Історія України - Subtelium Orest

Borotba at sunset

Having recognized the miserable wickedness of the wings, in the wake of 1918 р. Austro-Ugorsky, the Empire started to fall, Mayzha in 20 months after the fall of Russia. Navsit shit before the Yak Habsburgs recognized, prio priššov kynets, pіdvladnyі ім people, in the number of західні українці, rozpochali preparation for the peace of the wakeful national powers. Намагаючися збудувати в Східній Галичині на руїнах імперії українську power and долаючи запеклий опір, західні українці opililisya u stanovishchі, подібному до то, в якому перебували їхні співвітчизники на сході. Prote Mayge in the usіh іnshih aspects namagannya zahіdnyakіv stvoryti the power докорінно відізнялися від спроб східних українців.

Yak і mozhna boolo spodivatisya, Poles takozh claimed to Scidna Halychyna. Vnasledok vinik konflikt dvoh narodiv for the territory, but not for the meeting, for the "serce d duma" of people. "It is possible, zavdyaki to the constitutional practice of the Austrians nalicha polokіv і інінціві цінувати the system of management of the brothers in the future, the fall of імперії has not brought Before the storm, chaos, anarchy and zhorostokosty, yak at the meeting.In front of the Ukrainians and Poles of the Circumpolya Galicia, there were quite a few people in the village: a little national food was peppered to the Pershochergov wag, and the supply of socially-economical problems was pending for the future.The Polish-Ukrainian conflict would be baked, Ale not uninhabitable, vin perezhno itchivsya mіzh regular armii, sho bolee boro v vstanovleniyі lіnії frontsu, zavdayuchi pіvіvnyano neolikії shodi tsivіlnomu populyarnyu. By the day, tіpulo viprobuvannya sat mіzh 3,5 million українців Scіdіїї Galichini thаt 18 million polikіv, kotrі 'vodnochas waged With Czechs, Lithuanians and Lithuanians, who did not want to join the Polish Powers.

Kolya became zrozumіlim, scho Austriya from-moe vpadi, 18 жовтня 1918 р. The parliamentarians, the provisers of the political parties, the church hierarchs of the Circle of Galicia, and Bukovini, were installed in the Kraynsku Narodnu Radu , which was represented by a representative body. Vony takozh disobedient about the nation in all parts of the country, in one place, a little exorbitant peonies, but not soaked with the peoples of the colossal empire of Habsburg. Tim hour Poles takozh gotuvalisya wanted to buy Lviv і Scіdnu Galichina. A group of young Ukrainians of offices at the site of Dmitrov Vіtovs'kyi, rozdratovanyh pіlnim legalskim pіd the course of People's sake, took the right to his hands. Uvečeri ZI жовтня вони спішно зібрали всіх українських солдаів, scho served in the Austrian parts of Lviv, and drove the city. Leaping 1 leaf fall, the population pobachilo, scho on Mishkyi ratushi majorit Ukrainian prapor, izі golovnі podkladi - in the hands of Ukrainians and skriz hang hanging placards about those who are now vonya є gromadyanyami Ukrainian powers. Щось подібне былося й in usіх інших містах Скідної Галичини.

Українське населення із захопленням Вітало події 1 листопада. They recognized the sovereignty of Ukrainians, but they did not neutralize them. Alya, tilki ogovtavshis vіd shaken, Lvivsky Poles passed to the active support, th Mizh Ukrainians and Polish cottages vibuhnuli zapeklі bogey for kozhny budink. On північномуний заході, on the cordon між Scіdіnі Galіchynіі і vlasne Polsheyu, під blows of the Poles, having fallen down the key hall of the higher educational institution Peremishl. Part of Bukovina was occupied by Romanianski Vijs'ka, Todi Yak in Zakarpattyi zberigali their vedas Madari. І all the same great part of the Circle of Galicia was absorbed in the hands of the Ukrainians, and they poured out powerfully for the country's power. 9 листопада, після того як всі українські партії досягли hoot about the spivpracyu at the form of the contract, the boule is acknowledged timchasovuuu mirnistren, abo the General Secretary, at the request of the Parliament of Kostya Levitsky . Through chotiri the new power, the bulo was officially blown up by the Zakhidnoukraiysk People's Republic (ZUNR) .

