Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Polsko-litovska unіya

W uregulyuvannyam Halytska konflіktu provіdnі polіtiki Polschі that Lithuania zrozumіli scho їh ob'єdnuyut vazhlivі spіlnі Interests. Obidvі Kraina perebuvali pid zagrozoyu agresivny planіv Tevtonskogo Order scho panuvav on. Baltіyskomu uzberezhzhі. Visnazhena to the edge svoєyu ekspansієyu on skhodі, Lithuania has been viewed nezdatnoyu repairs opіr nіmtsyam on pіvnochі. The I already foldable situatsіya pogіrshuvalasya Shvidky zrostannyam mogutnostі th prestige Maskovskiy knyazіvstva scho zagrozhuvalo Zi immediately. Tim hour Poles nezadovolenі dinastichnimi zv'yazkami s ugortsyami i pragnuchi zavolodіti іnshimi ukraїnskimi lands Suka novih mozhlivostey for zdіysnennya svoїh namіrіv. At the time of Tsei tycoon Pіvdenno-Shіdnoї Polschі visunuli nespodіvanu propozitsіyu: uklasti unіyu mіzh flattered that Lithuania odruzhivshi polsku queen Yadvіgu s novim litovskim Grand Duke Jagiello (Jagiello).

In 1385 r. y slim bіloruskomu mіstі obidvі Kraina UCLA Krevsku unіyu. For the hand of Queen Yadvіgi i scho vіrogіdnіshe, for the title of King Jagiello once Polschі іz vikonannyam іnshih minds zobov'yazavsya Screw litovtsіv in Catholicism and zemlі Lithuania that Ukraine "on vіki vіchnі" priєdnati to Polskoї crown.

Prinaymnі s formal side vihodilo so Niby for the title of King Jagiello Polschі pogodzhuvavsya lіkvіduvati Velike knyazіvstvo. Ale, Square od lands polskih magnatіv s Jagiello, a great knyazіvstvo Litovske deprives dostatno mogutnіm i zhittєdіyalnim and know litovska - Nadto vpevnenoyu in svoїh power dwellers dozvoliti Polschі poglinuti currently. Litovska th ukraїnska opozitsіya Poles zgurtuvalasya Navkolo talanovitogo chestolyubnogo second cousin Prince Jagiello Vіtautasa (Vіtovta), Cauterets in 1392 p. zmusiv King viznati yogo factuality of Vlad the Great knyazіvstvom. Hoch Polscha th Lithuania boule pov'yazanі mіzh him Krevskoyu unієyu for Vіtautasa Lithuania zberіgala Vlasnyi nezalezhnіst. Kіlka razіv Vіtautas factuality robiv sprobi rozіrvati zv'yazki s flattered th zdobuti sobі korolіvsky title. The I hoch tsі sprobi failed, stink dosit perekonlivo svіdchili about those naskіlki mіtsno prodovzhuvala trimatisya in sіdlі ukraїnska litovska know that the Great knyazіvstva.

For feodalіv of Ukrainian (at tsomu people vipadku unlikely Chi MAV yakes polіtichne value) zberezhennya avtonomії Great knyazіvstva Bulo cope velikoї crowbars, oskіlki litovtsі on vіdmіnu od polyakіv, viznavali їh for rіvnih sobі. Bіlshe addition, dvoh vipadkah Vіtautas prodovzhuvav Especially Mila yogo insertions of Ukrainian vasalіv polіtiku. Vіn vіdnovlyuє an opened Algerdas prosuvannya on Skhid, dwellers "zbirati ruskі zemlі" and takozh іz namіrom pіdkoriti rozrіznenі zalishki Zolotoї Ordi yde on Pivden i parallel zvodit ukrіplen system for Zahist svoїh pіddanih od kochovikіv. Ale of order іz CIM volovy Vіtautas vdaєtsya to zahodіv scho Cudi less then іmponuvali ukraїntsyam. Abi zrozumіti їhnє value slіd in zagalnih risah oharakterizuvati polіtichny ustrіy Great knyazіvstva.

