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Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest
Peremoga bіlshovikіv
Arrogant naprikіntsі lіta 1919 p. Druha porazki on Ukraїnі, bіlshoviki exchanged glances his polіtiku. Ukraїntsі in partії on cholі s Yurієm Lapchinskim acted as s GOSTR critic quiet, hto CCB skhilny nehtuvati vlastivoyu Ukraїnі spetsifіkoyu. Pong was brought, scho not mozhna priynyati yak schos preprinted forms Zhittya, kotrі rozvinulisya in Russie for pіvtora Rocky Radyans'ka budіvnitstva. Kerіvnitstvo partії neohoche viznalo scho rekvіzitsії zbіzhzhya viklikali GOSTR vorozhіst selyanstva to bіlshovikіv i scho samі bіlshoviki roughly pomilyalisya, nedootsіnyuyuchi natsіonalіzm have poperednіh ekspeditsіyah on up Ukraine. Vidatnu role in tsіy samokrititsі vіdіgrav i Lenіn, yaky viznav neobhіdnіst energіyno fight zalishkami s, hi i pіdsvіdomimi, velikoruskogo іmperіalіzmu i shovіnіzmu Sered rosіyskih komunіstіv.
Bіlshovitskі vіyska vstupayut in Odesa. Lyuty 1920 r.
Pozitsіya Lenina bula not, however, act vimozі ukraїnskoї Nezalezhnosti - ni in rozumіnnі nezalezhnoї derzhavnostі, yakoї hotіli natsіonalіsti, ni in planі body іzatsіynoї samostіynostі, yakoї pragnulo bagato of Ukrainian bіlshovikіv. Vaughn small to metі Nadachi radyanskіy vladі on Ukraїnі ukrajins'koho zabarvlennya. Tom thoracic utvorennya 21 1919 p. Thirdly ukrajins'koho Radyans'ka Uryadov suprovodzhuvala patrіotichna rhetoric, yak, napriklad "znovu postaє s Dead Vilna i Square Ukraїnska sotsіalіstichna Radyans'ka Republic." Inshyj manіfest progoloshuvav mainly metoyu komunіstіv Ukraine "Zahist Nezalezhnosti st nepodіlnostі Ukraїnskoї sotsіalіstichnoї radyanskoї respublіki". Kіlka of Ukrainian chlenіv partії Bulo priznacheno on visokі (against non klyuchovі) planted in uryadі, partіynі dіyachі otrimali Price not specified when mozhlivostі koristuvatisya ukraїnskoyu movoyu th viyavlyati povagu to Ukraїnskoї culture.
Dwellers zaspokoїti ukraїnske selyanstvo, bіlshoviki pripinili kolektivіzatsіyu, scho on Ukraїnі zustrіchala uniquely bіlshy opіr, nіzh in Russie. Against Prodovzhuyuchi vіdbirati grain bіlshoviki stverdzhuvali Teper scho vono priznachaєtsya for ukraїnskoї radyanskoї armії, not Russie. Bіlshe uwagi zvertalosya taktichnі to come in, SSMSC viklikali napruzhenіst Sered Bhagat, serednіh that bіdnih villagers. Zrozumіvshi beznadіynіst usіh sprob skhiliti on svіy bіk blizko 500 tis. kurkulіv, bіlshoviki uzyalis for serednyakіv, zapevnyayuchi scho Ti otrimayut mozhlivіst zberegti svoї zemlі. Partіya takozh became aktivnіshe vtіlyuvati Stara polіtiku stvorennya komіtetіv Poor Peasants (komnezamіv) іz metoyu neytralіzatsії vplivu kurkulіv on selі.
SOCA OAO All tsі maneuvering residual Peremoga bіlshovitskoї Vladi on Ukraїnі zabezpechilo not scho Lots Other, yak zbroyna force Radyanskoї Russie. Before osenі 1919 p. Chervonіy armії in Bulo. Soldatіv 1.5 million, and the spring of 1920 r.- mayzhe 3.5 million pid komanduvannyam 50 tis. kolishnіh tsarskih ofіtserіv, zmuschenih sluzhiti in bіlshovitskomu vіysku. So rank, if on the cob breast-1919 p. bіlshoviki s usіma svoїmi forces turned up Ukraine, їhnya Peremoga Bula practical zabezpechenoyu. Prote navіt pіslya of yak in listopadі 1920 r. CCB vignany ostannіy soldiers ukraїnskoї that Bіloї armіy, bіlshovikam Bulo slit far to Povny control Ukrainian village. Great Quantity selyanstva, Especially kurkulі scho deprives baked vorogov komunіzmu, prodovzhuvala vpertu, Hoch i neuzgodzhenu partizansku vіynu s bіlshovikami.
