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Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest
cultural Zhittya
XVIII stolіttya Bulo paradoxical doboyu in іstorії ukraїnskoї culture. Vono was svіdkom divovizhnogo rozkvіtu ukrajins'koho Mistetstvo th lіteraturi scho vіdobrazivsya in chimeric Baroque stilі. Prote mayzhe odnochasno s CIM stvoryuvalisya minds for yakih ukraїnska culture pozoavlyalasya svoїh samobutnіh Figure i zmushena Bula adaptuvatisya to rosіyskih іmperskih vzіrtsіv.
Church. Orthodox Church stolіttyami vistupala center that rushієm cultural Zhittya on Ukraїnі. In borotbі s polskim Catholicism became Won vtіlennyam ukraїnskoї samobutnostі. Ale tsya samobutnіst poblyakla іz entered the arena Rosіyskoї іmperії yak defencists vsogo pravoslav'ya, vklyuchayuchi ukraїnske. Pozbavlena Censu іsnuvannya, ukraїnska Tserkva vtratila his rushіynu force. Priblizno Tsey same hour yak Won stopped іsnuvati okreme tsіle.
Poglinannya ukraїnskoї church іmperskim spirituality "іsteblіshmentom 's parallel perebіgalo lіkvіdatsієyu avtonomії Hetman. Deyaky hour pіslya transition in 1686 p. pid zverhnіst Maskovskiy patrіarha ukraїnska Tserkva protsvіtala: її school boule naykraschimi in іmperії; її good osvіchenih svyaschenikіv inveterate peremanyuvali rosіyani to yourself; zavdyaki patronage Mazepa zmіtsnilasya її Ekonomichna base. Well all the I rozvivalisya podії, scho not vіschuvali їy nіchogo expensive. Vzhe in 1686 p. Chernіgіvska єparhіya Bula viluchena s-pid yurisdiktsії kiїvskogo Metropolitan th pіdporyadkovana Moskvі. Troch Zgoda podіbne vіdbulosya s Pereyaslavskoyu єparhієyu.
Sche bіlshe Vlad kiїvskogo Metropolitan Bulo pіdіrvano mіzh 1690 i 1710 pp., If vreshtі-Rasht entered before i vise polyakіv pereyshli to Greek katolikіv takі davnі bastіoni ukrajins'koho pravoslav'ya, yak Lviv, Lutsk Peremishlska that єparhії. Naydoshkulnіshogo impact Tserkva arrogant at 1721 p, if Peter I skasuvav Maskovskiy patrіarhіyu, zasnuvavshi Holy Synod -. Set the bureaucracy, to yakoї were uryadovі sluzhbovtsі that the clergy i yak naglyadala for the right church. Tse factual peretvorilo Orthodox Church in Russie yak, so i on Ukraїnі dodatok on bureaucratic power. Ukraїntsі took bezposerednyu fate in Tsikh innovations zokrema їh pіdtrimuvav Theophane Prokopovich - nayblizhchy Rudnick king in the church on the right. Vodnochase ukraїnets Stefan Yavorsky, provіdny Orthodox dіyach іmperії, vistupav against them.
Znischennya bureaucratic tsentralіzmom avtonomії that samobutnostі ukraїnskoї church Bulo deprivation the right hour. In 1722, p. The Holy Synod priznachiv arhієpiskopom Varlaam Vonatovicha, porushuyuchi steel traditsіyu for yakoyu on Posada qiu zavzhdi fleeced Cathedral of church ієrarhіv. For vpertі protest against the reforms in 1730 p. Yogo dispatched to far Pіvnіch. Spovnene ksenofobії rosіyske clergy, yak Dovgy hour pіdozryuvalo ukraїntsіv in fact, scho stink "infect" latinskimi vplivami became pereroblyati їh on Vlasnyi shtib. Pid drive vikorіnennya "єretichnih vіdhilen" Holy Synod zmushuvav ukraїntsіv drukuvati books pisati іkoni, zvoditi church for rosіyskimi vzіrtsyami. In 1786 r. derzhavі boule peredanі OAO All tserkovnі zemlі, d churches of the fіnansovomu vіdnoshennі became tsіlkom fallow od Uryadov. Naprikіntsі stolіttya bіlshіst ecclesiastical ієrarhіv Ukraine boule rosіyanami abo zrusifіkovanimi ukraїntsyami. Kolis osіbna th zorієntovana on Zahid ukraїnska Orthodox Church has now become vsogo-to-prepare vsogo zasobom poshirennya rosіyskoї іmperskoї culture.
