Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 3. Osoblivostі pіdpriєmnitskoї dіyalnostі i funktsіonuvannya kapіtalu in rіznih areas Economy

Іstotnі vіdmіnnostі in harakterі that Jerel zrostannya kapіtalu, strukturі avansovanogo kapіtalu sprichinenі minds Yogo funktsіo-nuvannya. Rozglyanemo tsі vіdmіnnostі prikladі of companies in the agrarian-sector, torgіvlі that penny-kreditnoї sphere.

Kapіtali scho funktsіonuyut in agrarnіy sferі, toil suttєvі ladies-livostі porіvnyano s іnshimi kapіtalami virobnichoї sphere. In per-above, the main ob'єktom prikladannya їh Je Taqiy nevіdtvoryuvany factor yak land; Alternatively, chіtko Virage sezonnіst virobnitst Islands; in tretє through obmezhenіst zemlі yak virobnichogo factor od-it s elementіv vitrat Mauger Buti rent.

Rozglyanemo poslіdovno dermal s Names osoblivo.

Land yak factor virobnitstva vіdіgraє in sіlskomu gospodarstvі provіdnu role. Zdatnіst її vіdtvoryuvati product fallow od ro-dyuchostі Je nayvazhlivіshim chinnikom scho vplivaє on efektivnіst sіlskogospodarskogo virobnitstva. Prote іntensivne vikoris-tannya zemlі Mauger prizvesti to znizhennya rodyuchostі. Otzhe, command--hand of Success Je Venue of zahodіv schodo її pіdvischennya. Nezvazhayu chi on tehnіchny progression in the agricultural sektorі, there zastosovuєtsya, porіvnyano s іnshimi Galuzo Economy, bіlshe zhivoї pratsі vnas-lіdok dosit visokoї trudomіstkostі virobnichih protsesіv. Tse Dhu movlyuє efektivnіst in tsіy smallest in the Branch vіdnosno of companies. Rozmіri kapіtalіv porіvnyano s promislovіstyu menshі here, in fact sіlskomu gospodarstvі kraїn rinkovoї Economy digit Chastain produktsії viroblyayut sіmeynі fermerskі Gospodarstwa.

Werewolves kapіtal agricultural pіdpriєmstva obertaєtsya deprivation once on the Year. Otzhe for bezperervnogo fіnansuvannya virobni-chogo processes through sezonnіst virobnitstva tsі pіdpriєmstva yutsya HDA-up loan.

On іndivіdualnu vartіst product vplivayut rіzna rodyuchіst zemlі and takozh blizkіst to rinkіv zbutu. Tse staє vazhlivoyu front-minds appeared spetsifіchnoї Chastain net income - rent (divas memo breather 26, § 2..).

Keeping sіlskogo Gospodarstwa Neznachny for rozmіrom VJ robnichimi Lanka Mauger zmіniti motivatsії: pіdpriєmstvo Mauger funktsіonuvati not zaradi dodatkovoї vartostі and deprivation for samoza-bezpechennya sіm'ї. Tom zbitkovіst pіdpriєmstva not zavzhdi oznachat bude, scho yogo yogo abo vlasnik zakriє skoroti obsyag virob-nitstva.

Kapіtal in sferі torgіvlі zaynyaty in basic deprivation kupіvleyu-Sale (Wholesale chi rozdrіbnim) vigotovlenih tovarіv. Prote Chastina staff on trade pіdpriєmstvі vikonuє operatsії scho prodovzhuyut processes virobnitstva in sferі obіgu: fasuvannya, re-luck zberіgannya toscho. Kapіtal shopping pіdpriєmstva warehouse-єtsya s troh Chastain: a) kapіtalu for zakupіvlі product; b) the main kapіtalu (budіvlі, ustatkuvannya, shopping obladnannya); c) Turnover of kapіtalu (mainly zarobіtnoї pay pratsіvnikіv). In tsіlomu kapіtal shopping pіdpriєmstva skladaєtsya perevazhno s kapіtalu obіgu (a + b).

Nature torgovoї dіyalnostі viznachaє takozh duzhe Shvidky about-mouth kapіtalu one turnover turnover trading kapіtalu obslugovuє kіlkoh Promyslova (tobto pіdpriєmtsіv spherical virobnitstva).