22 листопада 1918 р. The power failed to recognize the pre-school blow, if 1400 Ukrainian soldiers, in the main syllabic yunakivs, had been severed in a 200-thousand-strong mosque, not having insulted the insurrection of the Poles, they had repulsed pidkriplennya, buly zmusheni lined Lviv. At the time of the new residence, becoming Stanislav. Vlasne here zdіisneno pershi poslіdovі probybstviti diyuchy yurid i efektivnu armiyu.

Mayge through the extension of his 8-month-old існування ЗУНР-була державою з 4-мільйонним поселенням, 3 млн якого були українцями. At the time of the Timachava vlad water, Shvidko supplied the tithes of the formations of the Uryadovy Aparat. 22-26 листопада on підконтрольних українцям the earths було it is lead вибори up to Української Народної Ради, куди entered 150 deputies and yaka small бути предваницьким and legislative body. For social marriages, the delegates were overwhelmingly stored із інтелігенції, селян-середняків і clergy, for glances velichnost більшість, навіть соціалісти, borrowed ліберально-національні позиції. For its own storehouse Rada bula mayzhe tsilkom Ukraine, pozayak Poles boycotted vibory, and єvreї z nimtsyami virishili not brothers in them part, so do not get involved in the Ukrainian-pvlsky conflict. The President of the Republic automatically became Radi Єvgen Petrushevich (a lawyer and a member of the Parliament at the Vidny).

Yevgen Petrushevich

Yevgen Petrushevich

At the entrance to the dinovoukraynskih zuryadov ZUNR nezbarom already small mіscevy organ management. The stinkers were spiraling in the old Austriansky model (the Galicians did not borrow widens on the similar radical experiments), and they were equipped from the Ukraine, and they often finish off the Polish special services. Nezvazhayuchi na zapeklu vinyu, yaku nav'yazali zahіdoukraїnskіy derzhavi, їй vdalosya zabezpechuvati on his terytoryі stabіlnіist і order. Nadvichayno shvidke e efektivne stranennya administriativnogo aparatu was a dozhyagnennya, scho yogo could repeat rikly yakі new syidnoevropeyskikh powers, not kazuchi vzhe about the order of Sciydnoi Ukrainy. The Great World became a nalilk shilnostі Galichans up to the syspilnoy organizovanosty, but the bow became rooted in the pre-war decade.

Prior to the important legislative acts of the People's Council, to guarantee the new viborges of the rights to the powerful powers, the broad guarantees of the rights of the minorities, including nadannya їм 30% місць у майбутньому parliamentі. Ці кроки зустріли positive reaction of the Eurasian population: having survived the tridium pogrom, vlashtovany the Poles at Lviv після попленлення міста, євреї steel to steal on the corridor of Ukrainians. At zahіdoukraїnskіy armії bulo was installed a tysyachny zagіn, sho izkodavsya viklychno z євреїв. Without the call, it was rooted in a very important land: the whole of private land, while the Poles were pre-emptive, expropriated and rozpodilyalisya mizh malozemelnimi those landless villagers. From the very beginning, the bulo was full of zoo, so ZUNR was to be connected with the state power . 22 січня 1919 р . In Kiev, the act of evil was proclaimed , for a certain ZUNR the autonomy was guaranteed.

Chi is not naybіlsh vrazhayuyuchim organizatorskim досягненням західноукраїнського уряду became Galitsky army . Znovu, however, on the day in which the Ukrainians of Galicia shvidko pogodilsya in the fact that it is necessary neobhidno stoviti strong, efektnnu regular army. Оскільки більшість українців, корі served in the Austrian army, perebuvali on the front of the front did not turn to dodomu, vidchuchalas nedacha u nvcheniyh soldiers. However, zagalna mobilizatsiya gave its results, and until the spring in the army it was 100 pounds. Cholovic, that number of 40 yew. Bogethate. Щоправда, існувала гостастра a problem о офцерських кадрів і спорядження. Socially and economically, the creation of the provinces has been zooming in, those in the Austrian army have been disproportionately short of offices and offices. So, for 1000 of the companies, two Ukrainians fell prey to each other, as many as 27 Poles. Until then, Mayzes All Ukrainians Office Bulls Young Pole Poles Behind the Rank. Tom ZUNR zvernulasya to skіdnih Ukrainians, yak, napriklad, to General Mihail Omelyanovich Pavlenko, that up to a few vincent officers of the colossal tsarist army in order to hunt, put the commander of the members of the General Staff. For the staff, the staff was recruited for the bezrobotniy at that hour of the Austrian and the Ukrainian officers. Aly bolshist office of the warehouses of the Galicians, and, of course, in the hour of chaos and syphilis, they were rooted in a very good liking, that is, to the extent that the villagers, or the recent vichytsy of the clay class. Vіyskove sporyadzhennya Basically picked avstrіyskih warehouses abo Shlyakhov rozzbroєnnya hundred tisyach i nіmetskih that avstrіyskih vіysk kolishnoї okupatsіynoї armії, kotrі streamed through Galicia on dorozі Dodoma.