Osvita. Porіvnyano s Rosієyu Osvita in Getmanschinі dosyagnula rіvnya temple. For danimi, zіbranimi seven shelves іz ten in the 1740s Rokach іsnuvalo 866 Pochatkova shkіl, in de obsyazі trirіchnogo rate vikladalisya Basics of subtraction that letter. Tsya structure rіzko vіdrіznyalasya od osvіti on Pravoberezhzhі de bіlshіst shkіl kontrolyuvali єzuїti and polska Pochatkova Osvita for bula of Ukrainian villagers practically unavailable. Tse Bulo th odnієyu s reasons neznachnoї rolі, yak vіdіgravalo Pravoberezhzhya in cultural zhittі Ukraine tієї Dobie.
TITLE storіnka Akademіchnih mes Kiєvo-Mogilyanskoї Academy. Engraving G. Lemtskogo, 1739 p.
Schodo serednoї osvіti then Lіvoberezhzhya could pohvalitisya kіlkoma kolegіyami, zokrema in Chernіgovі, Pereyaslavі that Harkovі. HEAD oseredkom vischoї osvіti Bula Kiєvo-Mogilyanska akademіya, yak Tsei otrimala status in 1701 p. Zavdyaki schedrіy fіnansovіy pіdtrimtsі Mazepa Won has become one іz provіdnih cultural tsentrіv Orthodox svitu. In desyatilіttya scho pereduvalo Poltavskіy bitvі in nіy schoroku vchilosya 2 yew. studentіv. Sered її vikladachіv takі svіtila boules, yak Josaphat Krokovsky, Stefan Yavorsky that Theophane Prokopovich. Pobudovana Suvorov rules for 12-rіchna programa navchannya Academy koristuvalasya in this temple authority, scho rosіyskі pravitelі zapovzyato verbuvali її vikladachіv i vipusknikіv, proponuyuchi їm nayvischі in іmperії tserkovnі that uryadovі planted.
Prote vzaєmini Kiїvskoї Academy rosіyskimi s rulers are not zavzhdi boule druzhnіmi. Pіslya іstorії s Mazeppa vnaslіdok represіy tsaratu zagalne number studentіv skoroti to less then nіzh dvoh hundreds. In the 1740s Rokach zavdyaki samovіddanomu kerіvnitstvu Rafaїla Zaborovskogo tse number znovu syagnulo for tisyach th akademіya entered perіod Svoge ostannogo rozkvіtu. Won great mіroyu itself spawned the reasons Svoge residual zanepadu. Tіsno pov'yazana s second manned predstavnikami Church clergy akademіya, yak i ranіshe, robila nagolos traditsіynih on such subjects, yak fіlosofіya, teologіya rhetoric that MTIE. її skholastichnі methodological navchannya zastarіli and sprobi zasvoїti ratsіonalіstskі naukovі techії scho penetrated s Єvropi, boules mlyavimi that maloefektivnimi. Relіgіyna orієntovanіst i traditsіonalіzm stood on pereshkodі zaluchennyu to Academy molodі, zatsіkavlenoї Suchasnyj knowledge. In 1790 r. Ponad 90% іz 426 її studentіv boule sinami svyaschenikіv. Zreshtoyu slavetny uchbovy mortgage peretvorivsya on bogoslovsku semіnarіyu. Vodnochase ukraїntsі, SSMSC pragnuli zdobuti Suchasnyj osvіtu, joined to hunt novih rosіyskih zakladіv (yak, zokrema. Maskovskiy University that Medichna akademіya) zasnovanih in the 1750s Rokach. Usvіdomlyuyuchi vіdstalіst ukraїnskoї vischoї osvіti, Hetman Rozumovsky time іz Starshinov zvernuvsya to іmperskogo Uryadov on dozvіl zasnuvati University in Baturinі, ale dіstav vіdmovu. Before kіntsya XVIII century. situatsіya became tsіlkom protilezhnoyu: provіdnі uchbovі mortgage іmperії znahodilisya no longer on Ukraїnі and in Russie.
