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Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest
Taras Shevchenko
On the cob of the XIX century. in seredovischі ukraїnskoї іntelіgentsії vinikla svoєrіdna situatsіya. Yak mi peresvіdchilisya, duhovnі vіyannya scho zahopili bіlshіst kraїn Shіdnoї Єvropi th Rosіyu not ominuli minutes up Ukraine. Radikalnі respublіkanskі іdeї Frantsuzkoї revolyutsії boule widely predstavlenі on Ukraїnі Decembrists that ukraїnskimi Union members ob'єdnanih slov'yan, vodnochase fіlosofskі kontseptsії natsіonalnoї culture Herder, without sumnіvu, nadihali tvorchіst harkіvskih romantikіv. Prote on Ukraїnі polіtichna aktivnіst not poєdnuvalasya s cultural natsіonalne orієntovanoyu dіyalnіstyu: polіtichnі radicals deprive "beznatsіonalnimi" th not vіdvodili in svoїh polіtichnih projects Georeferencing for Ukraine, in one hour yak propagandists ukraїnskoї natsіonalnoї culture boule far od polіtiki conservatives vіddanimi tsarevі that іsnuyuchomu ladovі. Tsey podіl Skoda obom іdeologіchnim techіyam i Zgoda on peretvorivsya hronіchnu hvorobu ukraїnskoї іntelіgentsії, one zdaval, vіn not vzhe turbuvav pokolіnnya 1820 rokіv. Cons for the following pokolіnnya scho sformuvalosya in 1840 Rokach, poєdnannya natsіonalnoї s culture polіtichnoyu іdeologієyu camp pershochergovim zavdannyam.
Oseredkom pokolіnnya 1840 rokіv to yakogo nalezhali takі osobistostі, yak іstorik M. Kostomarov, pismennik P. Kulіsh she sings Shevchenko, the CCB does not Kharkiv and Kiev, in 1834 de district. hocks Novi University. Predstavniki tsієї generatsії resembled іz Pravoberezhnoї yak, so i h i Lіvoberezhnoї Ukraine for svoєyu sotsіalnoyu nalezhnіstyu boule bіlsh rіznorіdnimi, nіzh їhnі poperedniki - vihіdtsі s nobility.
Sered molodі 1840 rokіv nayvische pіdnosilasya Postal odnієї Helsinki Human - Taras Shevchenko. Mozhna sperechatisya about those chi htos іz ukraїntsіv tієї Dobie on the right svoїh spіvvіtchiznikіv silnіshy vpliv, nіzh Shevchenko. Ale those scho in іstorії people yaky pіdvodivsya on legs seredinі XIX century., TAKE vidatne Location posіv sama sings, not Bulo chimos vinyatkovim. Cultural dіyalnіst Bula єdinoyu Tsarina, de pozbavlenі powers ukraїntsі could viraziti his samobutnіst: that often provіdnu role "buditelіv people" vіdіgravali sings pismenniki, vchenі. All the I Know Well vazhko Inshyj butt Helsinki Human, poezіya that osobistіst kotroї with such a Povny mіroyu vtіlila natsіonalny spirit yak tse for ukraїntsіv Zroby Shevchenko.
Zhittєvy Way Shevchenko simvolіzuvav PRSPs share yogo people. Narodivsya Shevchenko district in 1814. in selі Morintsy on Pravoberezhzhі th virostav orphans krіpakom. Koli Pan uzyav yogo s him to St. Petersburg, malyarskі obdaruvannya Yunak privernuli uwagi kіlkoh provіdnih mittsіv, SSMSC in 1838 p. dopomogli vikupiti yogo s krіpatstva.
Todі Shevchenko joining up Іmperatorskoї Academy Mistetstvo de zdobuv pershoklasnu osvіtu. Vodnochase yogo іntelektualnі Skylines uniquely rozshirilisya zavdyaki іntensivnim contacts іz bagatma ukraїnskimi that rosіyskimi artists th pismennikami stolyci. Nezabarom him ovolodіla require visloviti svoї experiences in poezії. In 1840 r. viyshla Druk Yogo of Ukrainian Persha zbіrka poezіy pid titles "Kobzar". Tsі lіrichnі, schirі that spovnenі muzyky vіrshі, perevazhno prisvyachenі іstorії Ukraine, odrazu Well privіtali Ukrainian yak, so i rosіyskі criticism, calling їh genіalnimi create.
Taras Shevchenko pіslya Povernennya іz zaslannya
Vihіd "Kobzar" CCB, yak zauvazhuє Yuriy Lutsk, podієyu unіkalnogo value in іstorії ukraїnskoї lіteraturi, pozayak in nomu ukraїnska mova dosyagla lіteraturnoї neperevershenostі. Sings podolav odnovimіrnіst i obmezhenіst rolі scho її to quiet pіr vіdіgravala ukraїnska literature, sprostuvavshi perekonannya such yak, zokrema, the famous critic rosіysky Vіssarіon Bєlіnsky, kotrі vvazhali, scho mova of Ukrainian peasants do not send both zdatna vitonchenі pillows th pochuttya. Vіdpovіdayuchi on prinizlivі for Ukrainian Language Look Bєlіnskogo, Shevchenko wrote:
"Warm housing tіlko Skoda - in shity Me, And your word Rozumny pіdbite nonsense."
