home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Rozdіl 11 GROSHІ UC Ekonomichna KATEGORІYA

§ 1. Rozvitok forms vartostі that viniknennya pennies

On rannіh Etap rozvitku lyudskogo suspіlstva vіdbuvavsya bezposerednіy obmіn one commodity for another. Spochatku tse CCB vipadkovy deyakі nadlishki produktіv, yakimi mozhna Bulo obmіnyatis. So z'yavi-lasya simple vipadkova, abo odinichna form vartostі:

x commodity A = y commodity B.

A product vіdіgraє active role virazhayuchi his vartіst at the VA-varі Tom Purshia goods znahoditsya in vіdnosnіy formі vartostі. Goods in vikonuє Passive role oskіlki serve virazhennyu Var tostі-Perche, protistoїt Yomou yak ekvіvalent. Tom is staying in other items ekvіvalentnіy formі vartostі.

Otzhe, simple vipadkova, abo odinichna form vartostі - tse taka form yakoї for one product, scho znahoditsya in vіdnosnіy formі vartostі, vіdpovіdaє Inshyj one product, scho is staying in ekvі-valentnіy formі vartostі. Yakscho pomіnyati commodity and i mіstsyami In essence prostoї FORMS vartostі not zmіnitsya. Zmіnitsya deprivation role tovarіv (commodity znahoditimetsya in vіdnosnіy formі vartostі, and the A-Var - in ekvіvalentnіy). Vіdnosna vartіst (tobto vartіst product, Virage in pevnіy kіlkostі product-ekvіvalenta) deposits yak od vartostі product A, so i od vartostі product B.

Ekvіvalentna form vartostі Got three osoblivostі. Persha osoblivіst ekvіvalentnoї FORMS vartostі polyagaє in fact scho spozhivna vartіst product-ekvіvalenta bezposeredno virazhaє his protilezhnіst - vartіst. Vlasna spozhivna vartіst product-ekvіvalenta not Got value bo in nіy deprivation virazhaєtsya vartіst іnshogo product. So, when people zvazhuvannі predmetіv koristuyutsya Teresa, one yakih Schalke put the object and into another - girі. Metal s yakogo stink vigotovlenі, Got number fіzichnih, hіmіchnih that іnshih vlastivostey. Prote OOO All stink at zvazhuvannі not take to uwagi, krіm odnієї - metal Got breaking bar.

Another osoblivіst ekvіvalentnoї FORMS vartostі polyagaє in fact scho concrete Prace, vtіlena in tovarі-ekvіvalentі, virazhaє his protilezhnіst -і Abstract Prace spent on virobnitstvo іnshogo product. Analogіchno th spozhivna vartіst ekvіvalenta product-specific target hoch i Praca, ale vіddzerkalyuє Abstract Prace.

Thirdly osoblivіst ekvіvalentnoї FORMS vartostі polyagaє in fact, scho is private Prace virobnika, yaky target product-ekvіvalent, Je її directly protilezhnіstyu - bezposeredno suspіlnoyu Prace. In tso th vipadku, yak i in Persha dvoh, concrete product-vlastivіst ekvі Valentia vіdbivaє his protilezhnіst.

Otzhe, analіz navіt prostoї FORMS vartostі svіdchit about those, scho not Mauger Buti vartіst Virage bezposeredno in robochem chasі. Vartіst one product Mauger Buti Virage tіlki oposeredkova-but through vartіst іnshogo product. In most faktі prirіvnyannya in pevnіy mіnovіy proportsії dvoh rіznorіdnih tovarіv rozkrivaєtsya їh spіlnіst.

Rozvitok suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі, zokrema vidіlennya skotar-tion i zemlerobstva, spriyav away rozvitku trademark vіdno-syn. Vіdbuvsya perehіd od vipadkovogo, epіzodichnogo obmіnu to re-regularly. Vіn znamenuvav takozh perehіd od prostoї, vipadkovoї, abo odinichnoї, forms vartostі to povnoї, abo rozgornutoї. Її WMS-on viraziti as follows:

x commodity A = y commodity B, abo = the z product C = q abo abo product D1 = n product E.

Otzhe on vіdmіnu od prostoї FORMS vartostі at rozgornutіy її formі ekvіvalentami in obmіnі Je chislennі goods, and mіnovі proportsії toil regular.

Povny, abo rozgornuta form vartostі - tse taka form in yakіy one product, scho is staying at vіdnosnіy formі vartostі, od-povіdaє bezlіch іnshih tovarіv scho znahodyatsya in ekvіvalentnіy formі

vartostі.

