home Political economy Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

Basics of ekonomіchnoї teorії: polіtekonomіchny aspect

§ 4. Modelі Rinku i ekonomіchnoї polіtiki

Amerikanska, abo lіberalna, market analysis model in svoєmu klasich-Term viglyadі іsnuvala s cob XX century. right up to the 20s kіntsya rokіv (eco-nomіchnoї Creasy 1929-1933 pp.). Tsya model Bula modifіkovana in hodі realіzatsії "New Deal" of Franklin D. Roosevelt is the wide-vetch ristannya keynsіanskih metodіv regulyuvannya pіslya Druha svіtovoї vіyni. Risi lіberalnoї modelі Rinku zbereglisya th dosі scho pov'yazano s nayavnіstyu velicheznogo vnutrіshnogo market analysis, provіdnih pozitsіy amerikanskih monopolіy svіtovomu on market analysis, slabkіstyu profspіl-kovogo Ruhu sotsіalno-democratic i directly next іnshih Faculty torіv.

Characteristically risami amerikanskoї modelі market analysis possible on-call takі: regulyuvannya Economy zdіysnyuєtsya for zalishkovim principle tobto regulyuyutsya Ti aspects vіdtvorennya, SSMSC not give pid-efektivnosti regulyuvannyu on osnovі vіlnoї konkurentsії. Zalishkovy character takozh Got sotsіalna polіtika, yak guilty popovniti those scho not Mauger zrobiti rinok, sіm'ya for zadovolennya sotsіalnih potreb gromadyan. For amerikanskoї modelі Rinku ha istic uniquely Mensch Chastina derzhbyudzhetu in GDP i Mensch hour Ting sotsіalnih vitrat. According au-Perche, Tse pov'yazano s іnshoyu funktsієyu podatkovoї system: podatki taken not to tіlki pererozpodіlu dohodіv and skorіshe for vplivu on rіven tsіn for zmіni structuring Offers that popitu (napriklad, amerikanska system ekologіch-podatkіv them). In another, Tse pov'yazano s іnshoyu structures Powers are vitrat: bіlsh nizky rіven Reigning іnvestitsіy (of blame-com іnvestitsіy in MIC, aerokosmіchnu promislovіst that іn.) Vischy rіven Reigning purchases i vitrat on pіdtrimku stabіlnostі all-lyutnoї Sistemi . Before Especially amerikanskoї modelі eg market analysis

lezhit yaskravo viyavleny antitsiklіchny, antiіnflyatsіyny characterized ter vtruchannya powers in rinkovu ekonomіku.

Posilennya sovereign regulyuvannya pіslya Druha svіtovoї vіyni suttєvo modifіkuvalo lіberalnu model rinkovoї Economy EURO including in-peyskih kraїnah. Tsі processes boule pov'yazanі not tіlki s require of market analysis, and th s Especially klasovih vіdnosin, neobhіdnіstyu great transformatsіy in virobnitstvі that next іnshih ekonomіch-i polіtichnih faktorіv them.

Nіmetska, abo neolіberalna, market analysis model. Reigning Regula-vannya, zgіdno s tsієyu Modell, spryamovane on usunennya pereshkod vіlnoї konkurentsії, peredusіm such SSMSC stvoryuyutsya samoyu vіl-Noah konkurentsієyu. Here nayavny vіdhіd od zalishkovogo principle regulyuvannya market analysis, oskіlki viznaєtsya neobhіdnіst svіdomoї pid-trimki vіdtvorennya minds vіlnoї konkurentsії that zaperechuєtsya sti-hіyny character vіdtvorennya podіbnih minds. Pid minds vіlnoї konkurentsії krіm privatnoї vlasnostі on factors virobnitstva i Flea rozumіyut Taku situatsіyu, if rozshirennya Rinku zdіysnyu-єtsya in zv'yazku іz zrostannyam kіlkostі gospodarskih odinits i pogliblennyam suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі on osnovі strukturnoї ne-rebudovi Economy.

