Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Pershi Insurgency

The Polish regiment and the nobility reagulov on the shvidke zostannia kozatstva rozgubleno nerishushche. Shlyakhti importantly bulo zrozumiti, in a certain way Cossacks (and їхш often vvazhali Lisha zbіglimi krіpakami) have been reworked on the visual mold of Suspilne tsіle. Popri priboryvu їй ворожість до козаків gentry була not відто, щоб використовувати їх, if you need a vinical. The sergeants, at the peaceful hour, responded without mercy to vinischuvati "tsju sovietvnu holotu", they hunted the number of re-strovych kozakivs, proponuchi, the law, and the fee, if it was paid for the bulb of extra help to the villagers in Moscow against the Moscow Ottomanskoe Turechcini. Ale z vidnivlennyam world tsі sergeants nerіko zrіkalysya svoїh obitsyanok і znovu vystupali proti kozakiv. Taka neposlіdovnіst posiljuvalasya neotnakomim stavlenyam up to kozakіv, z one boku, magnaty that stastor povbizhzhya, yakі schodenno confused with cossacks, and on the other - korolіv, kotrі vpachali in them dzherelo dosvidchenocheskogo vodnochas chelovekoi vіys'kovoї sili that potentiynu protivagu zrostayuchіy otnostnosti shіdnih magnativ. Zagostrennya tsik transpersonality boulo more than an hour.

First, the cossack rebellion vibuhnulo in 1591 р. Тоді саме український шляхтич і гетьман реєстрових козаків Krishtof Koshinsky otrimav vіd king zemlі for the service of the crown. Has not grasped vyn zanyati їх, як Janusz Ostrozky, білоцерківсьський староста and polonizovaniya strikes of the glorious genus, pryvlasniv їх. Rosumyuchi marnist ship call on the mayor, Kossinsky pomstivsya Tim, scho attacked his cossacks on Ostrozky's masturbation. Nezabarom villagers, kozaki n naivі vіys'kovі na Volinі, Bratslavschchin ti Kyivvschinі were going to take revenge on the panam for vlasnі krivdi. Perelyakan szlyachta nareshtі zibrala vіys'ko, yak ocholiv і півів проти двотисячного кону Косинського Остро Остро Остро Остро Остро Остро Остро Остро Остро Остро Остро - - - - - Do battle on the river. P'yattsi rebels have learned the wicked, alas, punishments are very easy. Reestroyvich kozakiv, scho priadnanisya before the rebellion, zmusili dates vitsnitsyu virnist korolev, and Kosinsky - trichi vklonishis zibranim for any members of the Ostrozky family and ask them for their pro-school. Trohs zgodom yogo beat in vypadkovі essence for unequipped obstavin.

Did not get to feel the rest of the vidlunnya one, yak vibuhnulo інше rebel, цього разу ще більше. Ocholiv yogi Severin Nalyvayko , scho, for Polish jerusalem, buv "cholovikom viditno y vidnachnyh zdibnosty ... before the same celebrities artilleryman." Sin galitskogo Shevtsya, kotriy zagivnuv vіd magnatechih pobegov, young Severin іz brother Dem'yanom znayishov pritok at the mother of Prince Ostrozky in Ostrozi. The brother of the yogi became a priest and a writer, and Severin virishiv "dobuvati sviy hlib kozakuvannam." In 1595, pislya vdalogo attack on Turks in Moldavia, at the rate of 2,5 thousand yew. Vіyska Nalyvayko turning to Bratslavshchina, or by joining the Conflict із Місцевою знаттю. Kozak znovu rebelled against the hateful gentry, th znovu Ім on підтримку came villages. The most important boule was those who had been given Zaporozhye by the Nalivaykovs. The middle is invisible to molding the values ​​of the rebels in the bulwark of the Ukraine on earth, as if the Cossacks themselves had ruled.

At that time, the Yak Zaporozhye pied by the wire Grigoriy Lobodi and Matviya Shauli dyaly at Kievsky Prospekt Bratslavshchina, Nalyvayko, having passed through Galichina, Volyn and Bilorus, zaklikayuchi before the insurrection of the villagers and syyuchi zhach sered gentry. Однак, усвідомлюючи перевагу поляків, навесні 1596 р. Rebeltsi ob'edennali si си si й si ý began to enter the scheme, decide to know the Zahist from Moscow. The stinkers attacked the attacks of Poles as far as the herb, albeit from the widening of the famine, that wilderness and zorostannam vtrat of the middle of them, the vicin rokols. Loboda, scho shylyasvsya before the negotiations, zvynuvatili y taemnih znosynah iz vorogom i vbili. Zgodom yogo pribіchniki, up to ya nelyagli elders, that zamozhnі kozaki, they saw Nalyvaika to the Poles, and the rebels were rebuilding the zbroj. Skorstavshis bezladdjam, the Poles vderlisya to the campus and virizali bilshist rebels. Nalivayka himself was driven to Warsaw and stricken by zgodom.

