Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Зростання національної свідомості on Західній Україні

Culturally, in Ukraine, the head of the rank was registered in Livoberezh - the territory of the Getmanshchina and the Slobidska of Ukraine. In the smaller regimes of the Russian Federation, there has been little understanding of the national culture of the country. On Pravoberezhzha kilka polskih shlyachtichiv, so yak Timko Padura, Mikhal Chaikovsky, Zoriyan Dolenga-Khodakovskiy, the romantic svitlі bachili kozatske minus Ukraini i mrіyali about an hour, if the Ukrainian village, having forgotten about the past images of the szlachta, before including Pravoberezhzha at the view Poland Poli Pospolita . However, the trend tended little to the relaxation of the Polish cultural gems in Pravoberezhzh. Scho stossuyutsya nezasaseleniy prichornomskikh regeoniv, then there practically did not bother to be aware of Ukrainophilia.

Західноукраїнська інтелігенція . Speak about zahidnoukraysku Інтелігенцію початку XIX ст.- mean talking about the clergy. І справді, оскільки the clergy of the boule єdynoju соціальноую групою, що could корстяватися перевагами вищої освіти in the Austro-Ukrainian Empire, вища освіта на Західній Україні has become a synonym of theological knowledge. So, on the ears of the 1840s, rock'iv із 400 students and students from the Lviv University, and those who pledged themselves, 295 theologians went to school, at that time all the decisions were taken by the philosophical discourses, which were before the theological course. Іншим доказом переважання священиків серед інтелігенції є те, що із 43 The book, written in the middle of 1837 and 1850 rubles. Ukrainianskuyu movoyu, 40 nalezhalo peru svyaschenikiv.

Lisha at each other half of the XIX century. Вагомим чинником на Західній Україні стане світська інтелігенція - вчилі, юристи, вчені, Written by those officials. Вім, не слід вважати of the skin priests with agent. Greatness of the priesthood of the clergy became biddy sylvic priesthoods, kotrі for its own інтелектуальним рівнем льве підіймалися over the villages. Y Lisha Yogo is small, a part of Zosredzhenna in such places, yak Lviv and Peremishl (tobto centers of church administration, schools, libraries, libraries, etc.), small is the fate of the brothers in the cultural life.

Навіть за сприятливих обставин інтелектуальному розвиткові of the clergy pereshkojali yogo natural conservatism, rabskaya vіddanist dynasty Habsburg. Thin proksharok osvіchenih zahіdnih ukraїнців - people for the sutty of their own provincial and conservative - із nazvichaynoyu підозріливістю сприймав новііііїї, multiplying their own and інтелектуальні resources on the eve of such different (hoch and gostro debatovaniyah) feed, як абетки, календарі та церковні обряди. For quietly do not ignore, hto pragnuv znachomitishsya z bilsh radical radical zhіdnimi chi take the fate of the revolutionary diyalnostі, іdina mozhnivіt for whomever cries in the context of the Polish ruhu. In the 1830s rock is ignorant of the number of young Ukrainians who came to the Polish revolutionary groups who fought for the adherence of the Polish Republics, Poland, Poland and the United States of America, as well as for the countries of the world.

Privablivist prestige polski culture bula nastilki strong naveit for naybіlsh traditsionalistonistyki moody predstavniki in church and society, but with the coloring of the legal, basic and material stanischa zahidnoukraїnskoi tops stinks steel nasliduvati poles. The goal was to learn about the situation: Chim gave Polischuv's Ukrainian social status, while he was more quarrelsome of the cynicalism of the peasants.

Unacquainted with the clergy and the intelligentsia of the deed were privately served by the Polish name, and Ukrainians were rooted out by the villagers. Promovistim svіdchennyam zapepadu Ukrainskoї moivi (tobto tієї nenorodnoy ta nezgrabnoy mishanini moskovo govіrki, ecclesiastical, latinsky, polski and nimetskie elektionov, yaku todi saw for literary Ukrainians), in the midst of the people began to turn out in 1809 r. Studentium Rutenum at the Lviv University. Yak is not paradoxical, allege before the law, not Poles and not Austrians, but Ukrainians themselves. Oskilki інші дисципліни в університеті викладалися німецькоюю мовою, the students of the faculty were venerated by the discriminatory ones, those who did not do it, they did not study the Ukrainian language, they were happy to go to the deputy head of the Ukrainian non-German.