Author nіmetskoї modelі, vrahovuyuchi davnі i vagomі pozitsії sotsі al-demokratії in kraїnі, vihodili s nayavnostі suspіlnih іnteresіv tovarovirobnikіv. Ostannі virazhenі not through kontsentratsіyu hour-ting sukupnogo income in the hands of the powers and shvidshe through zrostannya market analysis for vsіh. Ponyattya "rinok for vsіh", "Dobrobut vsіh for" OZNA-chayut TAKE zrostannya market analysis, tobto TAKE zrostannya Sumi Mercantile vartostey, SSMSC protistoyat odne one ekvіvalenti yak, scho supra-vodzhuєtsya zrostannyam dohodіv bіlshostі sub'єktіv Rinku i zros-tannyam kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі groshovoї odinitsі. On Dumka L. Erharda, kontsentratsіya kapіtalu dohodіv i have hands-okremih sub'єk tіv, vreshtі-Rasht, zavdaє Skoda zrostannyu market analysis, oskіlki pіdri-vaє іnvestitsіynі processes in іnshih Galuzo that obmezhuє kupіvelnu spromozhnіst population. Dіysno, kontsentratsіya kapіtalu i income yak result konkurentsії peretvoryuєtsya in suttєve Galmier for roses-round market analysis, scho naochno chіtko viyavilos krizі in 1929-1933 pp., Sprovokovanіy digit mіroyu tsіnovoyu polіtikoyu monopolіy. Nagromadzhennya kapіtalu in formі zrostannya gospodarskih odi-nits that virіvnyuvannya structuring Economy mіstit bіlshe Pre-atoms for zrostannya market analysis, nіzh nagromadzhennya kapіtalu in formі zrostannya rozmіrіv gospodarskih odinits at nezmіnnіy structure-turі Economy. Nagromadzhennya kapіtalu in formі zrostannya kіl-kostі gospodarskih odinits i woke regularly in ekonomіtsі pripuskaє vіddіlennya novih kapіtalіv іz Old scho nemozhlivo without rozvinutoї bankіvsko-kreditnoї system yak zabezpechuє kontsentratsіyu i overflow kapіtalіv, vіlnih od productive vikoristan-nya. Cutaneous tovarovirobnik not deprivation viroblyaє okremy product that fights for Location on the market analysis and the second spriyaє virobnitstvu іnshih tovarіv, oskіlki zbudzhuє required in іnshih sub'єktіv market analysis, primushuє їh bіlshe viroblyati, oskіlki zdіysnyuє nagromadzhennya chi for boundary-mi svoєї gospodarskoї odinitsі, chi in formі diversifіkatsії virob-nitstva furrows in Svoge pіdpriєmstva. Otzhe, konkurentsіya vistupaє not tіlki yak Borotba for Location on the market analysis and the second yak VZAYEMODIYA rіznih lanok suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі, yak daє poshtovh zrostannyu market analysis. Pіdtrimka tsієї (Druha) Parties konkurentsії i Je subject Regula-vannya from within nіmetskoї modelі market analysis.

Vіdmіnnіstyu nіmetskoї modelі Je regulyuvannya Economy through credit-penny polіtiku rather than budget-fіnansovu scho pov'yazano s traditsіyno vischoyu organіzatsієyu fіnansovogo kapіtalu in Nіmech-chinі porіvnyano іz US. Vpliv on rіven tsіn, structure popitu i Offers zdіysnyuєtsya not through podatkovih system (US-ska model), and through skorіshe pіdtrimku optimal poєdnuvan-nya mіzh the size sukupnogo pozichkovogo kapіtalu that the size kapіtalu, zaynyatogo in promislovostі that torgіvlі pov'yazanu i s the amount of CIM vіdsotka. .