Polіtika great knyazіv litovskih. Bike knyazіvstvo Litovske Pevnyi mіroyu nagaduvalo Kiїvsku Russia. Vono are themselves a number napіvnezalezhnih knyazіvstv, yakimi rights of members dinastії Gedimіnasіv. Knyazіvstva tsі prilyagali to Mista Vіlnyusa - stolyci knyazіvstva that rezidentsії great knyazіv. Prote іsnuvala great vіdmіnnіst, Especially for pomіtna knyazyuvannya Vіtautasa scho has allowed Litvі uniknuti tієї rozdroblenostі, yakoї arrogant Kyivska Rus: velikі knyazі litovskі boule tsіlkom uniquely supreme ruler, and not just from the Perche Sered rіvnih dinastії. At 1390 x Rokach, the camp dwellers zakrіpiti Taqiy speeches Vіtautas carry out a series of reforms. Yogo nepokoїlo those scho bagato knyazіv іz Dinastії Gedimіnasіv, kotrі ukraїnіzuvalisya, let nastіlki gliboke korіnnya in svoїh land scho steel proymatisya mіstsevimi іnteresami bіlshe, nіzh cope Great knyazіvstva in tsіlomu. Deyakі navіt pіdozryuvalisya separatistskih have configured.

Dwellers vipraviti situatsіyu, Vіtautas postіyno translation knyazіv s one volodіn to іnshih, pozbavlyayuchi їh mіstsevoї pіdtrimki. So, Fedir Lyubartovich Mayetok for maєtkom CCB pozbavleny svoїh Bhagat Volins'ka land. Natomіst Yomou zaproponuvali Cudi Mensch privablive Novgorod Sіverske knyazіvstvo (vіn yak i without thinking priynyati) at the auction Volodymyr Algerdovicha, and that in his Cherga dіstav menshі volodіnnya. Yakscho Well Prince opiravsya, yak, napriklad, Fedir Korіatovich Podіlsky, Vіtautas zvinuvachuvav yogo in nepokorі attacking Demba Zi svoїm vіyskom i zmushuvav tіkati in vignannya. On Location napіvnezalezhnih knyazіv Vіtautas priznachav Vlasnyi uryadnikіv often іz number netitulovanih boyars, SSMSC volodіli land 's Grand Duke's affection. " Zmіni Torquay navіt drіbnih boyars. Dwellers zberegti svoї zemlі, stink boule zobov'yazanі vіdbuvati vіyskovu service of the Grand Duke. So become aware ukraїnska ob'єktom silnoї tsentralіzovanoї Vladi, ranіshe їy nevіdomoї.

Such polіtika viklikala Sered ukraїntsіv povsyudne nevdovolennya, i podalshі podії boule slit zagrozlivіshimi. In 1413 r. Jagiello in Gorodnі domovivsya s Vіtautasom daruvati litovskim boyars Catholics takі Well shirokі rights SSMSC nezadovgo before zdobula sobі polska gentry. Dwellers priskoriti vtіlennya tsogo 47 polskih Gentry homelands zaproponuvali Well this number litovskih Boyarka rodіv zapozichiti їhnі Herbie. Prote іz zblizhennyam polskoї that litovskoї znatі posilyuvavsya RPPOs mіzh znattyu litovskoyu that ukraїnskoyu. Podіl on katolikіv Orthodox i scho Winick at the Great knyazіvstvі vnaslіdok Krevskoї unії 1385 p. Now pogliblyuvavsya suspіlnimi th polіtichnimi privіleyami katolikіv. Nevdovolennya CIM encampment Orthodox seredovischі virvalosya on the surface at 1430 p. pіslya smertі Vіtautasa.