Antibіlshovitskі povstantsі ob'єdnanі in Ponad 100 zagonіv, nalіchuvali bіlshe Yak 40 tis. cholovіk. On pіvdnі, spirayuchis on a wide pіdtrimku people, celebrities Makhno trimavsya serpnya right up to 1921 p. On Kiїvschinі great, good ozbroєnimi pens from 1-2 yew. cholovіk komanduvali takі petlyurіvskі otamani, yak Yuriy Tyutyunnik, zv'yazany s Ukrainian emіgratsіynim Uryadov in Polschі. Lachey sent against them Ponad 50 tis. bіytsіv, perevazhno chekіstіv, naprikіntsі 1921 p. bіlshoviki zmogli zlamati Ridge partizanskomu ruhovі. W tsogo hour stench could stverdzhuvati, scho not tіlki zavoyuvali up Ukraine th pіdporyadkuvali її.
Chomu Well at perіod, if rozpalisya іmperії th mayzhe OAO All natsії Shіdnoї Єvropi, vklyuchayuchi th takі nevelikі, pіdvladnі kings of the people, yak fіnni, estontsі, latishі that litovtsі, zavoyuvali nezalezhnіst and 30 mіlyonnim ukraїntsyam not away zrobiti tsogo? Tse power dorechnіshe tim, scho th ukraїntsі struggled to pay for his nezalezhnіst bіlshim number zhittіv, nіzh, melodiously, whether yak іnsha skhіdnoєvropeyska natsіya.
Rozglyadayuchi zagalnі Reason porazki ukraїntsіv, neobhіdno rozrіznyati vnutrіshnі that zovnіshnі chinniki and takozh encampment skhіdnih i zahіdnih ukraїntsіv. Іz point Zora vnutrіshnіh chinnikіv cephalic dilemma ukraїntsіv (i nasampered skhіdnih) polyagala in fact - here in E repeatable Tsey vazhlivy moment - scho stink boule zmushenі pochinati stvorennya powers, slit not finish formuvannya natsії. Vіdstavannya th nerozvinutіst processes natsіonalnogo budіvnitstva boule naslіdkom gnіtu tsaratu th slabkoї sotsіalnoї bazi, scho on neї spiral formuvannya natsії. W usіh sotsіalnih group i klasіv on Ukraїnі naydіyalnіshoyu in natsіonalnomu rusі that zusillyah in budіvnitstvі powers viyavlyala currently іntelіgentsіya. Prote Won skladala deprivation usogo 2-3% of the population, the second tіlki small її Chastina pіdtrimuvala ukraїnsku right. For bagatoh її predstavnikіv, odnakovo tіsno pov'yazanih іz rosіyskoyu that ukraїnskoyu culture, Bulo psihologіchno vazhko rozіrvati zv'yazki s Rosієyu. Tsim i poyasnyuvalisya їhnya nerіshuchіstyu in pitannі about nezalezhnіst i skhilyannya to avtonomії chi federalіzmu. Nareshtі, navіt pid hour revolyutsії that gromadyanskoї vіyni bagato vkraїnskih іntelіgentіv nіyak could not virіshiti, yak meta vazhlivіscha: sotsіalnі zmіni chi natsіonalne vizvolennya. Tom Shіdnіy Ukraїnі in the role of vozhdіv revolyutsіya visunula іdealіstichnih, patrіotichno nastroєnih, ale nedosvіdchenih іntelіgentіv, zmusivshi їh dіyati, Perche Ti nіzh zrozumіli, chogo stink pragnut i yak tsі pragnennya realіzuvati.
Ocholyuyuchu zmagannya for nezalezhnіst, ukraїnska іntelіgentsіya rozrahovuvala on Relief selyanstva. Prote Tsey velichezny zagіn potentsіynih pribіchnikіv not vipravdav її spodіvan. Neosvіcheny scored i polіtichne nezrіly peasants znav, chogo vіn not Hoca, ale s not mіg upevnenіstyu skazati for scho vіn struggling. Villager rozumіv scho vіn trudіvnik, yakogo ekspluatuyut. W CIM i pov'yazanі Pershi uspіhi bіlshovitskoї propaganda. Prote selyaninovі vazhko Bulo osyagnuti skladnіshu іdeyu natsіonalnoї Nezalezhnosti, th deprivation pid kіnets gromadyanskoї vіyni bagato bіlsh-Mensch osvіchenih villagers began to skhilyatisya її bіk. Ale at the moment naykrascha mozhlivіst zavoyuvannya Nezalezhnosti has been viewed vtrachena.
Navіt if selyanits pragnuv pіdtrimati cope Nezalezhnosti, organіzuvati Yogo for takoї pіdtrimki Bulo Nadzvychaina sytuatsia smoothly. On vіdmіnu od smallest in compact group robіtnikіv, zoseredzhenih in kіlkoh naybіlshih mіstah i that are easily accessible for bіlshovikіv, villagers on tisyach boule rozporoshenі sіl. Perekonati їh neobhіdnostі spіvpratsі have become a problem themselves, yak rozv'yazati nedosvіdchenіy іntelіgentsії viyavilosya not pid force. The I Yakscho pіdtrimka of Ukrainian natsіonalіstіv іntelіgentsієyu that selyanstvom Bula power problematic, then vіdsutnіst tsієї pіdtrimki in mіstah (tse stosuєtsya nasampered of Galicia) is small virіshalne values. Not zmozі rozrahovuvati on robіtnikіv, mіsku burzhuazіyu, chinovnitstvo, sluzhbovtsіv, tehnіchny staff Ukrainian armії s great trudnoschami utrimuvalisya in mіstah - Tsikh oseredkah komunіkatsіy, transport th upravlіnnya. So rank, slabkіst sotsіalnoї bazi ukrajins'koho Ruhu pp 1917-1920. He became strategіchnim nedolіkom, scho the right to the results of the great vpliv Borotba.
