Історія України - Subtelium Orest

ПІД ИМПЕРСЬКОЮЮ ВЛАДОЮ

UKRAINA IN THE STOCK OF ROSSIYSKOYA TA AVSTRISYSKOY IMPERIAL

By the prototype of the Mayzha 150 rock in the corner of the XVIII to the back of the XX century. Українці перебували під владою двох імперій: 80% of them підлягали російським імператорам, рета inhabited the Empire of Habsburg . So on svyatanku novyotnogo progress Ukrainians opinilis at the warehouse polichnichnyi sistemi, scho radically vidriznyalasya vіd I will arrange, before I stink zvikli. Як усі імперії, Російська імперія Romanovі ta Avstryіska Habsburgіv were the greatness teritorial conglomerations, the number of inhabitants of which was stored in the ecumenical and culturally diverse countries. Nadmirno centralized polichnichna vlada symbolized in the specialty of the emperor, which did not attach to the consumers of the brother to the respect of the look of his own pasdaniyah. Імператори та їхні урядовці вимагали від останніх абсолютної покори й вірності, вважаючи це не не лише політичним, а я моральным і релігійним обов'язком. For їхню покірливість імператори обіцяли pіддлеглим безпеку, стабільність і order. Tse buv ustriy, a kind of chimaal part of the population of empire, did not invade the rosemnym, but the nave is to be privatized.

In numerically controlled, deployed on the great territory of the dictators, the emperors spiraled around the army and the bureaucracy. Armіya harrowed, and when she was widening the cordons of empire. Vona takozh ensured the internal order. The bureaucracy was picking up the taxes (the part of some of the documents was on the ugly її self-ta armiі), and takozh pragnula organizuvati suspilstvo beside sposib, scho nichrasche vіdpіkіdіі Інтересам імперії. On vіdміну від знаті, - як української elders, so і Polish gentry, - пo panuvala in the Ukrainian suspilstvі XVIII st. Th dyala for the principle of "chim menshe vtruchanya yyadu, tim krashche", імперські bureaucrats, yakі ruled in the nineteenth century, vvazhali, more than the number of laws and rules of stinking obkladatimut suspilstvo, tim bispe bude in gnogu zhiti. І hoch mіsceva topіvіya dalі zberіgala svoі znachennya, protiv povezalі rіshennya, scho vyznachali zhittya Ukraіncіv, all prіnimali імперські міністри in the distant capitals.

Російська імперія

Російська імперія була однією з найбільших у світі. Okrim velichchechny rozmіrіv vona pomitno vіdіznilas vіd інших європейських державії her own polіtichnim arranged. At the southern edge of the continent, the rulers did not lack such power, as the tsarist emperor would have rustled. Nіde bureaucracy is not such a tyrannical bust , politsya takozh zhorstokoyu, and the people are so without rights, yak at Rosii. At the XVIII century. In the result of the reform of the diocese Petra 1st Katerini II The empire was far away from the primitive napivazitskogo princely estate of Moscow, yak gave the cob. Vaughn could boast of a great army, zorієntovaniem on єropeyskі zrazki bureaucrat, scho dadalі zrostalo, i gentry elitoyu. However, the priests of the Russian government did not attend to the autocracy - the main principle of the old Moscow era, for some tsars the absolute dominion over the assimilated pimdas was in the possession of the kings of the country.

* In the 18th and 19th centuries. Українців Російської імперії, as a rule, were called Little Russians. Ті з them, що lived on території Австрійської імперії, продыжували називати yourself русинами.

On the cobble of the XIX century. Zyavilisya deeds of the invisible signs of the fact that the young and the populace of Tsar Oleksandr 1, it is possible, bring reforms to the final logistic completion, and submit the constitution, yaku zamonil b autocracy rule of law. Ale did not become obvious, but the monarch did not imitate the idea of ​​constitution seriously. Prote vіn posiliv prevoshіvnya reform sredi krihіtіnі lіberalіnі pomepiії grupі імперської еліти, й у грудні 1825 р., Зразу після його смерті, кув дворяні з із кімю відбувлення Constitutional правіння вдалася до спроби державного на переротую. І Hoch the insurrection of the Decembrists recognized the miserable wickedness, • the new Emperor Mikola, 1 glyboko, who was hurting the wiklik, kinyuti yogo vladi, vi vіn virіshuє bіlsh, nіzh be-koli, посилити control over his pіddaniem.

