Основы економічної теорії: політекономічний аспект

Розділ 40 ІННОВАЦІЙНА ПОЛІТИКА ДЕРЖАВИ

§ 1. The essence and basic methods of the innovative power politics

The mentality of minds for the optimal development of the science and technology potential of the national economy is one of the most important principles in the formulation of the system and the mechanism of management of innovation and policy. With all the riznomannotnost natsionalnih pіdhodіv to ekonomiki vsi kraїni brag to the decommissioning and realiza- tion of the state and innovation policy.

Mehanism is the truth and the innovation, the muuchi of the national peculiarities, the three zagalnyi warehouses are preexisting: the system of state support of the fundamental and the poshukovy dosl;

Різноманітні form that dzherela fіnansuvannya i indirect stimulus-lyuvannya досліджень; The maximum stimulation of a small іннова-ційного підприємства that підтримку його.

Power, stnovyuchychi umovi for realizatsii інноваційної політи-ки, впливає на розвиток не лише державного, а й private sec-tor інноваційної діяльності.

In a hurry, you'll become susceptible to stimulating the development of techno logs, and to be grounded in new science. Naivazhlivi-shim zavdannyam є vyroblenya strategii, yaka zabezpechuє mozhnivist gnuchkoї zmіni proporzatіy mіzh tempov rozvitku naukovogo, tehnichnogo i vibrochnichogo potentsialyv. Створення такої системи взаємодії всіх учасників cycle, scho забезпечує науково-технічний прогрес, є head-him завданням інноваційної політики держави. The Ostanja is submitted by a complex of people's priests and writers, but it is voznachayayut golovni napoli dyialnost i schodo novovodveden, yaka is written with scientific and technical progress, onions of the main foundations, volunteer-management, organisation viroblnitsva i pratsi, ekonomiki tescho.

Інноваційна політика держави спрямована на господарське ви-корстання наукови-технічного потенціалу, на зміцнення внутриріш-ніх зв'язків у науково-технічным комплексі. Formulation of the innovation-cynical poli-tics is discussed in the first place with the reorganization of the system of state regulation on all grounds, in private and in private.

Набір методиів і засобів державної інноваційної політики to finish wide. Це rізні державні заходи, які побулюють інноваційну активність бізнесу; Koriguvannya podatkovogo, patent-licensed legislation; Depreciation; Regulation of technology transfer; System contractual vzaimovidnosin; Znyattya a number of obmezhen shodo zhoryroni nakkolishnogo sredovischa, antitrustivs-kogo legislatstva; Різні form підтримки міжорганізаційної ко-операції та малой інноваційного бізнесу.

By the traditional method vlivu on rozvitok інновацій at промис-ловості, especially in періоди економічних піднесень, є податкові пільги. Thus, the US Congress in 1954 p. Praising the 174th birth of the "Ko-dex of pributkovogo obodotkatvannya", it was allowed to do so before the vitrally for the scientific-doslitny and experimental-constructor units (NDEKR) allowed to absorb to the current vitarate for vibrobit. Їh virahovuvali z okodatkovuvanogo pribudku.

Conducted by NDEKR in promyslovyh firmakh pobichno sviyayut all the taxes and fees, it is crammed to stimulate private privations, securing the contribution to the basic capitals of the sub-

Yuyatsya yovlennyam yogo on the new technical background. In the 60th rock the US detachment adopted a number of approaches, which were straightened to the rapidity of the construction of the science and science sanctuary by private corporation, having foreseen the deposits on the investment in the settlement of NDEKR. Odnak naznach-nіshі uryadovі акції, по'яъні з податковими пільгами НДЕКР, відбу-лися in the 80's of rock.

In the law about the tax refund to the method of improving the economy in 1981 p. Boule in the course of a gift deposit for the vitration for the dosage and disposal. З 1 липня 1981 р. On 1 січня 1986 р. Tsya znizhka became 25 vіdsoтків зростання власних витрат корпорацій на НДЕКР у по-exact way році порівняно із середнім рівнем vitrat corporation on NDEKR for three alternate rock. Іnakshe kazuchi, ці 25 відсотків increase vitrat corporation virahovovalisya not від її прибутку, що підлягав оподаткуванню, а з суми податку. З 1 січня 1986 р. Tsu the boule's znizhku zmeneno up to 20 vіdsotkiv. Її nadavali corporations, sho rozroblyayut tilki prinimepovo novyi abno zakachno vskonanalenі produktsii ya tekhnologii. However, practice has shown that it is difficult to prevent the scientific and technical poli- tics and not to contribute money to the inno- tionary dіalnіst. The reasons for this are the ef- fectiveness of the economy, the ability to rebuild the finance maneuver with the help of a hat, the monopoly of the great vibroks. Відомий американський економіст Е. Mens-fіld вважає, що зростання витрат на НДЕКР for рахунок податкової знижки not перевищувало 1-2 відсотки.