Vazhlivim channel regulyuvannya market analysis for nіmetskoyu Modell Je monetary and fіnansove regulyuvannya. Ostannє zdіysnyuєtsya through over-ohochennya eksportu dzherela currency yak i spriyannya such іmportu, yaky through nasichenіst vnutrіshnogo Rinku i zmіtsnennya kupіvel-noї spromozhnostі brand zabezpechuє spriyatlivy exchange rate for the brand. Pіdtrimka rate brand nemozhliva without pіdtrimki Posi tive trade balance platіzhnogo i.

Spetsifіka nіmetskoї modelі viyavlyaєtsya takozh in the budget and in datkovіy polіtitsі. Rozmіri podatkіv i derzhbyudzhetu uzgodzhuyutsya іz zrostannyam Economy. Power viluchaє the Chastain dohodіv, not yak Mauger Buti efektivnosti realіzovanoyu on market analysis without "peregrіvu" kon'yunk Turi-i posilennya іnflyatsіynogo vise. Podatkovih polіtika spryamova-on to strimuvannya nadmіrnogo zrostannya from within skladenoї neefek tivnoї-structuring Economy i put bezposerednіm zavdannyam not pererozpodіl dohodіv and zamorozhuvannya іnflyatsіynih dohodіv.

Especially Location in nіmetskіy modelі zaymaє polіtika dohodіv i zaynyatostі. Power zaohochuє Income vsіh virobnikіv (i vlasnikіv Naiman pratsіvnikіv) SSMSC roblyat vnesok zrostannya in market analysis, including The Yogo-chayuchi eksportnu Chastain, progresivnі strukturnі zrushennya in ekonomіtsі. Zrostannya dohodіv population in tsіlomu i okremih Yogo group pov'yazuєtsya іz zbіlshennyam kupіvelnoї spromozhnostі brand naosnovі zrostannya produktivnostі pratsі i nasichenostі vnutrіshno second market analysis. LEADS is systematic Borotba s nadmіrnoyu dither-tsіatsієyu in rіvnyah "dohodіv yak factor obmezhennya market analysis.

Zittau zaymaє serednє Location Sered rozvinenih kraїn on chasttsі derzhbyudzhetu in GDP i koefіtsієntu Dzhinі, yaky harakterizuє di ferentsіatsіyu population of rіvnem dohodіv. Zaynyatіst rozglyadaєt Xia yak result svoєchasnih structural woke to osnovі efek-tivnostі Economy i Shvidky tempіv її zrostannya, pіdtrimki hundred-bіlnostі nіmetskoї brand. Sposterіgaєtsya bіlsh Visokiy rіven zaynyatostі, nіzh the US (up 70 kіntsya rokіv) against Mensch, nіzh in Yaponії i Shvetsії.

Anglіyska, abo єvropeysko-keynsіanska, market analysis model Bula nayposhirenіshoyu in povoєnnіy Velikobritanії, Frantsії, Іtalії, have mіru rozvitku zahіdnoєvropeyskoї іntegratsії 60-80-Ti Rocky XX century., Unіfіkatsії gospodarskih mehanіzmіv vіdbuvavsya processes rozmivan-nya tsієї modelі i posilennya Figure nіmetskoї modelі market analysis.

For anglіyskoї modelі characterized nayavnіst znachnoї for ZOOM-Bami i chastkoyu derzhavnoї vlasnostі, zdіysnennya Reigning over-kupok have great rozmіrah ,: znachnі derzhavnі іnvestitsії for pid-trimki zaynyatostі, virіshennya sotsіalnih zavdan. Reigning budget vikonuє digit mіroyu funktsії kontsentratsії popitu powers in his hands, yak otrimuє income through virobnitstvo i realіza-tsіyu tovarіv i vitrachaє їh monopoly on the establishment of minds. Zvіdsi vinikaє skhilnіst to іnflyatsії yak result of sovereign Regula-vannya.