Zakohaniy u viskovsku drill, Mikola 1 namagayetsya vprovaditi u tsilomu sspіlstvі discipline and the order of the beautiful yogo sertsyu armії. With the help of the method, we expanded the bureaucratic apparatus and in 1826, Впровадив Третій відділ імперської канцелярії - першу російську таємну поліцію. Vin takozh punished utiliti gendarmeriyu, tobto regular politsiyu, and knowingly strengthen the censorship. The call came in before the time of the Tsar's Mikoli 1 entered the period, a great Russian historian Vasil Klyuchevsky called "the eagle of the most bureaucratic bureaucracy in our country."

Російська імперська присутність на Україні . The gizmos of the Russian autocracy were often justified by the yogic affiliation of the great rozmirs with that bahatonational warehouse of the Empire. Nairavaznishe tse vozmlyuvyav one of the most illusive means bugatokh Ukrainians, yaki became the service of empire, in addition, the knowledge of the patriot of the priory yomu of Ukraine - Prince Oleksandr Bezborodko: "Rosiya - tse krayna autocratic. З огляду на її розміри, різноманітність of the population та звичів і багато інших міркувань autocracy of the posta for Rosії єдиною природною формою управління. All zaperechennya tsyogo tverdzhennya bezplidny, pozayak namenshe slablennya autocratic power to bring up vtati bagatooh provintsy, before deliberation of power will bring people unhealthy dashing. " Vihodachi such poglyadіv, bureaucratic rule імперією so, ніби вона was stored in the form of one people - росіян, - that ignored the national approach of the traditional traditional bugatох інших її підданих.

Oskilki for its own culture and culture of Ukrainians buly close to the disputed by the Russians, then the class becomes an out-of-sight becoming Ukrainian. Yak on the day of the Russian territory. If in the імперського урядовця хтось запитав (schopravda, nebegato people vіdvazhilis b zbabiti tse), for a kind of right to govern the Russian part of the great Ukrainian lands, to see the bulb used below to write on the medals, vicarious in 1793 р. On the honor of Katerini II: "I turned those, sho boolo vidirvane." At such a rozuminna Ukraina, the head of the boulevard is not part of the whole of Russia, an active hour in the past because of the historic "vipadkosty". Відмінності, що існували між росіянами та українцями, having overtaken the bi-imperial bureaucrat, виникли саме внаслідок цього тимчасового виідокремлення. Now, having considered із росіянами, українці, abo "little", повинні втратити свої відмітні риси й стати "справжніми росіянами". Відтак політика the order, it is crammed on прискорення цього "natural" to process, was spent already up to most розпаду імперії.

Concrete and comprehensive understanding of Імперської присутності on Україні була армія. Її Numerous collaterals and fortifications have assimilated the whole region, and її commanders obkladali population oblyazhlivimi obligations. Найстрашнішою військовою повинністю був призов до армії, впроваджений на Україні about 1797 р. For quiet nevdah, yaki spent to the hands of verbuvalnikov, termin service, becoming 25 rock. Through nelyudsku mushtru i parti vinyi such terminov vvazhali rivnosilnim mortal viroku. It was not marvelous, but recruitment was carried in chains in kaidanis, and punishments punished the nineteenth-century cripples, which were sold by soldiers.

Продовжуючи мілітаристську політику в управлінні країною, Олександр 1 та його фанатично відданий authoritative methods міністр Олексій Аракчеєв у період між 1816 і 1821 рр. They went to the settlement of the uninhabited settlements. Nearly 500 yew. Soldiov otrimany predkavati order zaslennya zrazok viskovskih taboriv, ​​yakih kozhny aspect of the private life, the number of doses for the sake of that, and the right to sign the right of the mother, pidporyadkovuvaavsya suvorim і zapresnimi інструкціям. In Ukraine, there are close to 20 such settlements. Protech zadushlivi orders gave protting ochikuvanim fruit to 1857 r. Більшість військових settlement boulo is molded. Tse bouv to finish the promiscuity of the butt of the namagan of the bureaucratic bureaucrat pidporyadkuvati tsivіlne zhittya vіys'kovyi disciplina.