Poshukah compromising . The Poles vvazhali, scho tієyu peremogoi stony rozvyatyat kozatsku problem - Tim bishe, scho sred cossacks zatostryuvayusya vnutrishny konflikti. Zamozhno reestrove kozatstvo in the places zagalom skhilyalosya before the negotiations і співпраці з Річчю Посполитою, сподіваючись забезпечити свій соціальний the status і спокій, необхідний for the further accumulation of bagatries, nerіd znachnih for розмірами. Prote bolshist kozatstva, scho zakladalasya z nemestnyh zaporozhtsiv that nereestroivyh kozakiv, over some postly hangs zagroza rezakripachennya, vvazhala, scho lisha rishuchimi diyami mozhna zavoyuvati krasche stanovishche v sushpilstv. The Poles were often vikorostovuvaty superechnosty mizh zimi dromy ugrupovannami, yakі nerіdly vilivayutsya vіdkrіtі znistichki.

In that critical moment, the subscriptions became rooted at the pleasant for the cossacks. On the cob of the XVII century. Rіch Pospolita ув'язла in майже безперервіі війни й звуу zvernulasya to kozatstva yak viprobuvanoho voinstva. In the 1601 р. Two-thousandth Ukrainian zagіn taking the fate of the fold for Poland's Livonian Campaign, and in 1605 that 1609 r. Zaporozhts took the fate of the Polish in Moscow, but the bula for the kingdom was in awe. Ridko kol on zasіdannyh sejmu polski пол politiki priymali rishennya chi were hanging designs, but not vobyachali vіkoristannya vіyskovogo potentsialu kozatstva, one-hourly ухиляючись від вимог збільшити реєстр та розширити автономію. For such collapsible polisticheskih obstavin z-pomozh kozakiv, for shchastya, znaishovsya provіdnik, kotriyі vpodpіdav vysotі zvoї zavdanya.

Petro Sagaidachny

Petro Sagaidachny

Getman Petro Sagaidachny . Ignoriki zagalom pogozhuyutsya in that, nyo nayviznachnim cossack hetmanom to Bohdan Khmelnitsky buv Petro Kononovich Sagaydachny. Бідний шляхтич із м. Самбо in Галичині, він навчався в Острозькій академії, potim virshiv on Zaporozhka Січ . Pislya famous naval expedition to Cape in 1616 p ., In a kind of Sagaydachny zdobuv sobi glory vatazhka, yogo obrirayut hetmanom. The rewriting of the fact that the Cossacks all acted out by the force of the Rech Pospolitiy, vin grumbling reconciliation with the Poles with the national stone of its own policy. Він збирав і водив великі козацькі сили на підтримку поляків у безрервних війнах з Москвою та Оттоманською імперією. The seizure of the Suvorov Discipline, which "generously spilled the blood of uncounted ones to the yomu", Sagaydachny put the edge of the mutinous vdachi kozakiv, zmusivshi oh znachiti yogo zverhnost. In 1619, they decided to unite the conflict with the Poles, while waiting impatiently to re-register up to 3 thousand., Taking care of the unauthorized naval campaigns, finding the right of the king to harden the cossack petty officers.

However, the merit of Sagaydachny Bulo, those who despaired at the kozakivs, was not deprived of kotom by the eyes of the egoists, but by the potential rushiiv of the Ukrainian Suspension in the spring. Same vin ob'ednav vіys'kova force kozatstva z politichnu weak church church and cultural upper Ukraine. Tse obednennya vidbulosya in dotify efektny sposib: in 1620 r. Sagaydachny at once all the Zaporozhye Kosh entered the Kyiv Brotherhood. Tse krok mav prodemonstruvati, scho vidtak zaporozhtsi staiyut na pidtrimku religіynikh i kulturnykh komenti Ukrainy.

Togo rock Sagaidachnyi із orthodox priests ask for Kiєva єрусалимського патріарха Feofan for the newly-baptized Orthodox of Russia ієррхів. Poles pogrozhuvali skopiti patriarch Feofan yak shpyguna, to that hetman zabezpechiv yomu ohronu. Pislya visvjachennya new metropolitan and є bishop Sagaydachny on cholі tritisyachnoy corral kozakіv s.p., I sent to the Turkish cordon. The popularity of the Cossack cossack hetman bula is so great, but at 1622 r. Vin died, the funeral came tiri natipi kiyan. The rector of the Kiev Brothers' School Kasiyan Sakovich wrote a red-paneled panegyric, in which I called Sagaydachny the wise breadbasket and the patron saint of the Orthodox believing yogo diyalnіst із traditions of the Kiev princes. Kozatstvo z sієєyu obviousness ввійшло в нурт життя українського суспільства.

