Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Kozaki

Pidsumkom formovannya on the plains Pridniprov'ya new suspilstva became the appearance of a new camp, which would be born less than a pound, - the camp of kozakiv. Turkic for the walks of the word "Cossack" meant vylnyh, nezalezhnih vid Pan people, yakі not mali chitko viznachenogo missya in suspilsti n inhabited uninhabited. In the first place, the words of the Kozak language were pronounced in the 1480s, as well as in the middle of the XVI century. Їхня чисельність is visibly grown. Spotka basically masu kozakіv became village-vtіkachi, buli sredi them takozh mіschani, pozbavleny san priestsheniki, shukachi fit i zbіdnіloї znati. Hoch to the cossack lavas poured in Poles, bilorus, russians, Moldavians ba naveit Tatari, all the greatness of the population of Pridniprov's warehouses were stored. Rosysky riznovid kozatstva rozvinnisya dali on the scheme, on the river. Don.

Pervinna organizatsiya kozatstva . Wolves wolf Ukrainians Cossacks sipped everything below the Dnipro and yogi pivdennymi tributaries as much for the small prikordonnyi forcing Canova ta Cherkas. On tsikh generous, albeit the non-loamy lands of the stench organisovuvali go away, tobto mislivski ta ribalsky vipravi, and takozh borrowed vipasannya thinness that horses. Vlasne pid hour tsikh trivalih seasonal viprav klibb steppe in them z'yavlyayutsya first elements of the organi zation. Virushayuchi at Dike Field, stinked his stench with vatazhkami, abo, yak іх іще nazivali, otamanyami, naybіlsh dossвідчених, сміливих і винахідливих, and shchob krasche defensively від татар та взаємодіяти наловах і в рибальстві, груповалися у тісно об'єднані погони - ватаги . Zgodom at the steppe have been registered ukripleni tabori (sichi) with insignificant cynical viasky pledges, and for bugatokh kozakuvannya peretovyuvalosya on postyne zanyattya.

Kozatsky table. Engraving

Kozatsky table. Engraving

Korolівські old age in the borderlands nepokoylisya, spostterіgayuchi, yak zrostaє kіlkіst ozbroєnыh nezalezhnih kozakіv, kotrі often vyavlyali nevagu to vladi. Shchopravda, old age, and yak members of the magnates families themselves used to take advantage of the situations that were given off by the chimal gros, who looted the great (often unauthorized) kobak attacks, but were tormented by the merchants at the ribos' mauses, by the skins of the creatures. However vazhlivіshim Bulo those scho stink znayshli in Kozak іdealnih oborontsіv kordonіv od tatarskih naskokіv and one s nayobtyazhlivіshih obov'yazkіv starostіv yakraz i Zahist kordonіv CCB. For example, in 1520 r. Cherkassky headman Senko Polozovich recruiting zagin kozakіv to serve as a choronic vartoi. At the onset of ten years of old age, so Є ста ста ста ста ста ста Да Да Да Да,

Pershi Magnatists, organ organizers of kozakivs, buli orthodox irrelevant Ukrainians. Prior to the luminaries of their midst, Dmytro ("Baida"), Vishnevetsky , the Kanivsky Starosta , was lying to them. In a yogic fit to fit, oviyanomu glory to the legendary zhitti importantly hіddіliti truth in vimislu. Prote is quite expensive, but in 1553-1554. Vishnevetsky zіbrav rozrіznenі kozatskі vatagi і zbuduvav on the strategically strategically bottled for the Dnipro provinces of the island of Mala Khortitsa fort, sho mav stati zatlonom vid Tatars. So Vishnevetsky having fallen asleep Zaporozhka Sich , yaka vvazhaetsya kolichestvo Ukrainskogo kozatstva. Dozabarom vіn із its own kozakami organіzuvav kіlka походів у Крим і навіть мав зхвалість напасти на сами турків-оттоманців. Коли Річ Посполита відмовилася підтримати йоти хрестовий похід проти мусульман, Вишневецький поїхав у Московію, звідки продижував наскоки на Крим. Alle vin shvidko rozcharuvavsya і, turning to Ukraine, vtyagnuvsya at Moldovan spravi. Tse krok vyayavsya for nyogo fatal - Moldovans were handed over to Vishnevetsky Turks, yakі in 1563 р. Struggled yogos in Constantinople. Pam'yat about the exploits of Baidi have been saved numerically by Ukrainian folk songs, bagatskies, spyvayut і nіnі.

Dmitro Vyshnevetsky (Baida)

Dmitro Vyshnevetsky (Baida)

Запорозька Січ . Roztashovana in nedosyazhnostі for voryadovoe vladi, Zaporozhka Sіch naivіt після смерті its official has sold provіtati. Кожен християнин чоловічої статі незалежно від соціального стану міг to come to the island of yore-fortress yogo with uncompensated kurens in the tree that is the queue to come to the cossack brotherhood. Міг він при бажанні й покинути Січ. ZHinok i deti syudi did not take it, the oskilki vvazhali, scho in the steppe of the stench will be zayvimi. Vidmovlyayuchyas viznati authority of a ruler, zaporozhtsy zdіysnjuvali self-zgіdno zvichami these traditions, and were formed by the extension of the generation. They knew the rights of the right and could take part in the task of bringing the burghivi radahs, some of the parties were scammed by the side, and screamed niggalosnishe.

