Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Gospodarska dіyalnіst

In naydavnіshih Jerel Kiїvskoї Rusі Vikings Vpershe zgaduyutsya sama yak vіdchaydushnі th rozbishakuvatі kuptsі. In VIII-ЇH Art. od svoїh settlements in Baltіyskomu uzberezhzhі stink on volzkomu Rukh high road on the way up to Skhid Kaspіyskogo sea, de come into contact the merchant s musulmanskogo svitu. On ЇH st., If the center torgіvlі peremіstivsya on Pivden, to Constantinople, head of Kyiv shopping arterієyu for becoming slavnozvіsny Way "іz varyagіv from the Greeks." Vіdtak zamorska torgіvlya became skladati basis ekonomіchnoї Sistemi Kiїvskoї Rusі.

Tom does not vipadkovo scho Persha formally lands, ukladenoyu kiїvskimi rulers, becoming dogovіr Prince Oleg Vіzantієyu h (911 p.), S Yakim zgіdno Ruthenian merchants have Konstantinopolі stvoryuvalisya Nadzvychaina sytuatsia spriyatlivі minds. Coley in XII-XIII Art. in rezultatі pograbuvannya Constantinople hrestonostsyami that part napadіv kochovikіv on torgovі Roads Ahead for Dnіpru becoming zanepadati obmіn s Vіzantієyu, dedalі bіlshogo values ​​of Kyiv for nabuvali torgovelnі znosini іz Zahіdnoyu Єvropoyu scho bunt rank yshli through Krakіv - Prague - Regensburg.

On protivagu serednovіchnomu Sunset, de land aristocracy uhilyalasya od torgovelnoї dіyalnostі in Kiїvskіy Rusі torgіvleyu actively Ziman not deprivation of the boyars, and the second prince himself. Bіlshu Chastain rock Pershi pravitelі vitrachali on zbіr Danini in blizkih i distant lands svoїh volodіn on transported її up of Kyiv that on sporyadzhennya velikoї flotilії scho Dnіprom was carrying to Constantinople nevіlnikіv, hutra, Lion, honey, vіsk that Inshyj goods, yaky obmіnyuvavsya on the subject rozkoshіv. Navіt if knyazі th boyars Stavan bіlsh osіlimi th tidied at vlasnіst velikі zemelnі volodіnnya, Chastina-valued produktsії їhnіh Gospodarstwa priznachalasya for chuzhozemnih rinkіv. For zanyattya torgіvleyu іsnuvali rіznomanіtnі mozhlivostі, oskіlki in Ruthenian mіstah sformuvavsya numerical prosharok kuptsіv and Yogo naybіlsh vplivovі th zamozhnі predstavniki were zamorsku torgіvlyu th koristuvalisya odnakovimi s boyars polіtichnimi that Yurydychna rights. Ale in velicheznіy bіlshostі yogo skladali just drіbnі kramarі, SSMSC torguvali on vnutrіshnomu th Rinku often viziskuvalisya that enslaves zamozhnіshimi merchants.

For otsіnkami Suchasnyj scientists, ІZ 15% of the population Rusі linger in mіskih oseredkah. Yak zasvіdchuyut lіtopisi have kraїnі nalіchuvalosya blizko 240 mіst i Villages. Prote tsіlkom іmovіrno scho ere 150 іz their factuality are themselves ukrіplenі settlements napіvzemlerobskogo common people. Sered mayzhe 90 great Villages i mіst naybіlshim CCB, posture every sumnіvom, Kiev. Before the Mongol-tatarskoї Navali chiselnіst yogo meshkantsіv becomes blizko 35-40 yew. (London dosyag such figures deprivation through rokіv 100). For porіvnyannya, takі vazhlivі center, yak Chernіgіv that Pereiaslav, Volodymyr-Volins'ka, Lviv i Galich, nalіchuvali not bіlshe 4-5 yew. zhitelіv Leather. Population Tsikh mіst perevazhno skladalosya s drіbnih torgovtsіv that remіsnikіv, oskіlki great poshirennya Nabeul crafts. So, Kiєvі Bulo presented from 40 to 60 rіznih crafts nayvazhlivіshimi Sered them boule teslyarstvo, kovalstvo, pottery that kozhum'yatstvo.