In addition rotsі Well, spirayuchis on pіdtrimku deyakih litovskih magnatіv, scho not skhvalyuvali tіsnih zv'yazkіv іz flattered ukraїntsі addressing the Grand Duke molodshogo brother of King Jagiello - Svydrygailo, sіverskogo Prince Zi Shіdnoї Ukraine. SOCA svoє katolitske vіroviznannya Tsey adventuristic i dosit ineptly have polіtitsі Prince zavzhdi pіdtrimuvav tіsnі zv'yazki s Ukrainian pravoslav'yam i nezabarom pіslya Svoge obrannya giving clear zrozumіti, scho Got Namir obmezhiti chi navіt Porvatov Uzi s flattered. Poboyuyuchis utratiti access to velicheznih skhіdnih land away to the Poles Sealy, okupuvavshi Podillja that Volyn. Namagayuchis pіdіrvati Vlad Svydrygailo zseredini, stink organіzuvali Sered litovtsіv propolsku partіyu, yak ogolosila nedіysnim obrannya Svydrygailo Grand Duke i Turning natomіst

Sigіzmunda Starodubskogo, molodshogo brother Vіtautasa. Vnaslіdok tsogo in 1432 p. Bike knyazіvstvo rozkololosya two witch Tabora naselenі Lithuanians zemlі steel bіk Sigіzmunda, todі yak ukraїntsі pіdtrimali Svydrygailo.

Power scho rozdіlyali tsі two Tabor Mali virіshalne values. Chi prodovzhuvatime іsnuvati unіya Lithuania s flattered? Chi zberіgshi Svydrygailo on prestolі, ukraїntsі domіnuvatimut in Great knyazіvstvі? Chi otrimayut Poles access to velicheznih of Ukrainian lands Great knyazіvstva? Pіslya kіlkoh bezladnih sutichok boule rozpochatі negotiations, yakih uzyali mountain Sigіzmund i propolska partіya. Nada pravoslavnіy znatі odnakovі s Catholic law Sigіzmund privernuv on svіy bіk Bagan oh of Ukrainian prihilnikіv Svydrygailo. Zastosuvavshi tactics of terror, napriklad slept live bait smolenskogo Metropolitan Gerasim, vіn іsche bіlshe zaohotiv vіdstupnitstvo. Vnaslіdok tsogo konflіktu pid flattered potrapila slit one ukraїnska land - Podillia. Prote Volyn, population yakoї chinilo baked opіr polskim zagarbnikam, lishilasya in skladі Great knyazіvstva. So chi іnakshe, polsky vpliv i TISK Items marked negatively on the peace ranіshe vzaєminah mіzh Lithuanians that ukraїntsyami.

In seredinі XV century. stosunki mіzh litovskoyu that ukraїnskoyu znattyu pogіrshilisya, Especially pіslya of yak Novi Grand Duke Casimir Yagellonovich provіv a series of reforms to spryamovanih tsetralіzatsіyu Vladi. In 1452 r. okupovana litovskimi vіyskami Volyn has been viewed on polsky zrazok peretvorena on zvichaynu provіntsіyu pid upravlіnnyam sergeant Grand Duke. In 1471 r. podіbna share spіtkala th Kyiv іz lay teritorіyami. Marneur Domagala ukraїntsі of dwellers TAKE LUXURY Misto, yak Kiev, little chi samoupravlіnnya prinaymnі dwellers him ruled by princes and not the constable without the title - reshtki derzhavnostі Kiїvskoї Rusі that ukrajins'koho samoupravlіnnya Shvydko th nezvorotno znikali.

Pіdnesennya Moscow. Yakscho velikі knyazі litovskі not duzhe turbuvalisya Tim dwellers zberegti prihilnіst svoїh of Ukrainian pіddanih then velikі knyazі moskovskі, navpaki, Plekan їhnyu prihilnіst. A stench boule teper power, s yakoyu nalezhalo rahuvatisya. Protyagom pokolіn, zapobіgayuchi affection svoїh volodarіv - hanіv Zolotoї Ordi, knyazі moskovskі posіli provіdne Location Sered rosіyskih knyazіvstv. Іz hour pershіst its stench peretvorili Vlad: vіdtak at 1474 p. Moskvі pіdkorilosya knyazіvstvo Rostovske, in 1478 r.- Novgorod іz Bhagat yogo th neozorimi volodіnnyami, and in 1485 r.- ostannіy seryozny supernik - Tverske knyazіvstvo. Mayuchi pid svoєyu zverhnіstyu mayzhe all Pіvnіchny Skhid, Moscow in 1480 p. vіkove thrown off the Mongol-tatarske іgo. Poshirennya ekspansії Moscow viklikalo neobhіdnіst vipravdovuvati ЇЇ. Thus Postal doctrine so the title of "Third Rome". In nіy progoloshuvalosya, scho th pіslya padіnnya Rome Constantinople Moskvі Bulo priznacheno become the third vіchnoyu, sacred i vsesvіtnoyu іmperієyu. Vodnochase Maskovskiy Prince Ivan III tidied sobі title of "sovereign vsієї Rusі" First Vote, scho OAO All zemlі kolishnoї Kiїvskoї Rusі toil teper nalezhati Moskvі.

