Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

RELІGІYA TA CULTURE

Borotba for zberezhennya kulturnoї samobutnostі has long been a odnієyu s main themes in іstorії ukraїntsіv. Postіyno perebuvayuchi pid Vladoiu chuzhozemnih Powers stink neodnorazovo conceited sprob asimіlyatsії panіvnoyu culture. In the XVI century. Zi start at Orthodox ukraїntsіv bezposerednє susіdstvo s Catholics-Poles mіzh them Pocha GOSTR supernitstvo scho rozgorіlosya in relіgіynu i cultural vіynu. Rozvivayuchis yak Borotba peredusіm mіzh pravoslav'yam that Catholicism (from one hour to vsіh єvropeytsіv relіgіya has been viewed mainly іdeologіchnim Power) won poklal cob pershіy in ukraїnskіy іstorії velikіy іdeologіchnіy diskusії. Torkayuchis viklyuchno relіgіynih power (napriklad, KOTRA s Church spravdі zabezpechuє spasіnnya dushі - Orthodox Chi katolitska) won takozh porushuvala problem, scho Zgoda camp vіchnoyu in ukraїnskіy іstorії and the Same: Bywater chi to death, chi zdatna vizhiti cultured spadschina ukraїntsіv.

That ecclesiastical cultural Zhittya

In XV-XVI century., Yak i for chasіv Kiїvskoї Rusі, pravoslav'ya deprives sinonіmom culture. Yogo role in ukraїnskomu suspіlstvі zrostala: for vіdsutnіstyu vlasnoї powers Tserkva sluguvala for ukraїntsіv єdinim іnstitutom virazhennya їhnoї samobutnostі. However todі sama, if required in the vіdchuvalasya silnіy i nadihayuchіy pravoslavnіy tserkvі, won at the camp porinula glibokogo zanepadu. Bіlshe, i nіzh Catholicism Protestantism, pravoslav'ya perebuvalo pid Zahist i patronage powers. Tse little Location for chasіv Kiїvskoї Rusі that Halytska-Volins'ka knyazіvstva. Ale pіdtrimuvati tіsnі stosunki mіzh Orthodox Church st katolitskimi rulers Polschі that Lithuania Bulo vazhko, Yakscho vzagalі mozhlivo. Vipeschuyuchi katolitsky kostol, mozhnovladtsі vvazhali Orthodox Church movbi for nerіdne child.

Potrapivshi pid Vlad Lithuania, Mali ukraїntsі OAO All pіdstavi for optimіzmu schodo vlasnoї church. Do not deprive bazhayuchi svoїh number of Orthodox pіddanih pid rule Maskovskiy Metropolitan, 1458 at p. velikі knyazі litovskі vіdnovili mitropolіyu in Kiєvі. Ohoplyuyuchi ten єpiskopstv on Ukraїnі that in Bіlorusії, new mitropolіya rozіrvala tserkovnі zv'yazki s Muscovy turning pid rule konstantinopolskogo patrіarha. Ale, dotrimuyuchis togochasnoї practice velikі knyazі and Zgoda i korolі polskі, cleaned sobі right protection, tobto zmogli priznachati Orthodox єpiskopіv i navіt of Metropolitan. Otozh, Cheema vazhlivih ecclesiastical power became virіshuvatisya mirskimi rulers, scho nalezhali to іnshoї all bіlsh vorozhoї pravoslav'yu church.

Tse little katastrofіchnі naslіdki. Right svіtskoї Vladi priznachati єpiskopіv pіdіrvalo metropolitan authority. And those scho cutaneous self єpiskop ustanovlyuvav vlasnі laws, Shvydko rozhituvalo organіzatsіynu distsiplіnu pravoslavnoї church. Sche zgubnіshoyu Bula koruptsіya, porodzhuvana patronage svіtskoї Vladi. Novovisvyachenі on svyaschenikіv shukachі tarry often pіdkupom zdobuvali san єpiskopa, vіdtak otrimuyuchi mozhlivіst plyundruvati svoї єparhії, rozprodayuchi іkoni, koshtovnostі that zemlі. Zgoda navіt zvichaynі feudal Pocha prodavatsya roztashovanі їhnіh on lands that parafії monastirі fact hto bіlshe pay abo vіdpisuvati їh svoїm relatives, scho is not right spadschini Somalia. Negіdno occasion navіt nayvische clergy. So, Metropolitan Onesiphorus Dіvochka CCB zvinuvacheny in dvoєzhenstvі; єpiskop Kyrylo Terletsky hocks stand trial for pіdozroyu in vbivstvі, zґvaltuvannі th shook, ale CCB vipravdany; єpisKop Іon Borzobogaty vimagav the congregation fee for vіdvіduvannya church. Beruchi butt іz svoїh ієrarhіv, parafіyalnі a priest about the so Ganebnyi scho suchasniki skarzhilisya, Niby Sered them can Bulo zustrіti samі deprivation "lyudskі Pokidko" SSMSC skorіshe pіdut to the tavern, nіzh to the church.