Deyakі іstoriki pіdkreslyuyut komertsіynu spryamovanіst Economy Kiїvskoї Rusі. INSHI on protivagu їm, shall communicate, scho її basis becomes zemlerobstvo. Well Tsієї pillows trimayutsya vidatnі doslіdniki Michael Grushevskogo Ukrainian, Dmytro Bagalіy that Yaroslav Pasternak, and takozh provіdnі radyanskі fahіvtsі s tsogo supply. Pong vvazhayut, scho boule oskіlki slov'yani traditsіyno lyudom zemlerobskim then maloymovіrno scho stink at the last trump Kiїvsku Dobou zmіnili sposіb Zhittya. Dodatkovim pіdtverdzhennyam tsієї gіp Conjecture Je chastі zgadki about zemlerobsku dіyalnіst on Rusі in lіtopisah agrarian calendar that orієntovanіst mіfologії davnіh slov'yan i scho nayperekonlivіshe - arheologіchnі znahіdki.

Nedavnі rozkopki viyavili, scho in X v. on Ukraїnі koristuvalisya zalіznim Lemeshi i scho here, yak i in Zahіdnіy Єvropі, dіstala poshirennya vіdnosno Progressive dvoі tripіlna sіvozmіni system (for yakoyu one another chi one third ornoї zemlі deprives pid steam). Kultivuvalisya perevazhno wheat, oats, corn is the yachmіn. Digit poshirennya Sered villagers on Rusі Nabeul vigodіvlya thinness. Tse no deprivation zabezpechuvalo їh m'yasom that milk, ale th for shkіroyu odyagu i VZUTTYA. Those w sama mozhna skazati rozvedennya about horses, pigs, sheep, geese, chickens i golubіv. Vikoristannya volіv umozhlivlyuvalo zemlerobstvo in Shirshov scale. Hoch villagers Mali Vlasnyi remanent, neobhіdny for obrobki zemlі, stink, yak usually ob'єdnuvalisya in collectives, abo communities (to them were krevnі rodichі kіlkoh pokolіn on cholі Zi starіyshinoyu) dopomagayuchi one to one. Pіznіshe community vinikala on osnovі spіlnostі teritorії, ob'єdnuyuchi susіdіv not pov'yazanih Creveney.

Yakscho ekonomіka Rusі th Bula nasampered sіlskogospodarskoyu, the yak is prihilniki tsogo pіdhodu poyasnyuyut viniknennya great mіskih i torgovelnih tsentrіv? Vіdomy Radyans'ka teachings Michael Tikhomirov, look yakogo podіlyayut bagato yogo Radyans'ka more farmers, stverdzhuє, scho will appear numerically crafts zooms rozvitok i have all vіdchutnіshy progressive sіlskomu gospodarstvі - vіdtak in the Great zoseredzhennya crafts vinikali Mista. Vіn viznaє scho s appeared mіst vazhlivu role in їhnomu pіdnesennі became vіdіgravati torgіvlya against not zamorska and Perche for all mіzh mіstom that agrarian provіntsієyu.

Zvazhayuchi on perekonlivі argument pribіchnikіv yak "torgovelnoї" since i "sіlskogospodarskoї" іnterpretatsіy ekonomіchnoї іstorії Kiїvskoї Rusі, suchasnі іstoriki minutes here skhilnі Iti on kompromіs. Pogodzhuyuchis scho Prince, yogo squad that naybagatshі kuptsі boule zaіnteresovanі peredusіm in zhvavіy that pributkovіy zamorskіy torgіvlі, yak Especially protsvіtala to the XII century., Stink takozh viznayut, scho in perevazhnіy svoїy bіlshostі population Kiїvskoї Rusі Ziman sіlskim Gospodarstwa.