Kulturnі dosyagnennya. Pochinayuchi s mid kіntsya XVII to the XVIII century. in hudozhnіy that іntelektualnіy tsarinі panuvav Baroque style. Yogo appeared spіvpala s gіdnoyu marvel cultural doboyu in іstorії Kraina th vodnochase dopomagala formuvannyu tsієї Dobie. Zadovolnyayuchi relishes znatі Baroque pіdkreslyuvalo greatness rozkіsh that dekorativnіst. Tsey style MAV zbudzhuvati pochuttya i in Helsinki Human Taqiy sposіb ovolodіvati її Dumka. Vіn vіddavav perevagu formі before zmіstom, himernostі to simplicity, sintezovі before samobutnіstyu. Same zdatnіst to synthesize Zroby Baroque Especially prinadnim for ukraїntsіv - natsії, KOTRA perebuvala mіzh Orthodox converge latinіzovanim she comes. Baroque not brought up Ukraine on yakihos novih іdey, vono skorіshe proponuvalo novі priyomi - takі yak paradox gіperbolіzatsіya, alegorіya contrast, - i stink OAO All dopomagali kulturnіy elіtі efektivnіshe okresliti, opratsyuvati th rozvinuti starі іstini. Bagato predstavnikіv tsієї elіti not viyavlyali zatsіkavlenostі mіstsevim Zhittya chi natsіonalnoyu right. Pong mislili currently nasampered in furrows vsogo Orthodox svitu. Tse gave deyakim іstorikam Ukrainian culture pіdstavi kritikuvati їh for vіdsutnіst natsіonal'nogo korіnnya for bezplіdnіst that іzolovanіst od Zhittya scho tochilosya dovkola. Well all the I Baroque brought up Ukraine on cultural dinamіzm, pragnennya doskonalostі, Sprague spіlkuvannya іz Sunset. Splive bagato Vod, Perche nіzh cultural Zhittya Ukraine znovu zanurtuє s with such a power train.
Th Mistetstvo literature. Bagato Baroque Fig Items marked on happening so the title of "perelіtnih ptahіv" tobto ukraїntsіv scho navchalisya in polskih chi zahіdnoєvropeyskih unіversitetah i turned up of Kyiv, vikladati dwellers in the Academy. Zvazhayuchi on їhnyu єvropeysku osvіchenіst, Petro 1 poklikat їh ocholiti in Russie tserkovnі that osvіtnі install. Nayvidatnіshimi Sered them boule Feofan Prokopovich, Stefan Yavorsky, Dmytro Tuptalo that Simeon Polotsky. Ale th Bulo bagato іnshih. Mіzh 1700 i 1762 pp. Ponad 70 ukraїntsіv that bіlorusіv obіymali nayvischі tserkovnі Plant іmperії, todі yak rosіyani - deprivation 47. Hoch bіlsha Chastina їhnoї tvorchoї kar'єri held on Pіvnochі, deyakі s Tsikh Mandrivnyh scientists svyaschenikіv slit for Svoge perebuvannya in Kiєvі Zroby digit contribution from the culture. So, vikladayuchi Poética in Kiїvskіy Academy, Prokopovich at 1705 p. іstorichnu wrote his famous drama "Volodymyr", scho ospіvuvala Introduction to Christianity Rusі. Prisvyachena Mazepі that Peter 1, p'єsa mіstila yaskravo virazhenі Find our patrіotizmu, zokrema in traktuvannі Prokopovich of Kyiv Yak "Єrusalimu another." Prote tsі sentiment not Zabad Prokopovich Why provіdnim іdeologom reforms of Peter I, on spryamovanih sekulyarizatsіyu th tsentralіzatsіyu suspіlstva. Stefan Yavorsky, Rector Kiїvskoї Academy, yaky from 1721 p. zaynyav nayvischu in rosіyskіy tserkvі planted slavivsya svoїmi elegantly vіrshami Scripture ukraїnskoyu, polskoyu that latinskoyu movami. Perebuvayuchi in Russie, vіn writing "Kamіn vіri" - acted as krasnomovny proti Protestantism.