Prote rozgornuta form vartostі Got suttєvі nedolіki, SSMSC mutually-galі vlastivі mіnovomu Gospodarstwa yak spetsifіchnіy іstorichnіy formі dogroshovogo obmіnu i stvoryuyut trudnoschі in vіdnosinah Tovarov-robnikіv. Before them nalezhat on au-Perche, nezavershenіst vіdnosnoї vartostі through yak Quantity tovarіv-ekvіvalentіv s rozvitkom obmі-well could neskіnchenno zrostati. Alternatively, rіznorіdny character ta-cal ekvіvalentіv. Napriklad, vartіst m'yasa virazhalas in zernі i, i in ovochah, in vovnі i, i have vinі. Tse uskladnyuvalo mіnovі proportsії tovarіv i orієntatsіyu tovarovirobnikіv in їh gospodarskіy dіyalnostі. In tretє, nemozhlivіst in bagatoh vipadkah bezposerednogo obmіnu tovarіv vnaslіdok nevіdpovіdnostі popitu i Offers on concrete-Term Rinku abo іnteresіv tovarovirobnikіv. In the fourth, zumovle-nіst proportsіy obmіnu digit mіroyu spozhivchimi vlastivostyami tovarіv. Napriklad can obmіnyati goods on whether yak mіru grain, ale yogo not mozhna obmіnyati half gorschika, chvert Saucier toscho vnaslіdok vіdsutnostі in ostannіh dovіlnoї podіlnostі.

Otzhe, Povny, abo rozgornuta form vartostі not rozv'yazuє soup-rechnostі mіzh spozhivnoyu vartіstyu i vartіstyu, mіzh specific Abstract Prace i scho mіstitsya in tovarі. Їh rozv'yazuє (ale not usuvaє) away rozvitok commodity virobnitstva i obmіnu, pid hour yakogo vіdbuvaєtsya perehіd od rozgornutoї FORMS obmіnu to zagalnoї. Vіdpovіdno vіdbuvaєtsya perehіd od povnoї, abo rozgor-nutoї, forms vartostі to zagalnoї.

Postupovo іz zagalnoї masi tovarіv stihіyno vidіlyalis takі, SSMSC Pocha vіdіgravati role bunt predmetіv obmіnu. Such is, in goods in one bula mіstsevostyah thinness in іnshih - hlіb (corn), in tretіh - hutro toscho. One of the first people to train rіznі chasi on rіznih mіstsevih Rinko i have rіznih narodіv one i the same hour іsnuvali rіznі naybіlsh hodovі goods, SSMSC vikonuvali role zagalnogo ekvіvalenta. Tse svіdchilo about perehіd to zagalnoї FORMS Var-tostі, yak Mauger Buti represented as follows:

x commodity A, B goods, z. With the product, q product D ... = p product E. Otzhe, zagalna form vartostі - tse taka form in yakіy bezlіchі tovarіv, SSMSC perebuvayut in vіdnosnіy formі vartostі, od-povіdaє one product, scho znahoditsya in ekvіvalentnіy formі Var-tostі .

Zagalna form vartostі vіdrіznyaєtsya od povnoї tim, scho at nіy zamіst numerical ekvіvalentіv z'yavlyaєtsya one on yaky usі tovarovirobniki obmіnyuyut svoї goods, and Yogo on obmіnyuyut potrіbnі їm goods.

In the minds dogroshovogo obіgu obmіn, yak usually gruntuvavsya on odnochasnomu vikoristannі kіlkoh ekvіvalentіv, SSMSC have become fіk-popping system. W rozvitkom rabovlasnitstva warehouses elemen-takoї that system became vikoristannya rabіv. Napriklad have hundred-rodavnіh norvezhtsіv spіvvіdnosilis Three Elements: Rabbi, cows, The Weapon. Rabi yak zagalny ekvіvalent in rіznі chasi vikoristo-Vuva in antique narodіv on Blizkomu Shodі in Tsentralnіy Afritsі.

Other great suspіlny podіl pratsі - vіdokremlennya Remes la od zemlerobstva - suprovodzhuvavsya vdoskonalennyam zagalno th ekvіvalenta. Naynedoskonalіshy yogo view - thinness, hutro, Rabbi - zmіnyuєtsya ekvіvalentami Yakimov vlastivі characterized vagovі-tics, podіlnіst, spoluchnіst, odnorіdnіst (napriklad, hlіb, maїs, olive olіya, tea, sіl toscho).

Vreshtі-Rasht, in protsesі іstorichnoї evolyutsії commodity virob nitstva-i trademark obmіnu vіdbuvaєtsya perehіd od zagalnogo tova-roobmіnu to groshovoї FORMS obmіnu i vіdpovіdno - od zagalnoї FORMS vartostі to groshovoї.