Lithuania gliboko nepokoїli dії that word Moscow. At 1490 x Rokach, if vіysko rosіyan nablizilosya to litovskih knyazіvstv bilja Chernіgova, їhnі pravoslavnі pravitelі dobrovіlno viznali zverhnіst Moscow. Buli th INSHI Find our order yakoyu privablivoyu Stavan to Moscow of Ukrainian feodalіv Litovskoї powers. Descho ranіshe, in 1481 p., Prince Fedir Bєlsky, ukraїnіzovany ONUC Algerdas, zmovivsya s kіlkoma Orthodox princes to drive todіshnogo Grand Duke litovskogo i polskogo King Casimir IV i send out to the Ukrainian zemlі pid Vlad Moscow. Zmovu Bulo rozkrito, d hoch Bєlskomu vtekti away to Moscow, іnshih uchasnikіv skhopili i strata.

Sche nebezpechnіshy vibuh nevdovolennya ukraїnskoї znatі puts at 1508 p, if Michael Glinsky -. Vplivovy i talanovity tycoon іz zahіdnoєvropeyskoyu osvіtoyu - organіzuvav against the Grand Duke Sigіzmunda insurrection of Ukrainian kozakіv i gentry. In zaklikah pribіchnikіv vіn to talk about neobhіdnіst Zahist "gretskoї vіri" she vіdnovlennya Kiїvskogo knyazіvstva. Against non vstig Tsei ruh poshiritisya / yak stronger polsko-litovske vіysko zmusilo Glinskogo vtekti to Moscow. Insurrection in 1508 p. Bulo viznachnim not tіlki yak viyav nevdovolennya ukraїntsіv Great knyazіvstva and second tim, scho ukraїnska verhіvka vostannє znayshla in sobі vnutrіshnyu vpevnenіst, dwellers Zi zbroєyu vistupiti on Zahist svoїh rights.

Krymska Khanate. The I already gostrі problemi uskladnyuvalisya appeared on pіvdnі novoї zagrozi. Pid hour povіlnogo zanepadu Zolotoї Ordi її kochovі Vasa - the Tatars, scho inhabited Prichornomorske uzberezhzhya, vіdokremilisya, utvorivshi Krymska Khanate pid upravlіnnyam dinastії Gіreїv. Nezvazhayuchi to those scho krimskі Hani that їhnі odnoplemіnniki - nogaї - panuvali on velicheznih Stepovaya expanses, scho prostyagalisya od Kubanі to Dniester Basin, їm not pid force Bulo pіdkoriti bagatі genuezkі that gretskі torgovelnі Mista on Krymska uzberezhzhі. Tom stench Shuka Relief odnovіrtsіv Muslim nedavnіh zavoyovnikіv Constantinople - ottomanskih turkіv. In 1475 r. ottomanskі udarnі Sealy zahopili Cafu th bіlshіst іnshih coastal mіst. Teper Mogutnov th Shvydko INCREASING Ottomanska іmperіya svіy small bridgehead on Ukraїnі, yaky Won rozshirila in 1478 p., Zmusivshi Khan Menglі Gіreya priynyati ottomanskogo rule of the Sultan. Prote krimskі Hani zberіgali digit avtonomіyu th often spent polіtiku scho naykrasche vіdpovіdala їhnіm іnteresam. Sered naygolovnіshih її krokіv boule chastі attacks on susіdnі Ukrainian zemlі s metoyu zahoplennya nevіlnikіv (Yasser) potіm yakih sold at the market Kafi th Constantinople. The I znovu nebezpeka іz steppe hung over osіlim lyudom scho yogo linger on borders.