Польсько-українська війна. Tsey Conflict can be supplemented by three stages. The prototype of the first stage, which ended up in the fierce year of 1919, was in the main in the winter, and in Poland, that Polish nationality Skihdoji Galicini. Швидка й ефективна мобілізація gave zmogu українцям здобути great chiselnu perevagu і змусити поляків защинятися. Prote zavdyaki masterskomu kerіvnitvwu, efektivnіy taktitsi ta zapovzyatostі in the battle of the Poles vidbivali vyaliyi zabavleni vinakhidlivisty attacks of the Ukrainian command. On another stage - the stretch of the birch, the quarter and the grass - the wine has outgrown the essence of the world with Galician Ukrainians, that viaskami vlasne Pols. At the arrival of Scihadnu Galicinu, the peninsula of Central Poland was repelled by a virishalnu kіlkіsnu perevagu. The turning point for the whole period of the fall was the rise of the anti-Ukrainian army of general Josef Huller. Tsim shaping at the French of the Polish Viaspokoloneniyah-i miracle ozbroenim 60-thousand-thousand Viaska commanded the French authorities of the office. The Entente sent the yogo to Poland for the Borotby with the Bilshoviks, the Poles sent the Cossacks against the Ukrainians, and all the people, all the Ukrainians, before them. In Kiev, the Poles spread Ukrainians to Lviv's defense and demolished the Galician army to Zbruch.

Organizations of the 8th cemetery are introduced by the commander of the General - Oleksandr Grekovym - non-countervailing counterparts Ukrainians in the post-war period. Pіd Chortkiv ohm, mobilіzuvavshi ostalnі fіzichnі, materіalnі ta spiritual resources, the Galicians threw themselves at the transfer of Polish forces. Наступ українців трохи не сягнув Львова, але його затримали не стільки підсилені польські війська, скільки marriage боєприпасів. Маючи на кожного бійця від 5 to 10 поэновв, сили Грекова були знову змушені відступити, поклавши циінь наінець насланецнішим day in the thirties of the Galician Army. Up to the middle of the sticking of the Poles, in the middle of nowhere, the whole of Scidna Galychyna, who had squeezed the Zahodnoukrainian army to Zbruch, was covered with Mayge.

At the time of the catastrophe situation the state of kerivnytsia (9 lipsts for the effective administration of President Petrushevich for the one-stage zboyu buv recognition by the dictator) came forward with a proposal to switch to the ruby ​​rate. But the army poured on the fact that the prodovzhuvat zmagannya for the Ukrainian state, come to Scheidnu Ukraina [z'ednatisya Petlyura at Borotby with bilshovikami. 16 stickers of 1919 р. Галицька армія й тисячі цивільних західних українців під обстрілом польської артилерії forwarded through Zbruch near Scihdnu Ukraina. So zbrochina zbroyna borotba for Shchidna Halychyna, scho koshtuvala 15 yew. Вбитих для українців і 10 тис. For Poles.

Diplomatic disability of ZUNR . By the staple of the so-called "tzogogo zbrojnogo konfliktu y naivit pislja yogo zakinchenna zahіdoukraїnskiy ulyad pllak velikі nadії on mіzhnaronne viznannya svoeї spravi. Yogo optimism explained the tim, but the Antanta was well-known for the famous "chotirnaczhet points" of President Wilson, one of which guaranteed the right of peoples to self-esteem. Prote yakshcho polichnichnyi principle Antanti spivvadali z pozitsіami ukraїncіv, then politichnі Інтереси провідного учасника цього союзку - Франції - перекукувалися з польськими планами. Пройняті ідеєю не допускати відродження можетньої Nіmeccini, the Frenchmen were namagalisya zapobіgti ts'omu, having acted on the circuit cordon Nimeccini strong polsku power. І якщо Polscha of the vimagala приєднання Східної Галичини, then so і мало статися.