Churches Fortress on Podіllі XV century

Churches Fortress on Podіllі XV century.

For such minds cultural vpliv pravoslav'ya CCB Velma obmezheny. School, tsі kolis naybіlsh privablivі place the church, boules zanedbanі. Malogramotnі vchitelі Ledwith could navchiti dіtey from Scripture, subtracting that katehіzisu. Іz chasіv serednovіchchya little scho zmіnilosya in programі shkіlnogo navchannya. Zavoyuvannya Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 p. poglibilo іntelektualny that cultural zastіy i pozbavilo Orthodox Church naybіlsh th best nadihayuchogo vzіrtsya.

Vtrativshi vnutrіshnі that zovnіshnі incentives Orthodox culture in cattle obryadovіst, obmezhenіst that zanepad.

Tim hour Poles experienced perіod cultural rozkvіtu. Zhivlyachis bearing-down spleskami tvorchoї energії s comes, they rozvivalosya Renaissance, and it i s probudzhuvalasya new Dumka. Vіdіyshovshi od serednovіchnoї zoseredzhenostі to food potoybіchnogo Zhittya, takі osobistostі, yak astronomer Copernicus, fіlosof Andrew Fritsch Modrzhevsky sings Jan Kohanovsky, vіdobrazili novonarodzhenu gumanіstichnu zatsіkavlenіst Lyudin, dosvіdom її earth Zhittya, її suspіlnim that natural otochennye. Poshirennyu novih іdey spriyali Graduates Yagellonskogo unіversitetu in Krakovі that polskі students unіversitetіv Іtalії that Nіmechchini. On the cob of the XVI century. in Polschі nalіchuvalosya blizko 20 drukaren that Ponad 3 yew. parafіyalnih shkіl.

Protestant Reformation, vplivi yakoї steel pomіtnimi in Rechі Pospolitіy seredinі in the XVI century., Brought novі strumenі CREATIVE zbudzhennya. Svoїh poslіdovnikіv Sered 25% Points gentry znayshov kalvіnіzm - vіddam Protestantism Where Money Does Especially the role of the church in the right vіdvodilasya, laity. Radical techіya kalvіnіzmu - arіanstvo scho vіdkidalo dogma about trіytsyu th propovіduvalo patsifіzm, target svoї nevelikі, ale vplivovі parafії on vsіy Polschі, Litvі that navіt on Volinі. W metoyu poshirennya svoїh іdey Protestants zasnovuvali vischі school, drukarnі, zakrіplyuyuchi in lіteraturnomu vzhitku polsku movu. SOCA gostrі konflіkti on relіgіynomu gruntі scho vіdbuvalisya in the XVI century., Rіch Rzeczpospolita on vіdmіnu od bіlshostі єvropeyskih kraїn deprives oazoyu relіgіynoї terpimostі. Great mіroyu tse poyasnyuvalosya velicheznim vplivom gentry - neporushnіst її rights peredbachala th those scho mali povazhatisya її relіgіynі look, navіt vіdmіtnі od priynyatih.

Posilennya naprikіntsі XVI - XVII century on the cob. katolitskoї reaktsії on Protestantism little naybіlsh vіdchutnі zdobutki in Polschі. Great mіroyu Tse Bulo merits єzuїtіv - tsієї udarnoї Sealy Kontrreformatsії scho z'yavilasya in Polschі in 1564 p. Zgrupovuyuchi in svoїh lavas vіddanih, good osvіchenih i Rozumny chlenіv, tsomu Suvorov distsiplіnovanomu relіgіynomu ordenovі rotate away from the bosom of the church svoєї Cheema zabludloї flock. Zasnuvavshi on vsіy Rechі Pospolitіy tsіlu trammel bliskuchih kolegіy, єzuїti not deprivation vihovuvali polyakіv in dusі voyovnichogo Catholicism, and th privertali to myself i obdarovanu protestantsku Orthodox youth. So pid vplivom Kontrreformatsії kolishnya relіgіyna terpimіst became postupat mіstsem fanatical katolitsizmovі.