The process of simplification in the Ukrainian lands of the imperial structures of Vlad was in 1770's rock, or the residual form of water in the 1830s. Todi Ukraina was rebuilt in the province, where three warehouses were located. Prior to Livoberezhna Ukrainy, the deportation of the cossacks and the elders were manifested in the form of Chernigivska, Poltavska ta Kharkivska guberniia; Nezododno povoplene Pravoberezhzha, de Polish gentry, yak і rіsіshe, zapravlyala saspіlno-ekonomichnim zhittyam ukraїнських селяні і де в містых перевечно євреї, warehoused з Київської, Волинської та Подільської губерній; Нарешті, новоосвоєний Південь, що колись належав запорожцям і Кримському хаанству, поділявся на Катеринославську, Херсонську и Таврійську губернії. Skin guberniya was falling on the streets, but in its worm the towns and villages were included.

Ієррхія урядників, корі ruled in the Tsikh administrativnyh odinnitsy, bula nevertheless in usіі імперії. On the governorship stood the governor, recognized tsar. Governors dopomagali officials, but they borrowed such files, a huge order, and that feeder. The top booths of the administrative staff are in a very important position from the professional bureaucrats. Prote on the lower rim of the Bagat Uryadovtsiv - zokrema, the chief of the gendarmerie, the leader of the nobility, the court - was ripped off by the mass of noblemen from his own midst. I simply rejected the professorial officials for the satisfaction of all my needs.

Uzagalі nova sistemu ryadvіnnya mala zgubnі naslіdki for nistarіshih міст України, більшість із яких крястувалися самоврядуванням згідно з давінім Magdeburg Law. At the 1835 r. Київ останнім серед міст having lost special status. But the right to do so. Відтоді більшість українських міст перейшли в підпорядкування губернській адміністрації. On naynizhchomu adminostrativnomu rivni - in the village - for the sub-law of the law, the nobility was exposed to the mosque.

Behind the societal walks of admissions, kotra zdіysnyuvala shodenne upravlennia in the Ukraine of the XIX century, the head rank of the buli bureaucratized noblemen. Naiščić put, so yak governor, zvichayno obyymali uryadovtsі із vplivovikh aristocratic families, at that time the middle peasants were imprisoned by the middle nobles. Скромні пости діловодів і писарів були spherical міщан та синів священиків, Селяни майже ніколи не підіймалися навіть до найнезначііїї задиди.

The warehouse of bureaucrats in Ukraine is located in the middle of the region. On Livoberezhyniy Ukrainy, the deportation of the old cossack sergeant-major removed the noble rights, the means of finding the detainees were taken care of so well in the Ukraine's yak Miloradovich, Miklashevsky, Kochubey, Zavadovsky, Kapnist and Poletika. On Pravoberezhzhi, the Poles were transplanted. At Pіvdnі, kudi stіkavsya people z sіієї імперії, bureaucrats for their march boulo duzhe rі znomannіtnym, hoch і here переважали росіяни. Tsikavo, scho nerosyanin, pestering to the lav officials, as a rule, russifikuvavsya y at ts'omu stav bolsh "rosіyskim", nizh sami rosіyani.

Імперська the bureaucracy of the bula is organisated on the viscous zrazok - with its officers of that uniform, її repre- sentatives nerily "glorified" the building plazuvati before the authorities і water prisnizhuvati pidleglich. For vіsuttnostі konstitutsії, scho entrusted the rights of the individual, the official could get busy with the private life of people, but often was taken. Malopriyemna prisutninst bureaucrats dezcho pom'yakshuvalasya yogo vidnososno nebolikoyu chiselnistyu: portivnyano bіdna Rosіyska імперія could allow уімі утримувати на кожні 10 тис. The population is less than 12 officials. At the beginning of the year, the snow bun is tri-chotiri razi bilshim.