Інші rebel . Після смерті Сагайдачного конфлікти знову became the main rice of Polish-Ukrainian vzaimin. Spotka was building, it was possible to buno uniknuti, po niblizhchih attackers of the deceased ґetman Olifer Golub t.Mykhailo Doroshenko buli water yogo close knives and podilyali principle politi reconciliation. Alya pislya bitvi pid Khotinom in 1621 r. Sergeant kozatstva, especially not re-registered, disgusted nevdovolnya, oskilki zagartovane in battles 40-тисячне козацьке військо turned to Ukraine without усякого наміру знову стати кріпаками, як то вимагав уря, але водночас і без надії на те, shоb бути including to реєстру. Part of them zbiralasya at Zaporozhye Sichi, at that time yak bilshist turned to its own city and syl. The stinkers cheated more than they did, but they did not want their own displeasure. In the middle of the 1620's rock, namagayuchitsya spryamuvati їхній zapal in інше річище, Doroshenko organіzuvav a number of march campaigns against the Turks, having informed Muslims, but "[Polish] king [may] i mog up with you, tilki not mi." In vain the Cossacks of the Buli are dragged into the inner crust in Krima, who are defeated by the anti-Turks of the pretender to the Khan's throne.

Polekіv puffed up those who, Cossacks vvazhayut myself chimos on the power of the power in the world. The king was seizing in the sejmi: "It is for the front line to see the inner anarchy, the kotra of rocks, the stagnation, and the involvement of us in confrontations with the mighty sushi. Ignoroyachi zobov'yanya vіrnostі service to his panam, stink (kozaki.-avt .) Have established a vernal order і zagrozhuyut zhyttyu and the lane of innocent people. Until then, їм підкоряється all of Ukraine. " Virishivshi zastosovati polozitu polichiku "hard hands", for її conducted a detachment recognizing hetman Stanislava Konetspol'skogo - ryshuchogo dsvidchenchenogo commander, a kind of Mav gorgeous mothers in Ukraine. At 1625 r. On чолі восьмитисячного війська Конєцпольський вирушив на Україну. Із Запорозкої Січі йому назустріч вийшло шеститисячне козацьке військо на чолі з Марком Жмайлом . Після кількох невдалих бовв із Poles Запорожці звуу обрали гетманом поміркованого Дорошенка th rozpochali з them переговори, що заверлися компромісом. The registrar was billed up to 6 tis., It was obliged to make deposits to the Cossacks (i "bilsh deshozhdenim"), ales the part of the ordinary cossack is small, it is not enough to turn to the owner of the property.

I completed the storage of the reestra and took up a supplemental organisation structure of 6 tis. "Lawful" kozakiv. Він поділив їх на шість полків з осередками в Києві, Каневі, Корсуні, Білій Церкві, Переяславі та Черкасах. The leather regiment was subjugated to hundreds of times in minor bunches, rozashovanyh on the regiment's territory. Tsivilna and Vias'kova, the landlord of the Cossacks, was lying on top of the cossack petty officers, who at that hour managed to settle the hetman with his office. Vin offended the Cossacks and solidified himself with the King. So regestrovi Cossacks vskokonalyvali svoe samoupravlennya poprilny sight of the Poles. At the entrance to them Zaporozhka Sich - Tsei bastion voyavnichih і "illegal" kozakiv - hoch and formally pidporyadkovuvala hetmanov, de facto zberigala autonomy.

Petro Sagaidachny

Petro Sagaidachny

Having given zgodu on zbіlshennya реєстру, Poles spodіvalysya, schо реєстрові козаки контроватимуть інших. If in 1629 r. The hetman was directed by Gritska Chorny - a pro-Polish politician. Ric Pospolita, zadaelosya, nareshti znayshla ідеально попхняну человену. Prote, namagayuchis dohoditi uryadovi, vin viklikav sered kozakiv taku lyut, scho on the ear of 1630 r. Zagіn zaporozhіv vikrav Chorny na Sich, de yogo was judged and stratified. Todi zaporozhtsi ta nerestrovtsi is shaped by the hetman of the valiant Taras Fyodorovich (nicknamed the quagmire) , which in the Old Believers is great for Viasnka insurgents. І знову Конецнольський на чолі королівського війська і реєстрових козаків був змушений rozpochati visnazhlivu vєєnnu Campanіu. Tsyogo times yomu shchaschil less, nizh rіshe, y у серпні у укладеній at Переяславі угоді посталі козаки have achieved great actions: реєстр збільшувасяся до 8 тис., Shaking freezing pokorannya, and insurgents were granted amnesty. Prote nerozv'yazannymi deprived baking problems of non-registered cossack, they called up to the insurgency.