Z drugoi half of the 80's rockov bagato podatkovichi pіlg boulo ska-sovano through їхню deficiency efektivnist. З 1 січня 1987 р. Znya some investment loan, and the payment for the znіl-shennya rubbish nitrate NDEKR bulo not changed to 20 vidsootkiv, and it poddizheno Lisha until 1990 p. Submissions in the framework of the innovation policy have all played their role, although they were practiced in practice by the cir- cuits of the Lishas for these corporations, which were subject to NDC.

Використовувати амортизаційні пільги для активізації іннова-ціноної діяльності in the United States було it is allowed to 50-х років. Spotchatka tse buli vychik voynnі korporatsii, sho vibrolyali produktsiu for zbrroynih forces. In 1954 the river. "Code Pributkovogo obodotkatvannya" allowing corporation-tion zastosovuvati priskoreni method of depreciation, and in 1962r. "Rules and norms of depreciation" znizily normative lines of the service approximately 30-40 times per day are posted on the map. The internal system of lines in the service of the main capital, was adopted in 1971, the corporation granted the right to change the normative lines of service to the basic capitals of up to 20 viscosities.

The amortization reform R. Reagan spanned new lines of depreciation - 3 rock - for light passenger cars, lightweight car wagons, special gadgets; 10-15 rockiv - for budi-vel and sporud, scho in the middle for 2 rockies less than, not earlier than, for the validity of the law on the justification of the award and for the financing of the future, the lines of amortization of the active assets of the NDC have been changed.

They actively developed the process of technology in promising industry. The bulwark of them, one, yak і podatkovi, buli is not spoiled and not stolki on the basis of the main capitals, the skilks to the cities of great corporations, adzhe rozmіri amortizatsіynih vidrahu-wan, without a mean to plunge into the rozmіr obodotkovuvanogo pure pribudku. Legislation 1986 р. Znovu zbilshilo rates of amortization. Nedostatnist podatkovkiv ta amortizatsionnyh pіlg for pri-skorennya NTP in promyslovyh fіrmah, and takozh those, shоo ці do not go in on the cobbles of the stage of innovative processes, they have tied up the dervish to tidy up their form on the innovation in the promyslovosti. Nasampered tsesosuetsya stimuljuvannya state holding financial corporations riznyh forms of cooperative doslіdzhen at mіzhkorporacicnyh naukovo-tehnichnyh i uніверситетсько-промис-лових дослідних the centers.

Розглянемо деякі питання кормявання антитрестівського зако -дадавства США. Here, a number of measures have been put in place for the privatization of private corporations for replacing monopoly monopolies. Tse called before, that the large-scale promislovost virі-shuvati large-scale science and technology zvidannya mizhgaluzevogo nature, yakі takobuyut obednenya great osyaigіv ekonomich-them resursiv, vyyavilisya weakened. On the cob of the 70th rock, for example, the Agency for the protection of the middle peasants squeezed out the auto-transported corporate wreck of the system, yak b not zabrudnuvala nakkolishnye middle. However, the antitrust laws of the country were protected by a scribbling scam on the market of avto-tomobilij firmam pratsyuvati in the sphere of NDEKR. Vodnochas u bilshostі rozvineny іndustrіnih kraine antitrustіvske legislatstvo na kotorotsіyu u sferi NEDEKR not widened.

In the first half of the 80s, a number of laws were adopted by the United States, and co-operatives of private corporations were engaged in the conduct of NDC. The Laws established procedures for the consolidation of funds, the structure of the governing bodies is too small. The order of rozpov-syuzhennya informatsii, zgіdno zakim korotecії-uchasnitsy majut the right to the result NDEKR stretch trihoh fate, pislya chogo vony mozhut vikoristvovatisya v vesіy teritorії USA.

