Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Київ у зеніті слави

Розповідаючи про походи й завоювання, слід також скати, наскільки great buv vplyiv київських князів. Establish geografichnyi interiyu Kievskoy Rusi can be more limited. Wongs hunted Mayzes in all the settlements of the Slovens of the earth (pisnishe buli vtracheni teritorii na nizhnyi Volzi, Pivnichnoy Kavkazi in Bulgaria, zavoyovany Svyatoslav). Prote vlada first kievskih princes of the parts of the ikhnih volodin bula obmezhenoyu and unequal power. Primitivno politichna organizatsiya, nadto velikі vіdstanі, znachna vіdokremlenіst stood on pereskodі vstanovlennju yakogos ob'ednannogo polichnichnogo tsilogo. Yakscho not to take up uwagi perіodichnі campaign for Danino, Pershi kiїvskі knyazі Mali duzhe obmezhenі Contacts i vpliv on pіdvladnі їm tribes Especially Ti, scho live far od i bunt mіst settlements. Shcho up to the prince's rights zborati daninu, the stinks zbezpechuvalisya viklychno brute force, the yaku bula rasmozhna prince druzhina, scho spoletku was recruited from varyagiv. Mіzh prince retinue i scho dіlilisya nebezpekami yak, so i good, dobutim in campaigns for Danino, vinikali osobistі, bezposerednі that vzaєmozalezhnі stosunki, SSMSC boule Basics polіtichnoї organіzatsії rannoї Kiїvskoї powers. So, in the campaigns for daninoi і in namaganni pidporyadkuvati sobi tradi shahi up to distant kraїn prince її їхіні muzhs menzh nizh for one hundred rockіv created the greatness of the can - Kyiv Ukraine .

Після смерті Svyatoslav Kiev Київська Русь уперше зазнала того, що згодом розвинется в хронічну виснажливу політичну недугу: чвари між members of dynasty Рюриковичів for the supreme owner in країні. In fact, scho slept for the right to grab a danina, Yaropolk killing his brother Oleg. Poboyuyuchys, scho yogo tezh spitkae such a share, young Volodimir utik із Novgorod to Shvetsії. Through kіlka rockіv vіn turning on чоoli great vаryazkih forces і rozpochav vіynu z Yaropolkom, yakіy that znayishov his death.

Volodymyr the Great (980-1015) . Ziishovshi on the throne of Kiev at 980 r. І zosedirevshi in his own hands nepodilnu vladu, Volodimir (in Scandinavsky Waldemar) zapochkatuvav new dobu in Kiev Kyivskoi Rusi. Nevgamovnyi varyazky princes did not marvel at Russia any more than yak into the arena of the region that had served the zavuyvan chi, an edge that could be more easily dealt with. Volodimir having simplified the constructive pidhid to the extent of managing the state. At the intersection of the centers of the yogi of the respect of the bov there is the goodwill of the volost, but not the croaking of the earth and the zanir of the Danini. Vlasne for yogo prince Rushena began to be registered as a tsilin syspilstvo power.

Shchopravda, on the back of rule Volodymyr, zadaelosya, little chim vidriznyavsya vіd cross. Vin obdarovuvav his numerical squad, pidttrimuvav traditional yazichnitskі stump, going to nepokirnih vyaticich and expanding his authority to radichich. Yak і yogo batko, Volodimir planting vlasnih synov (mav vin 12 lawful synov) on the great cities and lands of his own volost. So vin with usunuv vlad mistsevich princely, zoseredivshi її viklychno at the hands of his dynasty. If the yogi varyazka druzhina became the vimagati of the greater Vinodorod, Volodimir ulashtuvav so, shobob vona went to the service before vizantiitsiv.

