mashinobudіvna promislovіst Velikobritanії protyagom usogo XIX century. vikoristovuvala in two basic deprivation materіali - chavun i steel and textile viroblyala deprivation Vier Vidi tkanin - bavovnyanі, vovnyanі, llyanі, shovkovі. In drugіy polovinі XX century. sposterі-gaєtsya bezperervne renovations tovarіv nomenclature. Napriklad, out electronically promislovostі Yaponії tse vіdbuvaєtsya kozhnі 5-6 rokіv. Je pіdstavi vvazhati, scho on rubezhі XX-XXI Art. processes bezperervnogo renovations nomenclature tovarіv bude domіnuyuchim in ekonomіtsі.