Vіdmіnnіst mіzh zagalnoyu i penny forms vartostі field-gaє not in fact yaky SAME goods vikonuє role zagalnogo ekvіvalen-one and in addition, chi zakrіpilas tsya role of one item. Yakscho Tse became then vіdbuvaєtsya perehіd to groshovoї FORMS vartostі. Zolo something yak vikoristovuvalosya in pobutі pervіsnih community for 12 tis. rokіv to nashoї Yeri became zagalnim ekvіvalentom seredinі deprivation in the XIX century. Tsomu pereduvav trivaly processes postupovoї zamіni tova-rіv, SSMSC vikonuvali role of commodity pennies metals: zalіzom, Olo-tion, lead, mіddyu, srіblom, gold. Zalіznі groshі vikoristovu Wali starodavnі spartantsі, Britt, yapontsі, deyakі afrikanskі di Naro. Olov'yanі have to get used starodavnіy Meksitsі, Rimskіy іmperії, serednovіchnіy Anglії on ostrovі Java. Mіdnі - from ancient Kitaї that ancient Rimі. Svintsevі bags vikoristovuvalis at drіbnih payments from Pіvnіchnіy Ameritsі. Sribni groshі well get used to rubezhі II III i tis. BC. e. in Kitaї, Persії that Mesopotamia

tamії. Pershi Zoloti coins on Dumka Herodotus zaprovadiv lіdіy sky-CAR Gіges (VII v. BC. E.).

The word "coin" Vpershe z'yavilos yak title boginі Juno in 279 p. BC. . E The Rimі at її hramі (Juno - coins) karbuvalisya groshі. Protyagom bagatoh stolіt funktsіyu zagalnogo ekvіvalenta vіdіgrava lo srіblo, yak Received mіstsem gold. Dovgy hour at rіznih kraї-nah vikoristovuvali obidva blagorodnі methane. When tsomu mіzh them іsnuvalo Suvorov viznachene kіlkіsne spіvvіdnoshennya. Anglіyska Gros Sova odinitsya pound sterlіngіv ranіshe Bula povnovagovim pound srіb la, about scho svіdchit її titles. Residual zagalnim ekvіvalentom ash and then Bulo viznane in major kraїnah Єvropi seredinі in the XIX century, descho pіznіshe -. In Nіmechchinі in Russie - kіntsі deprivation in the XIX century, de Bula vstanovlena gold currency reform in 1897 p..

Vreshtі-Rasht, gold has become the Same vikonuvati role pennies. Tse belt-nyuєtsya tim, scho zavdyaki svoїm natural vlastivostyam (odnorіdnіst, podіlnіst, kompaktnіst, transportabelnіst, good zberіgaєtsya) vono pridatnіshe for vikonannya suspіlnoї funktsії zagalnogo ekvіvalenta.

Gold - goods, ale yak groshі - nezvichayny. Vetch-monopoly nannya gold rolі zagalnogo ekvіvalenta oznachaє scho yogo Spozhiv-on vartіst Je bezposerednіm vtіlennyam vartostі vsіh tovarіv; took-on the concrete at the Yogo virobnitstvo Prace Je bezposerednіm vtіlennyam abstraktnoї zagalnolyudskoї pratsі and spent on yogo virobnitst of Prace is private - bezposerednіm vtіlennyam suspіlnoї pratsі.

Gold yak groshі, of order іz svoєyu zvichaynoyu spozhivnoyu vartіs-bye, nabuvaє dodatkovoї spozhivnoї vartostі, pov'yazanoї s yogo unі locally-natural vlastivostyami. Tsya dodatkova spozhivna Var-tіst polyagaє in zdatnostі trumpery on OAO All product obmіnyuvatis INSHI goods, tobto mother zagalnu spozhivnu vartіst.

Analіz rozvitku forms vartostі pokazuє scho groshі - the category-tse rіya marketable commodity obіgu virobnitstva i. Pong toil trademark pohodzhennya i virazhayut pevnі virobnichі vіdnosini mіzh Tovarov-robnikami s drive obmіnu products pratsі through rinok. At Gros Shah yak zagalnomu ekvіvalentі vtіleny bezposeredno suspіlny pratsі character. Pong give zmogu vimіryuvati suspіlnі vitrati i otrimanі results.

Vіdpovіdno to rіshen Mіzhnarodnogo Monetary Fund of 1 kvіtnya 1978 p. Gold vilucheno s trumpery obіgu i skasovano gruntuvannya on nomu ofіtsіynoї Kind of currency. Against gold prodovzhuє zalisha-tis Especially commodity yaky easily konvertuєtsya to whether yak all-lyutu. For Stop chvert stolіttya (1971-1995 pp.) Svіtovі tsіni on zlivkove gold zrosli on vіlnih Rink bіlsh yak at 10 razіv. Tse pіdnyalo pributkovіst іsnuyuchih zolotorozrobok she gave zmogu in Novita rozrobki, ranіshe not rentabelnі. In rezultatі rіzko zrіs vidobutok gold from svіtі.