At the tsikh stihynichnyh zborah ripped and shook the legkistyu threw kozatskikh vatazhkiv - hetman chi otaman, osavuliv, clerk, oznogo that shipyu . Кожен курінь (це це згодом ста'ли вживати як назву військової одниці, що has lived in курені) обраврав аналогічну групу нижних офіцерів, або старшину. In the period of military campaigns, the foreman was crooked with absolute power, including the right to fatten the kari. Alya in the peaceful hour of the night, the lord of the boule is obeded. Vzagalі zaporozhtsy nalichuvalosya 5-6 tis., Of them 10%, zmіnyayuchis, served sichovoyu pledge, at that time yak іnshi took the fate of the campaigns of chi, were engaged in peaceful promyslom. Sichov, the state fell swiftly to the polovannya, ribalstvo, bortnitsstvo, solovarinnya in the dir. For Січі, що lay on trade hats Між Річчю Посполитою that Чорноморським узбережжям, important role відігравала takozh torgіvlya. Popri set up the fraternity that rivnosti, yakimi keruvalis Zaporozhye, Mizh cossack sergeant-major and rank-and-file cossacks (black) postupovo vikikli sotsіno-ekonomichnі vidmіnnosti nappruzhinost, yaki vid for an hour, were pierced by a zavorushennya.

Міські та реєстрові of the Cossacks . Bagato kozakiv lived at the potholed city. Zokrema, the population of Kanev in 1600 rubles. Nalichulo 960 мешканців, що належали до стану міщан, і понад 1300 козаків з родинами. Yak і sіchoviki, міські козаки ігнорували уряву владу, визнаючи лише its starshin. Розуміючи марність бу-яких проб підпорядкувати далеку й непокірну Sіч, polskiy detachment, prote, spodіvavsya zaluchit to himself at the service міське козацтво чи принаймні пвну його частину. In 1572 the river. King Sigismund August sanktsionuvav utovorennya paddock with 300 mourning kozakіv on cholі z Polskim gentry Badovsky, formally not pidporyadkovuvavsya ulyadivim officials. І hoch tse zagіn nezabarom rozformulivali, yogo povyva became an important precedent: the Polish army is harder to recognize the cognac of the prinaymn yogo predstavnikiv yak okremu sotsialnu vervosti, but analogically, the small right to self-adherence.

A friend, bilsh drove the spruce of the Sanction of the Cossack Cage by a small detachment small in 1578, for the reign of King Stephen Batorius . The king having installed a fee for six hundred cossacks and allowing him to run the troshtavati in the m. Terekhtemirovi arsenal and spital; For Tse Cossacks pogodzhuvalas vyznati for the elders admit shlyachtichiv ta strimuvatisya vіd "samochinnyh attacks on the Tatars," often confused zvonnіshny stosunki Rech Pospolitoy. Zavdannya tsich negajno inserted before the reestra (reestrovih) kozakiv polagalo in the hunt and cordon, but not very important, in control of non-registered cossacks. Until 1589 р. Реєстрових козаків налічувалося 3 тис. In the main purpose of the vihidtsі z mіscevikh mehkantsyv, scho remnantly formulated Yak Kozaki and Mali znachnu vlasnist. So, zapovit regestrovogo Kozak on ім'я Tishko Volovich including a будинок at Чигирині, two маєтки зі rates for the rib, ліси й пасовиська, 120 вуликів, 3 тис. Gold zlitkіv (із them тисяча в позичці під великі проценти).

Відносно заможне реєстрове козацтво різко відрізнялося від неєстстрових козаків, які rідко kol mali bіshe, nіzh prostі selyany. Відтак стосунки між 3 тис. Реєстрових і близько 40-50 тис. Nereestroivich kozakiv often reach the extreme straining. Protechniki vizdmіnostі not pereshkojali sinam zamozhnіshih kozakіv іти on Січ у пошуках долі або enter to reestrovih tim kozakam, shоо промоглися нажити собі багатства. Thus, on the ear of the XVII century. Існувало three чітко not розмежованих категорії козаків: заможні реєстрові козаки, які пішли на служба до уряду; Zaporozhtsi, scho lived in a pose between the borders of the Republic of Poland, that greatness bolshist kozatstva, yaka paused at the prikordonnih mistah, led cossack spisib zhittya, ale not small otitsynno viznogo status.

Zaporozhtsy write a sheet of Turkish sultanov. Picture 1. Yu.

Zaporozhtsy write a sheet of Turkish sultanov. Picture 1. Yu.