Vihodili s Kiїvskoї Academy th pismenniki іnshogo gatunku. Tse boule is not a priest, not vikladachі and students, scho Zgoda Stavan Kozatska cornet that clerks. On protivagu bogoslovskim issues Pictorial panegіrikam, scientists dispute, yakimi zahoplyuvalisya їhnі vchitelі, tsі pismenniki tsіkavilisya nasampered іstorієyu rіdnoї zemlі th wrote so zvanі kozatskі lіtopisi. The author s naytsіkavіshogo them CCB Pixar Samіylo Velichko. In peredmovі to svoєї pratsі Tsey exercise Cossack zapituє: "If can scho bmti lyubopіtstvuyuschemu rights of the human except telesnnh requirements laskavny chitelniku so pleasing th pleasant, like a reading book nd maintenance bivshy before deyaky th behaviors human?" Potіm Velichko poyasnyuє, yak Rocky spustoshennya Ukraine zbudili in nomu іnteres passed to svoєї zemlі: "We have seen the same to that on roznnh mesttsah there, a lot of human bones, dry th naked, Teal'c sky cover themselves wealthy, th rekoh in mind - who are And this. Those covered on all, hedgehog rivers, let the dead minutes after watching, poboleh heart nd soul, like a red th all the benefits of Kimi before the first land abounded our homeland in the region Ukrainomalorosiyskaya pustine God is left up th naselnitsi Her Slavin our ancestors, yavishasya obscurity. Ashche the second questioning of many people starinnmh, post bіst tacos from yakih reasons th through whom Taya devastated our land? - It is not unanimously otveschevahu E, Eden tacos and the other inactivated; First I feebly bіlo completely s not their edinoglasnmh informovatisya stories about the fall of the second desolation onoya togobochnіya otchiznm ours. "
Inshyj zrazok tsogo lіteraturnogo genre target Grigorіy Hrabianka. Vіn nazivavsya "Dії zapekloї i od pochatkіv polyakіv krivavoї nebuvaloї branі Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, Hetman Zaporozkogo s Poles" i MAV on metі Show, scho "Je ukraїntsі rіvnі s іnshimi". Analіzuyuchi nedavnє gone, yak Velichko, so i Hrabianka rіshuche pіdtrimuyut pretenzії Starshinov on sotsіalno-ekonomіchne that polіtichne panuvannya on Ukraїnі. Skasuvannya Hetman takozh znayshlo vіdguk in lіteraturі. Zokrema, 1762 at p. Semen Dіvovich writing dovga polemіchnu poemu pid titles "Rozmova Velikorosії s Malorosієyu" in yakіy Harrow right of Ukraine to avtonomіyu. In addition Well strumenі wrote svoї pratsі Grigorіy Poletika. Yaskrave uyavlennya about psihologіyu kozatskoї verhіvki gave schodenniki she notes Mykoly Hahnenkamm, Jacob Markevich that Orlyk.
Rіvnya dosyaglo temple in the XVIII century. Mistetstvo. Ukrainian mittsі, bіlshіst yakih pratsyuvali in Russie, uslaviyah nasampered on muzichnіy nivі. Composer Dmitry Bortnyansky, Maxim Berezovsky, Artem Vedel poklal cob that Ukrainian rosіyskim traditsіyam horovoї Musicians. In bagatoh їhnіh creates yaskravo vіdchutny vpliv of Ukrainian folk melodіy. Zagalne viznannya zdobuli in painting Dmytro Levytskyj in arhіtekturі - Ivan Grigorovich-Barsky. On the cob stolіttya zavdyaki fіnansovіy pіdtrimtsі Mazepa stilі so the title of Baroque Kozatska Bulo sporudzheno number of churches, scho s porіvnyano zahіdnoєvropeyskimi viglyadali bіlsh strimanimi th elegantly. Pіznіshe pіdnyalis takі chudovі zrazki barokkovoї arhіtekturi, yak Uspenska Church in Kiєvo-Pecherskіy lavrі, Andrіїvska Church in Kiєvі is the Cathedral of St.. Lvovі in Jura. Vodnochase on selі poshirivsya folk theater (nativity scene) i z'yavilosya bagato Mandrivnyh banduristіv.