Priyonyaty from the 1984 p. The law on co-operative doslizhenzhennya doz-volyav obednuvati kapitali for spolnogo conducted NDEKR. In addition, the law of acquiring the organization of the authorities for the obnovazhen reform of the antitrust laws, zberigshi, one, control of the Ministry of Justice of the United States. However, there is a great number of bureaucratic formalities in the case of formalized cooperatives, and as a result of the issuance of letters, they did not commercialize private companies, did not interfere with the pragnen of corporations before the merger of the DScod NDEKR.

Antitrust, the legislation did not interdict the interdependence of the resources for the introduction of spillovers and rifles, but also protected them against new ones. Zmіa tsyogo order gave zmogu bugat promyslovym fіrmam znakno activeіzivati ​​іno-vatsіynu діяльність. The head naslidkom zlablennya antitrustiv-sykogo legislations bulo vikinnennya spilnih mіzhkorporatsy-them nauchno-tehnichnyh pidpriemstv.

Neefektivnіshuyu organizatsionnoyu form, in the intercourse of the anchorage of large-scale science and technology zavdan, є universitel'no-promislovi doslnitsnitskі centry, scho ingame for the part of the state.

Velikі progry spilnih dosleniye promislovy korotcіy ta vuzіv є bugatokh galuzah alternantuyu derzhavnim tsil'vim naukovo-tehnichnim programam. Wongs fool around the principle of the best mechanism of coordination and participation. Power at the time of writing a university-promyslovy cooperative on postabolic stages of the post-election period at the priority stations of the NTP. Zavdannya holding-va polyaga in the fact that stimulating the formation of financial kosh-tiv and the material and technical basis of promiscuity with kvalifikovaniem universities. For zaohochennya promyslovyh corporations to finance the risks of science and technology projects in the dovgovo-string orientatsiyu, the state does not take on itself a part of the ritual vitrits of the university-promyslovy tsentriv, and the nada nadia fіr-mam-uchasnitjam free of charge litsenzії on vikoristannya zbrobleny vi- nahodiv va vidkrittiv.

For alignment of a particular power center, the competition of universities' universities will be annulled, which will be given by the programs held by the vis-à-vis the science and technology gaols. On the basis of foreign universities on the state horses, the center is to be discussed, before the participants in the robots are invited to receive promises of the corporation.

The law on the economics of competitiveness, the call for trade and technology development in 1987 p. The organisa-tsiyu at the warehouse of the ministry of promiscuousness and technology of the Agency for advanced tsivilnykh technologies has been punctured. Yoga functitsією є підтримка всіх видів кооперації у областиі НДЕКР, а and takozh vidacha subsidyі and ukla-dannya kontrolіv on іnnya довгострострокових досліджень, роз-робок та виробництво технічно складної продукції.

Є takozh bagano program pidtrimki vuzіvsko-promislovogo spiv-robotnitstva in the states. The excess of them is spun on the line of consortiums, in some districts of the state - by equal members. In the course of its activity, the state shall be interchanged from the contribution of the koshtovs to the consortiums, and to the integration of the organi- zation and the vibor of the preschool students for the science and technology partnership. Інші створююю ву-зівсько-промислові центри владним рішенням.

For pidrimki podibnyh tsentriv і stimuljuvannya інноваційної activity of the staff, the staff often spetsyuyut spetsial'nye komіsії, yakі viznachayut naykorisnі for the state of direct investments in dslіdі-nitsіkі nаvchalnyі pawns.

Indirectly go to the top of the university-promyslovoy cooperative to ring up to the sub-stimulus. So, the law of 1981 p. About dadki with the method of improving the economy is pogobacheno rozshirennya пільг для фірм, що переють as a gift to universities for newcomers to досліджень. Vneski of participants from cooperative universities, students, officials, lawyers, lawyers, lawyers, lawyers, lawyers. Отримані партнеры прибутки від реалізації ре-зузутів НДЕКР обкладаються a donation not yak прибуток, but yak при-ріст капіталу від операцій з цінними паперми, що at 2 рази менше, ніж оподаткування прибутку.

Naslіdkom rozgortannya program pidtrimki promislovostі ta VUZIV has become a viniknennya in інших країнах світу значної кількості вузівсь-ко-промислових дослідницьких центів for key streams НТП. Подібні центри є наперперспективнішою формою оргаізації почакових етапів інноваційних процесів.