Zamist of distant marches Volodymyr zoseredevsya zahisti vlasnyh cordons. Щоб протистояти загрозі печенігів, він збдував розгалужену мережу укріплень, а також нові міста on південь від Києва. Strongly intertwined with the traditional cross, vin zvernuv look at zahid and dodav to his volodym zemlyi suhasnoї Zahidnoi Ukrainy, Tim himself, having put the cobs of the trivalval supernitsvu with the Poles for Tse Region. Він також змусив литовських ятвягів вситити yого supremacy. Volodimir having established a halt of friendly stosunki with Poles, Madyars and Czechs. In the fundamentals of the news of the past, the yogo pragnennya pidporyadkuvati sobi golyni tradi shahi na zahid, and takozh prokrasti іnshі shahi na Constantinople. Внаслідок цих надбань володіння Володимира steel наббільшими in Європі, hunting nearby 800 yew. Sq. M. Km.

Naigolovnim dosyagnennam Volodimira bulo, without sumnynivu, vprovazhenzhenya yogo neozorih lands of Christianity. Rozumіyuchi, scho Kyivska Rus has outlived its traditsіynu anіmіstichnu yazichnitsku relіgіyu, vіn becoming zamislyuvatisya over Tim dwellers know bіlsh vitonchenі virazhennya way to spirituality, that sotsіalnih polіtichnih pragnen suspіlstva. Yakscho spend analogіyu іz suchasnіstyu, vіn potrapiv encampment in Chapter odnієї s powers "third svitu", scho pragne priskoriti modernіzatsіyu svoєї Kraina th vіdtak zmusheny vibrato yakus one s dvoh provіdnih іdeologіy naybіlsh rozvinutih suspіlstv svitu - kapіtalіzm chi sotsіalіzm. For Volodymyr tsimi EYAD visokorozvinenimi systems vіri, SSMSC potrapili to yogo Zora field, boules Christianity that іslam, tobto relіgії kraїn quiet, s yakimi Rus small th of Namangan utrimati yakn aytіsnіshі torgovelnі that polіtichnі stosunki. Hoch in "Povіstі temporarily lіt" rozpovіdaєtsya, yak poslantsі Rusі vіdkinuli іslam through those scho vіn zaboronyav uzhivati ​​alkogolnі nápoje, th nachebto spinal vibіr on hristiyanstvі s Vіzantії, yak rozkіshnimi relіgіynimi rites viklikalo grip. Nasravdі z for Viborom Volodimira were concrete polichnichnye ekonomichnі chinniki.

Yak svyadchit hrestchennia Olga, Christianity vzhe put in korinnya in Kiev. Susіdstvo Rusі s pospіl хristіyanіzovannіi Bulgarians і nоnаvernenіmi Poles, that ugry Lisha hastened the process. Prote priinyattya hristianstva y Sama yogo vizantiyskogo riznonimu nasampered explained for polichichnimi reasons. In 987 r. For nadanu vizantіyskim emperators to help the stifled rebellion Volodimir becoming vimagati vidati for nyogo їhnju sister Anna. Poboyuyuchys, scho zgoda na shlyub iz "barbarian" stolen prestige імператорської династії, візантійці всіляко намагалися поправити ставище, домамагачучись воід Володимира прийняти християнство. Ale naveit pislya hrestchennia Volodimira at 988 r. Stinks robs, try to pull the whip. І all the same після того як русичі завоювали у Криму візантійське місто Hersones (Korsun), I love narestti vidbuvsya. In 988 r., Pragnuchi yaknaishvidshe ohrestiti svy people, Volodimir punishing pozaganyati yurbi kyan at the tributary of the Dnieper River. I'm afraid I'll whirl in there at once. Nezvazhayuchi to opir people, lamyasi yazichnitsky iodoli, and Natomist were the Christian churches. The church, the organisational structure of the servitude of the Buli by the tithe of the pre-ordained visits from Constantinople, did not deprive the broader accession of the autonomy, on the one hand, the tenth part of prince's pributkiv. Унаслідок цих нововведень значно зріс prestige of the Volodymyrovoi dynasties, which are now in the glory of the house of the Belarusian emperors.