For vsієyu seryoznіstyu vnutrіshnіh nedolіkіv ukrajins'koho natsіonalnogo Ruhu virіshalnimi in Yogo poraztsі steel zovnіshnі chinniki.-Shcho stosuєtsya zahіdnih ukraїntsіv, kotrі for power natsіonalnogo Ruhu not act іnshim skhіdnoєvropeyskim kraїnam, SSMSC zavoyuvali nezalezhnіst then їhnya porazka poyasnyuvalasya perevazhayuchoyu power polyakіv. On Shіdnіy Well Ukraїnі Way to Nezalezhnosti peretyala bіlshovitska OOO Russian Federation, and not Ukrainian bіlshoviki. Naprikіntsі 1920 r. komanduvach Chervona armії Lev Trotsky vіdkrito viznavav "Radyans'ka Vlad protrimalasya on Ukraїnі still pіr (i protrimalasya not easy) to the main power of Moscow, velikoruskih komunіstіv i Chervona armії".
Svoєyu Peremoga partіya Lenina zavdyachuvala not deprivation bliskuchomu kerіvnitstvu th prekrasnіy organіzatsії and takozh nayavnostі in її rozporyadzhennі velicheznih fіnansovih, admіnіstrativnih, Promyslova i lyudskih resursіv Russie. Bіlshoviki could rozrahovuvati on pіdtrimku rosіyan i rusifіkovanih robіtnikіv mіstah in Ukraine, scho give їm zmogu in virіshalny time mobіlіzuvati pribіchnikіv. Shіdnі ukraїntsі Mali іnshogo baked vorogov - bіlih. Peremogti dwellers such vorogіv, potrebuvalosya bіlshe forces nіzh. could zіbrati natsіonalnі Ruhi, scho narodzhuvalisya.
Voyuyuchi s nabagato mogutnіshimi vorogov, skhіdnі th zahіdnі ukraїntsі not spromoglisya finished off viznannya th Relief peremozhnoї Entente. Until the causes, through the SSMSC Entente (s Won and gotovnіstyu slapped zbroynu th diplomatically Relief antibіlshovitskіy Bіlіy armії that numerical novostvorenim in Shіdnіy Єvropі natsіonalnim Powers) vіdvernulasya od ukraїntsіv, nalezhali: ignorance of encampments in the real Ukraїnі; energіyna th efektivnosti antiukraїnska propaganda polyakіv i bіlih; znosini Tsentralnoї For the second Hetman s nіmtsyami that lіvі ( "bіlshovitskі") tendentsії Direktorії. Nareshtі, vstanovlennyu natsіonalnogo Uryadov great mіroyu zavazhav chaos Shcho panuvav on Ukraїnі in 1917-1921 pp.
Ale of order іz vtratami revolyutsіya th Gromadyanska vіyna brought ukraїntsyam i zdobutki. Natsionalna svіdomіst, ranіshe pritamanna obmezhenіy chastinі іntelіgentsії, wider at OAO All verstvi ukrajins'koho suspіlstva. W one side, peasants, scho prodemonstruvav zdatnіst knocks Uryadov th fight for svoї Interests, zdobuv upevnenіst in Vlasnyi forces i pochuttya samotsіnnostі. And for CIM priyshlo pragnennya of dwellers to yogo MTIE that culture ^ vigіvlyalosya bіlshe povagi th viznannya. W іnshogo side, appeared uryadіv privchala of Ukrainian villagers vvazhati currently ukraїntsyami. Tom for yakihos Vier Rocky processes natsіonalnogo budіvnitstva Zroby velichezny Krok upered. In tsomu rozumіnnі podії pp 1917-1921. boule revolyutsієyu not deprivation sotsіalno-ekonomіchnoyu and second natsіonalnoyu.
Yakscho zmagannya for natsіonalne samoviznachennya zooms spetsifіchnі RISS ukraїnskoї revolyutsії then sotsіalno-ekonomіchnі peretvorennya pov'yazali її Zi vserosіyskoyu revolyutsієyu. On Ukraїnі, yak i have skrіz kolishnіy tsarskіy Russie, znik old way, i Selanne rozpodіlili mіzh themselves digit Chastain konfіskovanih land. Tom Hoch about the Dream nezalezhnіst lishilisya nezdіysnenimi, bagato ukraїntsіv pіdstavi vvazhati mali, scho revolyutsіya not left їh porozhnіmi s hands. All unsold od of chi allowed Radyans'ka Uryadov ukraїntsyam konsolіduvatisya th skoristatisya zdobutkami revolyutsії.
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