Історія України - Subtelium Orest

COSATSKA EPA

STAGE OF FORMWAVE

Відтоді як у 1240 р. BULL ZRUYUNOVO Kiev, the main arena of the suburb of the Ukrainian city of Steel Galicia and Wolin. Prote na kynets' XVI century. The center of the sub-system was changed to Pridniprov's scheme, which, with the extension of the old hour, was deprived of a low population. On the vast expanses of territory, which were called by Ukraine, to the lands on the piles of tsivilizovannogo svitu, with the new gostroti, the long-standing struggle of the people to live with people by those kochoviks was held, we will tighten the protests of Christianity to that country. Gnit, scho widening at the settlements of the forested areas, having bred the number of utilities, they pushed the transference to the skirmishes of the frontier before the cripes. Unusually, the new mill is a cognac , but settled on the potholed lands. Spotted Cossacks put sobi for metu vidbivati ​​attacking the Tatars, pozvryayuchi in such a way to master the edge. Al in the world of the Yak Kozaki vskoskonalyvali its viskovsku mastersternіst ta organizatsiyu zdobuvayuchi schoraz perekonlivshi rewet over the Tatars їххніми сюзеренами - ottomanskimi Turks, українське суспільство began to divide on them not less yak to fight against the Muslim world, and yak on the defensive in the national-rekligious That saspilno-ekonomichnogo gnoblennya Polish gentry. Postupov vyhodchi on provіdnom mіssse in the Ukrainian suspіlstvі, Cossacks became brothers дедаі activeіsu fate in rozv'yаnnі tsikh keyovі nourish українського життя, on the bed of the approaching table, having stolen Ukrainian українське суспільство тим wire, який воно втослідок полонізації української знаті.

Порубіжне суспільство

The prototype of the settlement of the village of Ukrainians was robbed by the search of fossilized lands near the steppes. In Kievivka dobu, shob strimuvati kochovikiv and izprijati populated areas, on південь від Києва було збдуно цілу мережу укріплень. Prote Mongolska navela zmela. Zgodom, at the end of the reign of the Grand Dukes of Lithuanian, the development of the lands of the lands, the success of the fortresses passed through the fortresses of several fortresses at the Chornomorskoe Uzbezherzhi, in the diristra of the Dniester. Ale naprikintsi XV century, from the pinnacles of the Krimsky khanate, the settlement of the Buli zruynovan, and the fortress on the Black Sea fell under the blows of the Turks. In the middle of the XVI century. Between the lands of the lands of buli znovu vіsunuti to ukrіplen, scho tiegnulisya vzdzhz pіvnіchnyi okraїni Stepu th included Kam'yanets, Bar, Vinnitsu, Bilu Church, Cherkasi, Kaniv t Kiev. On pіvden іn the day tіеї lіnії lay so zvane " Dike field" .

The Tatars . Nayibshoyu nebezpekoyu "Wild Field" Buli Tatars. Рік у рік на міста й села України налітали їхні погони, корі all плурурували, drove the old and the little ones, drove into full tisyachі people and sold їх at slavery in the Crimean port of Kafi, a kind of Ukrainians called "beast, scho п'є руську кров". Ці наскоки були для татар економічною необхідністю, оскільки відносно примітивне скотарське gosartarstvo not in zmozi bulo zadovolniti vs іхні consumer. Lisha in obmin on the workers of the Tatars could oderzhuvati potrebnі ім preparedі вироби та предмети розкошів з Оттоманської імперії. In the Ukrainian people's letters, there are often vidobrahilisya strashnuli nasilodki tsik naskokiv:

"Сеї ночі в опівночі There are no chicken, Yak Tatari in our horizon Z in the morning."

Especially the sprawling buli of the Tatar reserve on the Kyiv region, Bratslavshchina, in the XVI century, on the cob of the 17th century. (Hoch Galicia, Volyn ta Podillja stony takozh not spared). So, for the period from 1450 to 1586 rubles. Bullo documented 86 attacks, and 1600 from 1647 rivers to 70. Serednaya chiselnist spruce at the full at one time was close to 3 yew., Hoch hour vona shit already ZO yew. So chi іnakshe, Ukrainians have recognized the seryoznyh waste. Лише на Поділлі між 1578 і 1583 рр. Kozhne trete selo bulo abo zruynovane Tatars, abo became deserted.

Colonization of lands . Nezvazhayuchi on tatarsku zadrozu, bagaty nezaimanі zemlyi nepereborno wagged the settlers. Із розвитком торгівлі збіжжям польські та полонізовані магнати, використовуючи зв'язки при дворі, domagalisya for themselves velichnezhnyh lands to be found. The Shchob mastered the earth, the stinkers deported the villagers to some feudal lords, the proponoychs the right to landlessness without splitting out to the sweeps by stretching 10, 20 and laying ZO rockies (slobods). Багато селян із Галичини та Волині тікали від своїх панів і йшли шукати щастя на сході. After one or two generations on the newly-grounded lands, stinkers became people of this little gat-pen, which was deprived of their livelihood. Already, those same wives migrated to Porbizhzhya, piddauchi himself nebezpettsi, svidchilo about їхню сміливість і nezalezhnіnost. Often zmusheni orati svyi nadil with a musket preparing for vipadok tatarskoy swoop, stinked Vyskiv Maystern, not the power of the inhabitants, їхні діти, що ніколи did not know кріпацтва, виростали із свідомістю вільних, нікому и нічим не зобов'яних людей. Stinkers were deprived of such navyot, if the term slobodi zakinchuvavsya, okkilki, as a rule, paid his tycoons penny pennies natural obrok, rather than vidnuvali viznazhlivu prinizlivu panschinu. For nayavnost bilshih ploshch lands of the column, zvichayno, th lived zamozhnishe, nyyedko maiuchi nadili value in tsiliy lan (close to 40 acres), tobto bolshe, nizh bagatyoh shlyachtichiv na zahodi.