The Volodymyr stosuns became the most common, but now they were lying before the Christian "rulers", with their little monarchs. Priinyattya Khristianstva little positivnі nalіdki d for vnutrishnogo zhitty kraїni. Оскільки вчення візанійської churches pіdtimuvalo monarch the right to vladu, київські князі знайшли в ній то ідеологічну опо-

Rus, as early as possible. Until then, the church in the folded internal pidporyadkovanistyu znayomila kievskikh governors with new models of management. And in the very region of Kyiv, Rusia, it was actively established, but I did not care less about the earlier spiritual culture, but I celebrated the splendor of splendor on culture and the gospodarka zhittya. Vzagali kauchu, zavdyaky epokhalnomu vibor Volodimir Russia became involved in the Christendom sunset, and not with the Ushimsky Descent. Tse zv'yazok zumivії її non-denominational іstorichny, suspilny i і culture of rozvitok. It is important to re-emphasize those, that is, Christianity came to Kyiv not from Rome, but from Vizantii. Zgodom, if vіdbuvsya relgіynyy rozkol mіzhi zimi dyma centers, Kiev became on the bic of Constantinople, vidkynuvshi Catholicism. So the bula was laid down the basis of the Maybutne zapeklikh confliktiv mizh Ukrainians that їхніми nаblizhchimi сусідами catholic vree - the Poles.

Yaroslav the Wise (1034-1054) . The death of Volodimir sprang up to the news of the brothers in the village of Ryurikovichi. For pidtrymkoyu polokіv senior blues Volodymyr Svyatopolk (often used to call yogo "Okayannim" ) attacking his youngest brothers Svyatoslav, Boris and Gliba , pobivav їх. Two of the remaining, young and especially popular among the people, the Orthodox Church was attached to the saints. Наслідуючи батька, інший син Володимира, Ярослав із Новгорода, at 1019 р. For the sake of the great Varangian Viaska, Svyatopolk. Prote did not give you any power. At the Yaroslav Pishev Vinyona Yogi brother Mstislav Horobryi, і, scho uniknuti bloodsucking, stinks waited rozdіliti volodіnnya mіzh soboju. Lishayuchis' in Novgorod, Yaroslav otrimuvav usi zemlі na zahіd vіd Dnipra, vodnochas zemlyi na khidid entered Mstislav, but moved from Tmutorokany to Chernigov. Kiev - tse nazvichajno it is important for obokh prince misto - deprived nichim. Тільки після смерті Mstislav at 1036 р. To the throne of Kyiv, Yaroslav, having become the диdom ruler of Rusí.

Trivala prince of Yaroslav is adopted in the apogee of the can of Kyiv Rusko. Vin rozvinuv і vnoskonaliv bagato zgo, scho zapochatkuvav Volodimir. Yak і yogo batko, Yaroslav prodovzhuv rozshiryuvati cordons his and without that velikozhny volody: vin vidvoyuvav na zadlyi zapolni, poepleni Poles in period otdnishnogo confusion, pidkoriv novy biltіyskі tribes and nareshti rozgromiv pechenigiv. In the result of the zyvoy zavoyuvan Volodya Yaroslav stretched out from Baltiyskogo to the Black Sea ta vid. Oka to the Carpathian Mountains. One of the yogo voennnyi dosyagnennya zatmariv nevdaliy pohid on Constantinople, yak, until the speech, buv ostanynu vynoyu rusichiv proti Vizantii. Київ підтримував з Constantinople заглалом дружні взаємини.

In serednyovіchnyi Єvropi I understand the prestige of the can and dynasties of the bula, the readiness of the ini- tial dynasties to enter into it with the love of zvjazyka. For tsією міркою prestige of Yaroslav and i spravdі mav buti great. Druzhina yoga bula Swede princess, one of the yogi sisters picked up the Polish king, іншу - візантійський цревич; Three yoginov synov disembarked with the European princesses, and three daughters vyisli zamizh for the French, Norvezky, and Ugric kings. It is not marvelous, but often I call Yaroslav "the father-in-law of Europe" .