That vodnochas із підкресленням недоліків української мови вища освіта також народжувала її оборонців. Навчаючись у Львові чи Відні, деякі українці could not but feel about the idea of ​​Herder stasovno znachennіa rіdnoї moivi for the people. Stinkers often spill from the Polish and especially the celestial intelligentsia, whilst on the right of the national svidomosty cultural development they are far away from the rest of the words of the Austro-Ukrainian Empire. Натхнена uspіhami sysіdіv, долаючи неприятливий вплив свого середища, is small, але зростаюча західноукраїнська інтелігенція has become чимдалі скоро сприйматиі нову ідею української нації.

"People's Budyl" on Zahidnyi Ukrainy . The first signs of zatsikavlennya cultural aspects of national problems z'yavilisya on the pillar of the XIX century .. in the old-time city of Peremishly - the center of the Greek-Catholic єparhії, de boules seminarіya, bagatі knigozbіrnі de lived in the activities of the most imaginative representatives of the Ukrainian clergy. By the prototype of the tenth-century tenement in the Ukrainian lands mіsto vіdіgryvatim u rozvitku natsіonalnoї svidomostі avstіnіskih українців the role, analogy tіy, yaku approximately in that very hour відігравав for російських українців Харків, розташований на найчесідніших земях України. Prichomu slіd pidkresliti, scho peremyshlskі svyascheniki, creative zdіbnostі yakikh buly not arrogantly high, took the butt harkivskih romantics.

Naividatnim sred mozdavnikvіv peremishl'ko gopi buv Іvan Mogilnitsky - vikokopostastovleniy church ієррх, котрий відав with the help почакової освіти в єпархії. In the year 1816, For the pidrimki of his overhead - the bishop Mikhail Levytsky - Mogilnitsky organizuvav so zvane "Clerical Comrade" , scho put for a meter gotuvati rasshiryvati sredyan villagers unskillful religious textile Ukrainian gov. In the context of the pan-tive of the Polonofil tendencies, such a crock sprinkled with a non-Orthodoxy. Zvіsno, Mogilnitsky that yogo odnodumtsі keruvalysya not tilki idei Herder chi butt shіdnih Ukrainki; Importantly, the ikhnim mirkuvannami bulo te, scho, korostoychishsya Polish books, the villagers could have pinned up to Roman Catholicism.

I hochsilya comradeship, scho vylilisya vidannya kolkokh molotovnikiv those letters, gave modest fruits, and sama vono nebbarom rozpalosya, yogo vyvava varta uvagi, oskilki tse bula perla sproba Ukrainska Іnteligenci yak na Pravoberezhnnyi i i Livoberezhnii Ukrainy - organizuvatisya i, But more importantly, - adhere to the respect to the basic food, the yak on the upcoming tenit is to be deprived of the basic reference of zahidnoukraynskoj Інтелігенції. Prote, namagayuchites "vskosnalitosti" mіscevy dіalekt, Mogilnitsky napoljagav on that, shob vzhivati ​​yogo in the numerically church-like houses. Отриманий внаслідок цього штучний мовний гібрид little favors пропростуванню тверджен ь about nedadatnіst української мови for literary vzhitku.

At the end of the Peremishlyk gurk, in the 1820s the prikats were pricked by a number of Zakhidnoukrainian pupils, yakis, to the antiquarian kolktsioneriv pupils, and the material of the country was singed. These are Galicia folklore. Серед представників цієї unbelievable groups of buly історики Mihailo Garasevich ta Denis Zubritsky, and takozh grammaty y etnografii Josip Levitsky ta Josip Lozinsky. Tues, written nimetsky, latinsky chi polskoyu moovami, їхні праці мали обмежений вплив.

"Rusya tritytsya . " In the 1830s, the center of the city centered on the awakening of the national identity, to move to Lviv, to enter the arena of the young people, to enter the arena, to see the young people, the student of the breeds, Markivian Shashkevich - 21-rychnyy yunak, scho mav, the poetic organisator talent. At the same time, close friends, close companions-Vasokoosvichenim I Vang Vagilevich and Yakiv Golovatsky -having installed the duckweed, with the names of the names "Russky tritytsei." In 1832 the river. Stink organizuvala group of students, kotra put before him a meta pіdnіkі Ukrainіkі діалект, звільнений від ecclesiastical'yanski those alien 'vishukanost', to the river of literature. Lisha so, on їхню думку, mozhna bilo відкрити селянству access to Знан, які допомогли б полгшити його часть д дати змогу українцям виразити свою віками гноблену індивідуальність.