Nesdatnist rosysyskogo uberu zabezpecchuvati svoyh bureaucrats dostatnoyu plaineyu breeds koruptsіyu, yaku vin moskovki zakrivav ochі, especially on the corpuscular scale. Docks officials zbezpechuvali treasury vysnachatoyu sumoju penny, the order little hviljuvalo, skilki pennies zdirali z popolenna sobi. Ale yaksho rosijani Vzhe zvikli to carry the bureaucratic system, then for Ukrainians the ear of the nineteenth century. We are an enemy and a stranger. It is possible to explain the fact that Mikola Gogol has his own famous "Revizor" (1836 р.), Having created such a blaze, satirizing the imperial bureaucracy.

Before the reign of Mikoli 1 (1825-1853) in the Russian Empire, he defended the unhygienic and unsystematic polityusky vision. Ale in 1826., yak vzhe boulo said, the enmity of the insurgents of the Decembrists, the Tsar, having fallen asleep. The third day of the government yogo imperial bureaucracy, zapochkatkavavshi regularly taemnu politsiu . Хоч її the basic personnel the spoiler of buv is visually insignificant. The third commission hired the number of donors, they went to fairs, shinoks, attended the university, lectured and enrolled the Gromadsky zybranny, and zvertali priskisplivu respect for the eyes of the guide, and wiklikali pizosru. Censorship yak zasib prishushennia potentsitsynoi opozitsії vikoristovovalasya in Rosiia zavzhdi, ala for the rule of Mikoli 1 vona became suvoroshoyu, nizh be-kol; Zokrema, diyali spetsialnі komіtіti, kotrіrno perevіryali everything, scho was seen as a friend. Namagannya tsar postaviti pid control unauthorized іdeї pіддстави навивизначнішому поетові України Taras Shevchenku z іronієyu zauvazhiti, scho "vіd Moldovan before the Finn in all yazikah all mauvchit, bo prosperity."

I, nevertheless, despite its repressive nature, the empire of the Nyak is not a bust of the political power. Skorumpovane, maloefektivnee th roksidane for velichenniy teritorії officials could not fail to impose vikonuvati vsyo інструкції, які a flow лилися із столиці. You can see the boolo of the clerk, but, for goodness, chi for a hub, you can close your eyes to the insignificant laws of the law, or to plead the confessions of the virks. Until then, we negligent, hto mav for chyogo doshat pennies, it was allowed podorozhvaty for the cordon; Відтак серед правлячої верхівки поширювалися західні впливи, що теж пом'якшувало несправедливостіі mode.

Малоросійська ментальність . Bagatogh predstavnykіv kolishnogo ukrainskoj elders ruled maynich і velich іmperії, zaparbivali mozlovisty blizkuchoї kar'єri, and їхнє self-love thіsila sііdomіvі sіnodnі nalіzhnostі up to the nobility of the Russian Empire. Tom ix is ​​not a boo boo nadmirno zaohochuvati budi virnopіddannimi sovereign-emperatora. For such, Ukraine has become an ice-breaker for some, good and expensive, and the imperial people, and the Ukrainian people-to the "plem'yam" of the Russian people. Вони були байдуже чи навіть ворож настроєні щодо будь-яких політичних дій, корі spiraling on the ideology of Ukraine. Types for "malorosіyskoї mentalnostі" e word Vіktora Kochubey - ukraїntsya, yaky nalezhav to nayblizhchogo otochennye іmperatora "Hoch i narodivsya I crest, I bіlshy rosіyanin, nіzh hto Inshyj ... Moє encampment pіdnosit mene over usyakimi drіb'yazkovimi mіrkuvannyami. I can see the turbotics of your provinces (Ukrain . - Auth.) From the point of view of the spirits of interest to our present sospisy. Mikroskopichnі look at me not turbuyut.

Малоросійська ментальність pronounced merciless criticism in the face of the stories of the nationalistic school of the XX century. Vyacheslav Lypinsky , proyedny in the 1920s, the rocker of the country, the Ukrainian elite, and the nation, is a kind of mentality - a complex of peoples, but not a sovereign power. Він bringing, шо, виступаючи за асиміляцію in Російській імперії, Little Russians often zrikalysya active nykrashchih rice Ukrainka, vodnochas zasvoyuyuchi bagatogo najgіshshih rice rosіyanina. That deprived non-interim that fact, scho "malorossiyska" samosvidomist tsilkom surpassed the means of Ukrainian identity, and itself ukrayntsі often buli naybіlshimi goryami ідеї української самобутності.