Prote yogo gutchna glory spiralsya peremodus on dosyagnennya y vnutrinshnyi poli (titsi.) Zavdyaki yogo pidtrimtsi shvidko zstastala tserkva. Monastic, monsters were set up), they were peredovyuvalisya on oseredki kul'turi, the population became dalalі urbanizovannym i osvіchenіshim. Especially pleased with the prince budivnitsvtom church. For the hour of the yogo rule, the "goldoverthrogh" of Kyivan priests is 400 churches. Naybіshim діамантом у цій короні був Cathedral of St. Sophia, buildings for the Temple of the Sophia in Constantinople. Svidchennyam princely turbot about the church was the same, at 1051 r. Vіn more firmly recognizing the Metropolitan of Kiev Rusyn Ilyarion. Deykі istoriki rozglyadayut tseak zapeperchennya Kiivom church superficial of Constantinople. Prote, viznyuchi fact vrazhayuchogo rozvitku ruskoї church, bilshist disciples stverdzhuyut, sho patriiarkh konstantinopolskiy nevertheless zberigav supremacy over kiev's metropolitan.

Alya dosyagnenyam, z yakim chi not naytіsnіsya ob'yazuyutsya ім'я Ярослава і for yak yogo nicknamed Mudrim, became zglednya zagalnopriyanytih u ti chasi kakonіv u єdinu "Rus'ka pravda" , yaka became the legal code of the usiia kraїni. In nіі існуючі the laws are not less systematized, alle i podkudi zmіnjuvalisya, scho svidchilo about vzrostostyuchu turbot ruler about zhittya yogo piddanikh. So, the blood pomsta zamenyuvalasya penny compensations, scho її vstanovlyuvav prince chi yogo nimesniki. Ці та інші приклади підтверджують those who, in the first hour of the first contact of the Dneprs'yansk tribes, with aggressive warriors-merchants, Scandinavia, the Kyivstroi Rusi Chimraz, have more accommodations, zbagachuvalosya, urbanized.

Kiev Cathedral of St. Sophia XI century. (Reconstruction)

Kiev Cathedral of St. Sophia XI century. (Reconstruction)

Unscratchingly before the death, Yaroslav tried to rozv'yati problem, yak tormented yogo and yogi dad Volodymyr, and Same: yak zabibigi mizhusobnіy borotibi for kiev's throne , scho, yak, as a rule, spalahuvala nislya deaths prince mizh yogo siny. In the case of rospodil lands and political authorities, the principle of seniority in the borders of the motherland has been applied. For the eldest singer Іжаславом Ярослав закріплював Київ і Novgorod із навколишніми територіями; Another, Svyatoslav , vddavav Chernigov, the third, Vsevolod , - Pereyaslav; The fourth, Vyacheslav , - Smolensky, and the young, Igoru , - VolodimirVo Linsky. Shchoyno in the yakomus iz tsikh duchizvstv zvіlnyavsya throne, brother of a brother, behind the idea of ​​Yaroslav, descending to the schalka, the docks of the dug-outs without reaching the top of the whole system - kiev's throne. Nadauchi in such a way to the skinny sinovi mozhnivist rule in Kiev, Yaroslav spodіvavsya unikuti zapeklikh sіmeynih chvar, yakі vіn kolis buv utyagnuti.

Хоча деякий час system ротації влади діяла perevozhno zavdyaki spivrobitnitstvu mіzh triom nistarshimi siny - Іяславом, Святославом i Vsevolod, nezbarom vona zіtknalasya з beside pereshkoд. Nayserioznіshuyu bula ta, scho iedeia rotatsiї vladi superechila іnshomu gliboko vkorіnennuyu principle - shedkoєmstva vіd batka to sina. The blue of the deceased princely dukes became dumbfounded with the right to hijack the homeland of their fathers and did not go to the dads. Vnasledok tsiogo characteristic risoy gorosroslavovoy pro like steel zapekli in essence mizh plemennikami y uncles. Until then, iz zbilshennyam numbers of princes gnaws all bishel rozgorilisya.