For the Greek Catholics ієррхів self - write a simple, unimmunized referendum, and ask abetkoju-kirilitseju - zhadalas chimos nechuvaniem. The stinkers gave Shashkevich directly to the yoga comrades, but in their own right, they did not volunteer for the church. Ale pidtrimka, one, came from the Russian Federation, de Rusya triytsya put in contact with such Ukrainophiles, Yizmail Sreznevsky, Mikhailo Maksimovich, and Josip Bodiansky. And zaduyhem їх nadihav stitches nastoyayuchogo chesky natsionalnogo ruhu. Karel Zapa, who served in the Galician administration, "Triytsya", nasampered Golovatsky, became active in such active "wake-ups to the people" and with sticky words "Yanofili", as the Slovaks Yan Colar and Pavel Shafarik, the Slovenian Bartholomew Kopytar ta Czech Karel Gavlychek.

For zdіysnennya svoїh zadumіv "Rusya tritytsya" virishila publikuvaty almanac "Rusalka Dnistrovaya" , which includes people's letters, virish, historical articles on the mosque. If, about the vihid almanac, it became known to the Greek-Catholic hierarchs, the stinkers slandered yog yak "negidny, obscene, and canfully, pidrivny." Vodnochas the head of the political branch of Lviv, announcing: "Mi zhemeemo dostatno cloak with one people (Poles.-Years.), And tsi bozhevilnyi here want vydroditi long dead and adventures Ruthenian people." Місцевий the censor and Greek Catholic clergyman Venedikt Levitsky fenced the publishing almanac in Lviv, the volume in 1837 r. Shashkevich and comrades of the boom of the troubles vidavati yogi from distant Budapest. From 900 brought to Lviv in Mayzhe, all confessions were confiscated. Lisha is not much of a part of her life, and she sinks to the skeptical public. Roszcharovany such reaction to the transfer of church authority, pomiraє in the young vіtsі Markіyan Shashkevych; Vagilevich zhdomom move to the Polish camp; Th Lische Golovatskiy poslіdovno i nevіstupne prodovzhu pratsyuvati over zdіysnennyam tsіley "Russkoi triytsi".

Hoch vidannya "Mermaids Dnistrovoi" from the very beginning of the cob called for the collapse, it became an important precedent, which showed that the Ukrainian culture can live on a literary basis. Pid vlivom "Mermaids dnistrovoї" povіlny, ali nevіdvorotnyi pereorієntatsії na ukrainian people's masi podne nove pokolinnya zahіdoukraїnskoї іntelіgencії, pokolіnnya, kotre verbuvatime bіlshіst svoeї sovіvіі із people.

Yak MI perevidchilsya, the widening of the national vision of the boule by the process of grave and different. In the middle of XIX century. Vono not stuck in the dignity of small groups of Ukrainians and Italians, who knew for themselves the suttivity of warehouses in the Ukrainian cultural self-defense. Schoob vidit for intercultural etapu, it was necessary to make up a numerical solution. For vinyatom інтелігенції, in the agrarian, traditional and provincial, provincial syspіlstі Ukraії not bool sotsial'nikh vistv, chutlivih to novіh iіdi. Prior to that, firm news about those who are Ukrainians - people who say "people", "culture" and "I do not care what happened", often the middle riches of the Ukrainians themselves skepticized and sinister. It is important to protract the vlivovі prestige and bilsh rozvinenih polskoї ta rosіysskoy cultures. І all the same, pidbadioreni butt zahіdnikh narodiv and іupennі in addition, іo їхня діяльність відповідає to the needs of the idealized people, "buditelі natsії" were not built.

Із most початку процесу поширення національної свідомості між Sign up for free Західною Україною спостерігалися важливі відмінності. On Лівобережжі, де ще зберігали force курції Козаччини й пам'ять про часи автономії, діяльність, спрямована на піднесення національної свідомості, small bagatobytsyayuchy cob. Prote zhorstoka rozprava z Kirilo-Mefodіїvskim comradeship showed that the Ukrainian peasantry in the Russian Empire passed on to the past, vyn zustrichav in the person of the tsar's class of unmerciful and non-remanded wolf. U Scіdnіy Galichynі progresses buv poіnny, і opіr yomu repaired the conservatively Greco-Catholic uppermost. Zate was not involved in dramatic events, but in spite of the fact that the country became nationally independent, it became a chimdal in the past. Nareşti, tse paralelnyy rozvitok for all the developmental mavshe one important result: pislja stolіit obmenevі nіkіvі sіnіvі sіdіnі ta західні українці пояла виявляти посилений взаємний інтерес. Розгортався process національної иннграграії.