In the framework amerikanskoї i nіmetskoї models Rinku keep-budget-tse factor vplivu on the structure i obsyag Offers, wasps kіlki podatki, dotatsії, subsidії, podatkovі loans, derzhkre-Diti zbіlshuyut rіven tsіn on odnі Flea i znizhuyut yogo on drugі, krіm order derzhbyudzhet guilty zamorozhuvati іnflyatsіynі income.

In anglіyskіy modelі derzhbyudzhet vistupaє Yak factor vplivu on popit Shlyakhov kontsentratsії, pererozpodіlu dohodіv, SSMSC zmіnyuyut structure popitu i vplivayut on tsіni through zmіnu popitu.

Characteristically risoyu anglіyskoї modelі Rinku Je Derzhavna Vlas-nіst on pіdpriєmstva kapіtaloєmnih i marginal Galuzo, Produkciya yakih іstotno vplivaє on rіven vitrat in іnshih Galuzo, Especially eksportnih. Rozvitok іntegratsіynih protsesіv in Zahіdnіy Єvropі suprovodzhuvavsya zgortannyam ekonomіchno neefektivnih VJ robnitstv scho lead to skorochennya masshtabіv derzhavnoї Vlas-nostі. Takі virobnitstva, SSMSC neobhіdnі for normal processes vіdtvorennya, vinosyatsya in Kraina, scho rozvivayutsya that transitioning to market analysis.

Neobhіdno vіdznachiti scho vpliv on rіven tsіn Shlyakhov concen-ratsії popitu powers in the hands - tse rinkovy regulyuvannya method of market analysis, nesumіsny s methods admіnіstrativnogo rozpodіlu tovarіv i pov'yazany s CIM admіnіstrativnim establishing tsіn. Prote in ekonomіchnіy polіtitsі Velikobritanії, frantsії i row іnshih kraїn ostannі methodological boule poshirenі pid hour vіyni that in povoєnnі prophets.

Shvedska market analysis model has been viewed in wider Skandinavskih kraї-nah, zustrіchalas on okremih Etap reforms in Іspanії, Portugalії, Gretsії. For tsієї modelі characteristic perevazhannya sotsіal-democratic-tion pіdhodu to ekonomіchnoї polіtiki. For shvedskoyu Modell D gulyuvannya Rinku zdіysnyuєtsya peredusіm regulyuvannya through labor-dovih vіdnosin on zagalnonatsіonalnomu rіvnі (napriklad, arise and shine forth-lished tariff) through i Reigning vlasnіst on pіdpriєm, SHALL, SSMSC zabezpechuyut vіdtvorennya robochoї Sealy i formuvannya quantities vartostі robochoї Seeley.

Characteristically risoyu shvedskoї modelі Je strong sotsіalna polі-teak, yak zabezpechuє naymenshu diferentsіatsіyu population of rіv-dohodіv it, i Visokiy rіven zaynyatostі, yaky pripuskaє derzhavnі vitrati on perekvalіfіkatsіyu robіtnikіv i pіdtrimku chiselnostі robochem mіsts. Porіvnyano s US chastka vitrat on perekvalіfіka-tsіyu robіtnikіv in derzhbyudzhetі Vishcha, nіzh chastka vitrat on dopomo-gu on bezrobіttyu. Porіvnyano s Velikobritanієyu zaynyatіst pіdtri-muєtsya bіlshoyu mіroyu through perekvalіfіkatsіyu robіtnikіv, nіzh through pіdtrimku chiselnostі robochem mіsts. Sotsіalna polіtika zabezpechuє Visokiy rіven zadovolennya sotsіalnih potreb through transfertnі platezhі (bezkoshtovnі chi Hotel Hotel for pіlgovi mi tsіnami).