Dosyagnennyami Shevchenko boule sprostovanі Look yogo suchasnika - ukraїntsya Gogol Mykoly, yaky vvazhav scho talanovitі ukraїntsі mozhut zazhiti lіteraturnoї Slavi deprivation in kontekstі rosіyskoї lіteraturi.
Shevchenko rozshiriv gnuchkіst, ekspresivnі mozhlivostі th resources Ukrainian Language, sintezuvavshi kіlka of Ukrainian dіalektіv, sіlsku i mіsku govіrki and takozh Elements tserkovnoslov'yanskoї MTIE. Tim himself vіn prodemonstruvav svoїm spіvvіtchiznikam, scho mova їhnya zdatna bliskuche send both nayshirshe rozmaїttya pochuttіv i dumok, dovіv scho toil nіyakoї ukraїntsі not require spiratit on rosіysku movu yak on zasіb dosyagnennya vischogo style. Yogo poezіya factuality became progoloshennyam lіteraturnoї that іntelektualnoї ukraїntsіv Nezalezhnosti. Kolishnіy krіpak not zabuvav about svoїh "znedolenih bratіv" i, nache bіblіyny prophet, crying tavruvav gnobitelіv zakrіpachenogo selyanstva. On vіdmіnu od bіlshostі іnshih predstavnikіv іntelіgentsії Shevchenko vіriv in lіberalnі projection postupovih reforms. In yogo vіrshah vіdkrito propaguvalisya radikalnі, revolyutsіynі methodological znischennya nespravedlivostі in suspіlstvі. In the famous "Zapovіtі" vіn zaklikaet svoїh zemlyakіv:
"Pohovayte, that Arise, Kaidanow porvіte an evil enemy: the I Will krov'yu okropіte. Me in the I sіm'ї velikіy, in sіm'ї volnіy, novіy pom'yanuti Remember kindly quiet word."
Oburennya Shevchenko sotsіalnoyu nespraveddivіstyu nerozdіlno pereplіtaєtsya s yogo hatred to natsіonalnogo gnoblennya on Ukraїnі on tsіy "nashіy nesvoїy zemlі" yak about vіn neї wrote. Unreconciled vorog tsarskogo autocracy, vіn zaklikaє to samoviznachennya Ukraine zadovgo before yak yogo qiu іdeyu pіdtrimali pomіrkovanі Kolegov-іntelіgenti. Such spryamovanіst s usієyu ochevidnіstyu prostupaє in Yogo tlumachennі іstorії Ukraine, tsієї nayulyublenіshoї s yogo so. Khmelnytskyi for Shevchenko - i "genіalny rebels" i Lyudin, vіdpovіdalna a fatal alliance of Ukraine s Rosієyu, vnaslіdok chogo UKRAINE vtratila svoє samovryaduvannya. Yogo simpatії on botsі such Kozatska vatazhkіv, Polubotok yak, scho povstavali proti tsarіv: quiet just hto Poturaev Moskvі, vіn zasudzhuvav mercilessly. Shevchenko prihovuє nenavistі to Peter 1, nazivayuchi yogo "tyrant" i "khat", is the second to put Katerini II vіn not maintained upstream. Polemіzuyuchi s nayvidatnіshim rosіyskim poet Oleksandr Pushkіnim, yaky vihvalyav Tsikh monarhіv, Shevchenko wrote:
"Now I know:
Tse of the first scho rozpinav Our up Ukraine, and the second has finished widow Sirotin. Katie! catty! Lyudoїdi "
Ale natsіonalіzm Shevchenko CCB shovіnіstichno obmezhenim, vіn vvazhaє pragnennya Ukraine to the Freedom of warehouses vsezagalnoї Borotba for spravedlivіst. Yak svіdchat chant "Єretik" prisvyachena famous cheskomu GreatMartyr Yanovі Gus, that chant "Caucasus", sings simpatizuє prignoblenim peoples usogo svitu.
Poezіya Shevchenko (deyakі її zrazki boule nastіlki buntarskimi scho їh publіkuvali not much before 1905 r.) Rozburhuvala in Yogo suchasnikіv novі hvilyuyuchі pillows th pochuttya. Іstorik Kostomarov wrote: "Shevchenko's muse zіrvala cover, scho zakrivali od us Zhittya people spoglyadati th yogo Bulo scary, licorice, bolyache th p'yanko".
Shevchenko zmusiv svoїh bachiti more farmers in narodі not barvistі zvichaї deprivation, and th yogo strazhdannya. In іstorії kozatstva vіn shukaє not romantic geroїv and urokіv scho lead to maybutnogo maintained upstream. UKRAINE for Demba not just Picturesque regіon Rosіyskoї іmperії and region, scho Mauger th Got Why Square.
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