In 1635 the river. Ric Pospolita vdalasya to the new methods of gadgetry nepokrnih kozakiv. On Dnipri, on північ від Січі, the Poles were bombarded with the grave of the fortress Kodak, but stood on the perekoddi of the Zaporozhts. Але за кілька місяців до закінчення її sporodzhennia zagіn kozakіv na cholі z Іvanom Sulimoy zrujnuvav fortya y znischiv usuyu її pledge. Prote zhenyka reestroivyh kozakiv, pragnuchi vysluzhitisya before the Poles, saw Sudima korolivskim authorities, yaki sued the yogi to the stratum. Notzarom, in serpnі 1637 р., In the battle with the Poles came one cossack visko on cholі with Pavel Pavlyuk . Prior to the Pavlyukov forces, they collapsed із Січі on північ, приеднувалися великі групи селян Pravoberejnoy Ukrainy and the newly developed Livoberezhzhya. Ale znovu rebeltsіv outwitted a maneuver on the vidkritіy mіscevostі, th at chest 1637 р. Під Кумейками , біля Чигирина, польська армія задала їм рішучого удару. The protégé did not become an insurrectionary insurrection; it was delivered to the Livoberezh by a wire of Yatsk Ostryanin and Dmitri Guni until the residual stranglehold of 1638 rubles.

Spovnenni greedy pomesti, Poles are now not gossiping traded. The stench of the stench dictated its own. For "Ordinatsiye" (the law, praised by the diet), the registrar changed to 6 yew. І навіть реєстрові the Cossacks vstrachali the right to self-adherence. The hetman's seat was skewed, and the countryside was introduced to the Polish old age, hardened by the king. Kozaktsy colonels that were besieged by the Mali to be taken away from the szlachti. Suvorov intervened teritorii rozselennya kozakiv, and skinny, hto without permission nemagavsya vtekti on Sich, kaveras to death. Tysyachi kozakiv, not introduced before the reestra, were destroyed by kripaks. At dodatok to tsikh dragonivskih zahodіv tycoons, zokrem Yarema Vishnevetsky - naybagatshy in Ukraine landlord, - established in the edge zhorstoky teror, without rozboru morduyuchi cutaneous, who fell pidozra in disobedience. Axis yak cynicno polska know noble svoe rozuminnya kozatskogo pitan: "Kozatstvo - tse nigti in organizmi nashogo sospilstva, voni nadto shvidko vidrostayut and that demand a frequent pidstryganya." І справді, by the extension of the coming ten rockivs of the non-budding, that stability, often polish historians often nazivayut "golden spokoєm" , zazhalosya, nіbi represії - tse nayefektivnshy sposіb vzaimin іz kozakami.

Here it is important to disclose the causes, which of the guessed great Cossack-Selyanskih rebel, sho vidbulisya in Ukraine for 45-rіchny perіod, not mali sappі. The great cause of the tsikh nevdach boolo those, scho, nezvazhayuchi on provnidnu role of cossack in insurgents, bagatel uchasnikiov buli villagers, and that sami insurgents were characterized by a number of shortcomings, pritamannih usim selyanskim vystupam. Vibuhayuchi, as a rule, is stihiyno, tsi insurgency is not buly remotely planned, and there are no shortage of far away values. Kreim bazhannya neigayno pomstitysya for krivdi, ny kozaki, nі seljani not maly uyavlennya about those, whose stench to betray. Popriy Vychevo Vidvagu rebeltsi neridko vyyavlyali obmezhensti i robili pomilki u veenennih diyah, oskilki villagers did not fight voyuvaty poza svoye mіscevosti abo pіd hour сівби чи чивв. Neposlidovnist diy pogllyubovalas sotsіalno-ekonomichnimi vidminichnymi sredovishchі kozatstva: moyuchi chogo vtrachati, ryadove kozatstvo, yak, as a rule, went to the insurrection, at that time the senior sergeant was fooled to negotiate, compromise of capital investment. However, nezvazhayuchi on tsі nedolіki, kozhne nastupne rebeshnya sіdchilo about zerostannya sati vіs'skogo досвіду rebel. Zbіlshuvalas їhnya chiselnіst, udoskonalyulavalasya tactic, mіtsnishav zv'yazok kozatstva із villagers that refer to the defense orthodox'ya. Desyatirichny "golden spoіy" deprived timuchasovo priovav conflikt, scho from-mav znovu vibuhnuti.