Borotba proti turkiv and the Tatars . At the first stages of its formation, the unregistered Cossacks, especially the Zaporozhye, in the eyes are not magnates of those korolivskih sergeants, but the Great Part of the common popula- tion, little people are seen in the villages and outposts of the estate. At the end of the 16th century. Such a negative image of the Cossack having recognized zmіn, prinaymnі svidomosti of the lower vestments, the great world of zavdyaki, that the Cossacks of the Dedal Part of the Zukhvalіs attacked the Tatars of that ighnogo mozhnygo suzerain - the Ottoman Turks. Vid turkiv suffered not less than Ukrainians. All of Europe XVI Art. Тремтіла від однієї думки about навалу оттоманців, які у 1529 р. Devastated the Throne and little did not want to drink. The Great Part of the Circassian Empire was deprived of direct confusion by Tartar hordes. Axis chomu kozhen, hto nasmyluvavsya throw a wickel "Busurmanam" , yak said Ukrainians about Muslims, obovv'yazkovo zvooyovuvav prihilnіst zemlyakіv i gloryu k cordonom.

Pevnyi rіch, Zaporozhets іmponuvala zdobuta in attacking turkіv fame, ale, organіzovuyuchi hiking, stink takozh i mali praktichnі tsіlі: vіdtіsniti Tatars Dali od svoїh settlements and zahoplenoyu in ottomanskih mіstah zdobichchyu primnozhiti svoї pributki. The attacks were attacked by the sea. Із цією by the method of the Cossacks there were flotilії from 40-80 chayok - dovhyh, vuzkih and non-glybok chovniv, the skinheads could have close to 60 choloviks. Having perished the ottoman fortress pits at the Diripra dir, the stench attacked the Tartar Turkish Turks at the Chornomorskoe Uzbezherzhi. The first such attack is the date of 1538 rock, shche to snizuvannya Sichi, if kozatska flotiliya privately zurynuvala turku fortress Ochakiv. At the oncoming rocks of the Cossacks all the more organisovuvali so takji, zvojoovoichi tsim guchnu glory, azhe in ti chasi Ottoman Empire імперія була наймогутнішою державою світу. Already in 1595 r. The Austrians Habsburgs, who were sent for by the Turks, sent their own Ambassador Erich von Liasot to Sich for settling the lands about the sprawling wake of the Turkish wars from Moldavia. Having established contacts with the Zaporozhtsy and the Pope of Rome. Sich diyala so, the beginning of the boule is a sovereign power, entering the wintry thirds of the power of the call.

Naybilshogo rozmahu kozatskі hike in the middle of 1600 and 1620 rubles. In 1606 r. Cossacks spoiled Varnu - nasilnishu turku tverdinju on the Black Sea, in 1608 r. Під їхніми blows впав Perekop, at 1609 р. The boule was hoarded by Kiliyu, Izmail and Akkerman, in 1614 р. Vperzhe having recognized storming of Trapezund, scho in Maliy Azii. And in 1615 r. The stinks were injected especially zuhvaliv swoop, if 80 kozatskih chaos on the eyes of the sultan and 30-thousandth collateral entered the Constantinople harbor, burned її, and sweated away. In the 1620 r. The Cossacks repeated the tsju acce. Early, in 1616 rivers, stinks were given to Kafu - the rhinoceros of the slaves at Krimu - and they called tisyachi nevilnikiv. Opisuyuchi tsі kozatsykі dіyannya, turkij istorik XVII st. Naima zauvazhuє: "It is possible to stuurzhuvati singing, ny nyєє na svіtі people, yakі b menshe dbaly about svoe zhittya і menshe лиabalisya umeritі, nіzh tsі ... Znavtsi vіys'kovoї spravi firmyat, scho tsі siromakhi, zavdyaki sobyi khorrobrostі ta vpravnosti, in naval battles not Muyut sobі рівних в усьому світі ».

Do not mensh hostile buly exploits kozakіv on sushi. Розлючений нездатністю Польщі приборкати козаків, sultan Osman II zіbrave velichnezn 160-тисясячне військо й раз із тисячами своїх кримських васалів рушив на Річ Посполиту. In the 1620 р. Pits to Tsetsoroy Poles have learned terrible fears. Aly through the river 35-тисячне польське військо, що намагалося затримати турків під Хотином, врятувала від неминучої загибелі вчасна підмога 40 тис. Kozakіv on cholі with hetman Sagaydachnim .

Усі ці peremogi dodavali kozakam ukevinisty in the authorities. At his own nerves, the Cossacks began to call themselves defensive virgins, lyarsary brotherhood, bortsy for the people's good. Such rhetoric pevnoyu mirovu servant vuzkostanavom enteressam kozatstva y mala metmeti perekonati detachment, sho kozakam nalezhat rights ta privileki, zvichayno dareni vhostam. The waterworld of the Cossacks, a well-known world, went seriously through the defense of Christianity and the wicked people. Tseve novy vyvidomlennya vlasnogo gritschenya zmushuvalo їh take up baking problems internal zhitty suspilstva.