For shvedskoї modelі harakternі protirіchchya mіzh pіdtrimkoyu zaynyatostі realіzatsієyu sotsіalnih program, s one side, i zabez cookies temple tempіv zrostannya, pіdvischennyam efektivnostі, Borotba іnflyatsієyu s - s the other side. Zagostrennya Tsikh Proto rіch viyavlyaєtsya in rozmivannі deyakih korіnnih Figure shvedskoї mo-delі. Zokrema, MAV Location perehіd to ukladannya of labor dogovorіv on rіvnі okremih Galuzo i of companies, privatization zdіysnyuvalas-tsіya chastki communal lane i of companies derzhsektora, vіdbu-valos skorochennya number Transfer platezhіv that pіlg toscho. Rose-round virobnichoї demokratії giving zmogu organіzatsіyam pratsіvnikіv virіshuvati deyakі own power, SSMSC pov'yazanі s organіzatsієyu pratsі, Priya order on the robot that zvіlnennya s robot uchastі in robo-Ti pravlіnnya kompanіy.

Rozvitok іntegratsіynih protsesіv in Zahіdnіy Єvropі, zaluchennya in Demba shvedskogo kapіtalu (s vіdpliv kapіtalu Kraina, stvorennya spіlnih of companies), posilennya іnozemnoї konkurentsії i nestabіl-nostі crony spriyali pereglyadu ekonomіchnoї polіtiki shvedskimi sotsіal Democrats at 80 Rokach.

Yaponska model of market analysis. In tsіy modelі mainly sub'єktom Je-core poratsіya Zi spetsifіchnoyu vnutrіshnoyu structure. Vlasnikom cor-poratsії Je Yurydychna lady presented fіzichnimi special, SSMSC

privlasnyuyut income from viglyadі not pіdpriєmnitskogo pributku and zarobіtnoї pay for vikonannya spetsifіchnih funktsіy (RPPOs have rіv-nyah maksimalnoї that mіnіmalnoї -zarobіtnoї charge becomes not bіl above-razіv 5-6, <on vіdmіnu od US, de Taqiy RPPOs dosyagaє 10-11 razіv) i have viglyadі divіdendіv on aktsіyah, and chastka dohodіv in viglyadі divіdendіv on aktsіyah small.

For yaponskih korporatsіy harakternі osoblivі methodological zakrіp-lennya robochoї Sealy for pіdpriєmstvom: paternalism at corpo-rіvnі ratsії, dovgostrokovі trudovі land, spriyannya korporatsії in vihovannі svoїh pratsіvnikіv, otrimannі them kvalіfіkatsії that osvіti, nabіr pіlg, stvorennya minds for profesіynogo rozvitku i tvorchostі.

Overflow kapіtalu mіzh korporatsіyami zdіysnyuєtsya through ruh-ban kіvskogo kapіtalu: chastka pozichkovih zasobіv uniquely perevischuє chastku zasobіv, SSMSC otrimuyut od sale aktsіy. Zvіdsi bіlshe values ​​Got regulyuvannya through bankіvsko-credit system i less then - in budgetary and podatkovih regulyuvannya.

For yaponskogo Rinku characteristic grupuvannya drіbnogo seredno i-th bіznesu Navkolo korporatsіy, SSMSC zakupovuyut produktsіyu Tsikh pid-priєmstv.

Provіdnі pozitsії Yaponії in svіtovіy torgіvlі give zmogu pіdtrimu-vati stabіlnіst єni for Relief eksportno-іmportnih opera tsіy, SSMSC formuyut spriyatlive for neї spіvvіdnoshennya tsіn tovarіv, .yakі virazhenі in єnah, that tsіn tovarіv, SSMSC virazhenі at whether yakіy іnshіy valyutі.

For yaponskoyu Modell market analysis vikoristovuyutsya takozh i admі-nіstrativno-ekonomіchnі methodological regulyuvannya. (Napriklad, stand-lennya strokіv i do updates rozmіrіv ustatkuvannya specific core-poratsіyam іz zaznachennyam sanktsіy the penalty for nevikonannya, priya-nyattya Reigning rіshen about suffering a toscho of companies).