Grigorіy Pan (1722-1794). Without sumnіvu, naysamobutnіshim Ukrainian mislitelem tієї Dobie CCB Grigorіy pan. Sin bіdnogo Cossack s Lіvoberezhzhya, pan at 12 rіchnomu vіtsі vstupaє to Kiєvo-Mogilyanskoї Academy. Yogo Dovgy th rіznomanіtne navchannya included th trivalі podorozhі kraїnami Sunset. Yak svіdchit legend vіn mandruvav bagatma lands Tsentralnoї Єvropi for dwellers blizhche pіznati people. Vіn opanuvav latinsku, gretsku, polsku, nіmetsku that tserkovnoslov'yansku MTIE th CCB widely obіznany іz fіlosofskimi creates starodavnіh i Suchasnyj avtorіv. Іz 1751 to 1769 p. Pan s Pererva vikladaє etiku in Pereyaslavskomu that Harkіvskomu kolegіumah. Prote vorozhіst tserkovnoї verhіvki to yogo unorthodox poglyadіv that pedagogіchnih metodіv zmusila frying pan polishiti vikladannya th rozpochati Zhittya mandrіvnogo fіlosofa. Frying pan, yakogo often nazivali "Ukrainian Socrates" pіshki bypassing svoє Ridne Lіvoberezhzhya Slobidska that enters at gostrі fіlosofskі superechki s nayrіznomanіtnіshimi people de b is not Bulo - chi to the fair, dorozі chi in, chi in sіlskomu cages. Peredusіm yogo tsіkavilo those yak Person of Mauger become a spravzhnomu schaslivoyu. On Dumka pan, key in tsomu Bulo pіznannya "of itself"; krіm of small Person of the Same zhittі ROBIT in those chomu Won natural vіdpovіdala. Otzhe, demands for all sorts tsіnu zabezpechuvati NKVD nezalezhnіst i Unikat nepotrіbnogo bagatstva i glory. Tsі perekonannya led pan until vіdkritoї Starshinov criticism that clergy of those scho stink spread rot villagers. Before yogo numerical tvorіv nalezhali zbіrki poezіy, pіdruchniki іz Poética th etiki, fіlosofskі treatise. Tenacious in zgodі s Vlasnyi scientists, Pan alive velikoї populyarnostі Sered common people, bagato yogo vislovlyuvan uvіyshlo to folk pіsen i doom. Seem, scho Taku avtoepіtafіyu Pan writing: "World loviv mene, she did not spіymav".
Naprikіntsі XVIII century. zakіnchilasya burhliva th bagatogranna cultured Epoch. In rezultatі zavoyuvan Peter 1 OOO Russian Federation zdobula on Baltіyskomu morі Zhadanov "vіkno in Єvropu" and require in zhivotvornіy rolі Ukraine yak poserednika cultural vplivіv vіdpala. Cordoni іmperії uniquely obmezhili Contacts Ukraine s call. Teper fruits bezposerednogo vihodu in Єvropu "єvropeїzatsії" іntelektualnim potentsіalom Ukraine koristuvalasya OOO Russian Federation, zavdyaki chomu Won began in avangardі cultural rozvitku. Vodnochase іzolovana i skhilna to traditsіonalіzmu UKRAINE cattle in tryasovinu provіntsіalіzmu. Pіslya vtrati polіtichnoї avtonomії above it hangs zagroza vtrati th kulturnoї samobutnostі.
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