Hoch skhіdnі that zahіdnі ukraїntsі viryadili on Parizku Myrna konferentsіyu (yak zіbralasya, dwellers nakresliti nova polіtichnu map Єvropi) ob'єdnanu delegatsіyu on praktitsі zahіdnі ukraїntsі in zdіysnennі svoїh tsіley dіyali okremo. Wongs, on the contrary, domagalisya viznannya їхньої державності та допомоги Antanti at negotiations із Poles about vragulyuvannya Conflict. There are few sympathies in the Paris conference. Lyshe Angliyya, in the anchorage of the Polish plan, they did not curse the plundering yak of the bula zainteresovana at the Galician nafti, stretching a non-trivial hour, adhered to the Ukrainians. Alya in disregard of the Lloyd George class by virtue of the piedtrim viparvalasya. Tim hour, zav'yazavshi prekrasnі Contacts іz zahіdnimi powers zavdyaki zusillyam Svoge lіdera Roman Dmovskogo scho virіznyavsya baked natsіonalіzmom (i antiukraїnskimi perekonannyami) Poles, yak could, tried diskredituvati zahіdnih ukraїntsіv.

The Poles persevered, the Ukrainians, the authorities, the government of the country, the "vigadka nimtsiv" and icho voni schilnyi before the trialisovtsy tendencies. Polska propaganda vyyavilasya efektivnoyu, oskilki єvropejtsi mizhe nichogo did not know about Ukraine and Ukraine. Otzhe, not bulo nepospodivanki ts tou, scho 25 .the front of 1919 r. Rada poslіv Entente viznala honored for the right to okupatsіyu Shіdnoї Galicia "dwellers zahistiti tsivіlne population vad.neoezpeki bіlshovitskih gangs" ґіrote Rada did not weather vklyucheynya Shіdnoї of Galicia to the warehouse Polschі. Vaughn allowed the Poles to reign at the edge of the Timachava for the tidings, the stench of shanuvatimut the rights of the populace, and put the yom singing autonomy. The share of Scidna Galicini is small enough to marshal at Maybutny.

I will look at the historical reasons for not finding out the secrets of Ukrainians in their self-possessed values, not being indisposed. In Shіdnіy Galichinі de ukraїntsі virіznyalisya temple organіzovanіstyu th natsіonalnoyu svіdomіstyu problem nasampered small kіlkіsny character: 3.5 million Halytska ukraїntsіv just could not protistoyati Poles SSMSC in shіst razіv perevazhali їh chiselno th boule rozvinenіshimi in gіolіtichnomu i sotsіalno-ekonomіchnomu vіdnoshennі. Rozpochavshi Borotba, galichani- rozrahovuvali on Relief h dvoh Jerel: іz Shіdnoї Ukraine, yak small Nadachi zbroynu th materіalnu pіdtrimku scho zrіvnovazhila b perevagu polyakіv, i od Entente, yak guchno zobov'yazalasya povazhati fun- samoviznachennya th od yakoї stink spodіvalisya, prinaymnі, Viznannya legality of the Ukrainian prague.

It became so, so Zakhid viddav perevagu Polshi, having sacrificed the principles, and the secessionist Ukrainians did not zmogli vberegti power, vzhe not kazuchi about those who could help the Galicians. Tom galitsky Ukrainians, yakі jasarkovo prodemonstruvali zdatnist up to samoupravlinnya, z not zalizhnih vid them reasons not zdomli zdobuti derzhavnosti. Tse is not meant, but the stinks were deadly: їхні зусилля were greeted with an unhealthy kerіvnitsvom, mediocre strategic planning and diplomacy on the Sunset. However, the yakbi does not mean the transference of the Poles, not the sum of money, but Zakhidnoukrajynska The People's Republic of Belarus has its share in the world of the newer nations of the national Powers.