Modelі market analysis in novih іndustrіalnih kraїnah scho rozvivayutsya, harakternі for povoєnnogo rozvitku such kraїn, yak Brazilіya, Mek-sika, Argentina, Pivdenna Korea, Taiwan, Sіngapur, Kuwait, Ob'єd-nanі Arabskі Emіrati, Іndonezіya, Єgipet that іn. Typical rice Tsikh models polyagaє in zlamі traditsіynih structures i formuvannі rinkovo-pіdpriєmnitskih vіdnosin on osnovі stvorennya of companies novіtnoї tehnologії that inclusion in mіzhnarodny podіl pratsі on tsіy osnovі. Tsі processes zdіysnyuyutsya for rakhunok Reigning resur-sіv, SSMSC upravlyayutsya bezposeredno powers chi chi peredayutsya in tіy іnshіy formі natsіonalnim pіdpriєmtsyam and takozh for rakhunok zaluchennya іnozemnogo kapіtalu. Takі Kraina pokazuyut butt rin-ku, yaky stvoryuєtsya samoyu powers for Vlasnyi rakhunok. Der. zhava stvoryuє kombіnatsіyu of companies, scho shaping can samostіyno state-podaryuvati, Buti Jerel Monetary dohodіv chi Rink zbutu for іnshih of companies. Reigning digit chastka іnvestitsіy viznachaє Reigning con Troll for rіznimi parties vіdtvorennya, vklyuchayuchi tsіni on deyakі goods. Іnflyatsіynі tendentsії pov'yazanі s Reigning іnves-digit titsіyami i Reigning regulyuvannyam. Prote-pong chastkovo paralі form a zovnіshnoekonomіchnoyu aktivnіstyu, yak prityaguє in kraїnu stіyku іnozemnu currency zabezpechuє zavantazhennya bearing-down, structural maneuver natsіonalnih ekonomіk i pov'yazanі s CIM VJ sokі Tempi ekonomіchnogo zrostannya. Efektivnіst Tsikh models pov'yazana takozh s slim teritorіyami such kraїn, Yak Tai-wan, Sіngapur, Pivdenna Korea, temple schіlnіstyu population Modelі market analysis in novih іndustrіalnih kraїnah vіdrіznyayutsya od mo-models of market analysis quietly kraїn scho rozvivayutsya de pіdpriєmnitska odds-ma vlasnostі vzaєmodіє s traditsіynimi forms vlasnostі, pіdko-ryaє їh svoєmu Ruhu against not vitiskuє їh s Economy and takozh rіzko vіdrіznyayutsya od models Rinku quiet kraїn scho rozvivayutsya de pіdpriєmnitska form vlasnostі spіvіsnuє s netraditsіynimi at slabkіy vzaєmodії s them, scho virazhaє " enclaves "roses-round pіdpriєmnitstva.

Rіznі modelі Rinku shaping can Buti zgrupovanі for forms Vlas-nostі that mehanіzmom regulyuvannya. Meals chastku about sovereign budget in GDP virazhaє kіlkіsnu regulyuvannya side. Yakіsna side regulyuvannya viyavlyaєtsya through mehanіzm regulyuvannya. Porіvnyalny analіz rіznih mehanіzmіv regulyuvannya daє zmogu VJ dіliti takі acquaint themselves: for au-Perche, ob'єkti regulyuvannya (vpliv pro-pozitsіyu, tobto on the structure i obsyagi sukupnogo virobnitstva, vpliv on popit yak result in zrushen rozpodіlі dohodіv); In another way, a way to eco-nomіchnі regulyuvannya (budget-podatkovih, penny-credit-ditny, currency fіnansovy, іnvestitsіyny, admіnіstrativno-eco-nomіchny) SSMSC virazhayut Method vplivu on propozitsіyu i popit;

in tretє, neekonomіchnі Method regulyuvannya (legal, moral-tions, polіtichny mehanіzmi).