Dodatkova vartіst, yak privlasnyuє pіdpriєmstvo trading, tse, s one side, the result pratsі Naiman pratsіvnikіv and s іnshogo - Chastina dodatkovoї vartostі, stvorenoї on pіdpriєmstvah, produk-tsіyu yakih realіzuє torgіvlya. After trading at poserednikіv virob-nichih pіdpriєmstvah skorochuєtsya rozmіr kapіtalu, zaynyatogo in sferі obіgu and takozh zmenshuyutsya vitrati zhivoї that urechevlenoї pratsі on vikonannya funktsіy trumpery i kapіtalu commodity. Pong zoseredzhuyutsya on virobnichіy dіyalnostі, splachuyuchi Hotel torus govih of companies, from utvoryuyuchi Taqiy sposіb net income for ostannіh.

In bagatoh kraїnah realіzatsіya tovarіv that poslug all bіlshe Zosia-redzhuєtsya in samostіynih abo orendovanih smallest in trading pіdpriєmstvah scho UCLA dogovіr Franchise (od French franchi-se -. Privіley) s great Promyslova abo-nіyami trading companies.

Sutnіst franchise polyagaє in fact scho great kompaniia (franchisor) nadaє slim pіdpriєmstvu (operator) viklyuchne right to realіzatsіyu svoєї produktsії abo poslug. Ukladayuchi dogovіr franchise, slim pіdpriєmstvo bere on itself pevnі zobov'yazan-nya, torn down Hoch b odnogo'z yakih generally produces up rozrivu dog-ru s side fіrmi-franchisor. Fіrmi operators, scho orenduyut outlets otrimuyut income from viglyadі vіdsotka od turnover.

This shape funktsіonuvannya shopping pіdpriєmstva vigіdna suspіlstvu yak, so i fіrmam. Shcho Well before suspіlstva, the knowledge osobli-east pervіsnogo Rinku zbutu dopomagaє population povnіshe Zadoya-volnyati svoї need: fіrmі franchisor-tse daє mozhlivіst without zrostannya kapіtalu zbіlshuvati turnover i otrimuvati dodatkovy Prybutok; for fіrmi operator tse garantovane postachannya fі i-cial pіdtrimka s side of the franchisor, and otzhe, bіlsha stіykіst in konkurentnіy borotbі.

Suchasna ekonomіka harakterizuєtsya duzhe temple rіvnem roses-round Credit vіdnosin.

- 'Credit - tse vіdnosin system for yakimi kapіtal nadaєtsya on pozikovіy osnovі. Nadayuchi credit vlasnik kapіtalu obumovlyuє:

a) Povernennya kapіtalu through Pevnyi lines; b) Income on otrimannya Tsey kapіtal in viglyadі vіdsotka. Vіdpovіdno to sub'єktіv that ob'єk-tіv Credit vіdnosin rozrіznyayut takі Vidi loan: komertsіy-tions (mіzh funktsіonuyuchimi pіdpriєmstvami, if napriklad Torg-ve pіdpriєmstvo kupuє into a commodity loan from Promyslova pіdpriєm-tion); bankіvsky (if the bank nadaє poziku svoєmu klієntu pid pevnі garantії abo without them); іpotechny (if nadaєtsya credit pid outpost neruhomogo Lane - zemlі, budіvel toscho); spozhivchy (for kupіvlі expensive predmetіv spozhivannya -zemelnoї dіlyanki, budinku, auto-mobіlya toscho); Reigning (derzhavі for pokrittya vitrat sovereign budget scho yogo not pokrivayutsya income).

Golovna role nalezhit bankіvskomu loan and bankіvska SIS topic Je center rozvinenoї rinkovoї Economy. In tsentrі bankіv-skoї Sistemi stoїt Reigning natsіonalny bank scho Yea-emіsіy him kasovim i backup center. Against the credit obslugovuvan-nya funktsіonuyuchih kapіtalіv zdіysnyuyut komertsіynі banks.

Komertsіynі banks stvoryuyut svіy kapіtal perevazhno of Rahu-NOC depozitіv (vkladіv, pozik klієntіv) and їhnіy kapіtal zrostaє head-dyaki nayavnostі rozbіzhnostі mіzh vіdsotkom scho nadany taken for credit, i vіdsotkom scho splachuєtsya for deposits (margin).

Operatsії schodo zaluchennya depozitіv nazivayut Passive and at-Butkova rozmіschennya kapіtalu - activity. Same balance mіzh results Tsikh operatsіy daє bank mozhlivіst otrimuvati at-Butok.