The only rice that has been reclaimed (vlasne, re-mastered) in Kiev is especially the Bratslav lands, boulo shvidke zrostannia mist. On the cob of the XVII century. Лише на Київщині has placed 200 new cities, zbіlshivshi їhnyu zagalnu kіlkіst up to 348, scho has become close to the third of all moscow centers in Ukraine. At the middle of the table on the napivbezlyudniy kolis Bratslavshchina on the leather 218 sq. M. Km fell on the mountain. Hoch in the middle of XVII century. In the cities lived 60% of the population of the country, the wives did not show themselves to the MIS centers. Tse buli skorishe prikordonnny forti, behind the wooden fence of many rikly kolichnichuvalosya more than 100 dvoriv. Pid zahistom chich ukriplen lived in vainly peasants, but they crumbled hard on the earth. Samі tsі mіsta zdebіlshogo not maly self-sufficiency, and lie to the magnates, but they were that defended.

Magnaty volodili bilshoyu part of the land at porubizhzhi, little scho lishayuchi serednіy ta drіbnіy shlyachtі. The Polish gentry near Pridniprov's warehouse, prinaymny spotchatka, not zemlevlevasnikov, but, as a rule, in order to regulate, administrators and administrators of magnate maetkiv. Lisha in an hour, stinking made money in a modest manner. Іншою causal of this stanovishcha serednyonі tіnіbіїї znatі povbіzhzhya bula її malochiselnіst. In the Kiev region in the mid-17th century. On 350-400 yew. The population fell 2-2.5 \ yew. Shlyachtichiv, tobto less than І%, in that hour yak in the settlement of the Vojvodstv Rzeci Pospolitenie knew the warehouse in the middle 8-10% of the population. Shvidke accumulated borderland in magnates, pereskojayuchi pripllivy and other nobility at the Central and Scheidnu Ukraine, the water hour was riddled with immortality syudi євреїв. Багато магнатів, яким більше побалося жити у Кракові, Варшаві та Львові, на період своєї відсутності hired governors маєтків євреїв. Prote більшість тих євреїв, що селилися у розквітаючих містах, були реісниками, торгівцями та лихварями, on such buv great will drink. On the cob of the XVII century. On all Ukraine it was filled in close to 120 tis. Євреїв.

On nasivschomu ssabley sotsіalnii drabini porabizhzhya stood a small group of kazkovo bagaty magnates, yakі vysoko pidnosilisya over usіma іншими верствми. Naimogutnishimi means of them buli soi ponolizovanі ukrains'kyi rodi, yak Vishnevetsky, Ostrozky, Zbarazky ta Koretsky, novopribulі z Pol'shi rodi Zamoyski, Konetspol'skih, Kalinovtsi, Ossolinsky and Pototsky. On the ear of XVII century. Їхні величезні володіння охоплювали більшість земель порубіжжя. In Bratslavskom voyedvstvі із загальної кількості 65 тис. Дворів 60 тис. Littered 18 magnate families. Naybashtshomu magnate - nyyouno spolchennymu Yaremi Vishnevetsky - Lisha in Kievskoe voevodstvі lied 7.5 tis. Маєтків, крім addition, що його володіння hunted the whole of Poltava region. Behind the active pidrahunkami, yogi lands lived close to 230 yew. Villagers. For its plentiful stink buli naiibilshimi not deprived of the Rech Pospolitiy, and th in the ussia. Oskilki zemlі such magnates for teritoriie d populated areas were reorganized in the activities of the princes of that time. Zahidnii Єvropi, їхніх володарів was often called "korolkami".

Tse buv vluchniy epitet, pozayak bahatoto tsikh zarozumіlikh feodalіv razvedilsya, yak povnovladnyi governor, budujuchi rokstіshny palaci, painted with pictures of Dutch painters and shiknimi kilimami, utrimuyuchi pishny dvir and veliko vlasne visko. The stinkers stalked the King's orders and often disobeyed the law. One tycoon at Im'ya Lyashch, vidomiy his own zhorstokim stavlenyam before the villagers, in addition to that, so often, having dribnu gentry, but 236 razovv zasuzhuvavsya on zaslannya. Zavdyaki pidtrimtsі інших mozhnіі magnatіv jоden із цих вироків so і не був виканий, and Лящ знахабнів настільки, що having punished sew yomu vboranіya із sovіvіh statement, yake wіn wearing under korolіvskomu dvorі. Хоч прик Ляща є винятковим випадком, але він сідччить about zostannya ili zarozumіlostі magnatіv, з one side, that about weakness of korolіvskoї vladі - іnshogo.