At dodatok to zrotastyuchih sotsіalnih superechok, in 1068 r. Kiyani, nezdovolenі pravlіnnyam Іzaslava, drove the yogi, planted natomіst yogo plemenniku Vseslav. І Хоча за допомогою поляків Ізяслав turned the ninth priboryavv rebeltsіv, події 1068 р. They began in the East, commemorating the documentary "revolution" on the Ukrainian land. Until then, over the Ukrainian cordons, a long-standing zaroza was hanging around the steppe, which Russia had to suffer torment all the time. Kochovi tribes polovtsiv (kumaniv), maynishih for pechenigiv, committed a number of attacks, nezbezpechno pizhodko pidhodachi to Kieva i unemozlimlyuyuchi ruch Torgovelnyh caravans on Dnipro. The blame for the deeds of the assaults lay on the princes themselves. Nespozhmozhny vlasnim kostom zibrati dostatno stronger vіys'ko, chimalo young prince, pozbavleny right sludkoyemstva in sistemy rotacii vladi (їх nazivali ізгоями), in ботьбі з supernikami clicked on the підмомо полловців.

Kupolna mosaic to the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev

Volodimir Monomakh (1113-1125) . At the same time, nezvazhayuchi nі na shcho, Rus zmogla znagla v sobi sily podalati riot. On the arena there is a new noble dyach - Volodimir Monomakh, the blues of the Grand Duke Vsevolod (the title of the Grand Dukes of the Kievan rulers was appropriated by the XI century). Before that, one could see the Grand Duke's throne, having played an important role in the newly created order in the territory. Monomakh has become one of the organizers of the most powerful princes in Lyubichi pіd Kiivom in 1097 rubles, they have been kidding, hoch and іnless, mozhnostіі припинити братовбивчі конфікіti, пропонучи запровидити в більшості prініівств system of decadent succession. Protey nyakogo kompromіsu not vdalosya dosyagti schodo most Kieva, kotri so i lishavsya yablukom rozbratu. Guchnu fame and popularity have won Volodimirov Monomakh yogo peremozhni, like the polovtsiv. Переказують, ніби Мономах 83 рази, об'єднавши were the best princes and mobilized the population, vystupavv protiv them і знищив 200 половецьких вождів. Especially in distant boules, walk 1103, 1107 and 1111 rivers. The stinkers became the most beautiful places in the trivalovyi Borotby Kiyova with the steppe kochoviks. Svidchennyam populyarnosti Volodimira Monomakha boulo te, scho pislja morti yogo batka kiyani rebelled, vimagayuchi, schom Monomakh having borrowed the Grand Duke's throne, hoch vin i not bov bezposerednim sdkodoemtsem. I deprived the 60-rіchny Monomakh of giving the statue to the Grand Duke, the insurrection clung to them. Through the force of their magnificent authority, the new ruler was forced to obedicate the liberty of the rossorhenye ruskikh lands. З тих пір already ніколи на Русі не пануватимуть такі єдність і згода, yak for Monomakh. Yogo takozh turbuvali zrostayuchy sotsialnyi protirichchchya piddanikh means. Vidnovivshi order in the rosetted insurgents of Kiev, vin zavoyuvav sobi pidtrimku boyars that bagatyh merchants. Vin prisluhavsya before the skagen of the lower vestments, systematizing their own legal code of law, that obovyozyaki, zavdyaki chomu bishe zrosla yogo populistinost y narod. Svidchennyam addition, naskilki seryozno sprimav Monomakh suspilny problemy, слова words please, z yakimi vin zvernuvsya to sinіv nezdovgo to death: "And over the mustache do not forget the poor ... and do not let the strong destroy the people ... Takozh i bіdnogo smerd, and vbogu Widow did not give me strong offense. " Sinovi Volodimir Monomakh Mstislavov, all the triathletes succeeded in buying rusk zemli zta zberigati the dominion over the deedal by the greater number of princes. Alya vіn buv ostannіm kievskim ruler, yakomu pіlo pіd force. Yogi died in 1132 r. I learned kynets історичної преб, in якій Київ відігравав the role of the main center of the Rus' lands, and laid the cobs of periodic polystyrene rozdrobenosty.

Інтер'єр to the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Києві