Istoria Ukrainy - Subtelny Orest

Rozvitok culture

1920 Ti Rocky boule hour nebachenogo rozvitku, vіdkrittіv i spodіvan in ukraїnskіy kulturі. Dehto navіt nazivaє їh perіodom kulturnoї revolyutsії abo vіdrodzhennyam. Tsey bagatogranny bedrooms tvorchoї energії becoming mozhlivim zavdyaki fact scho zaynyata nasampered zberezhennyam polіtichnoї gegemonії komunіstichna partіya slit not pіdporyadkuvala sobі cultural dіyalnіst. Well Poshirennya ukraїnomovnoї osvіti target ukraїnskіy kulturі TAKE wider pіdґruntya, yakogo have not won in the small Shіdnіy Ukraїnі. Vpershe ukraїnska culture could rozrahovuvati on pіdtrimku s side powers, oskіlki Taqiy vazhlivy mortgage yak mіnіsterstvo culture - kontrolyuvali pristrasnі Ukrainian patrіoti - Grinko, Shumsky that Skrypnyk.

However, bunt poshtovhom to Renaissance boule naslіdki revolyutsії. Hoch for rozvitku culture vіdchutnoyu vtratoyu became emіgratsіya velikoї Chastain staroї іntelіgentsії against the Pleiades appears velikoї novih talantіv s more than kompensuvala її. Deyakі s Tsikh molodih mittsіv boule apolіtichnimi th vіrili in іdeyu "Mistetstvo zadlya Mistetstvo". INSHI nalezhali to stick revolyutsіonerіv, pov'yazanih іz Borotbists that ukraїnskimi komunіstami. Kolya not zbulisya їhnі spodіvannya nezalezhnoї derzhavnostі then bagato hto s are becoming ubachati in rozvitku alternative culture zasіb virazhennya natsіonalnoї samobutnostі Svoge people.

Revolyutsіya takozh spovnila cultural dіyalnіst vіdchuttyam novelty svіdomіstyu zvіlnennya od old svitu that yogo obmezhen. Postavali skladnі nevіdstupnі power about those in Money Does napryamі slіd rozvivatisya ukraїnskіy kulturі on SSMSC vzіrtsі їy nalezhit orієntuvatisya i yakoyu Buti vzagalі. Nathnenі vіdchuttyam vlasnoї mіsії that INCREASING auditorієyu, pismenniki artists th uchenі s zahoplennyam porinuli in stvorennya new cultural vsesvіtu.

Literature. Nіde do not viyavilisya tsі svіzhі nastroї, yak at lіteraturі. Marksistskі pismenniki propaguvali Dumka, zgіdno s yakoyu for zdіysnennya svoїh zavdan revolyutsіya, krіm suspіlno-polіtichnoї Tsarina, guilty syagnuti minutes from Tsarina culture. Tobto "bourgeois" Mistetstvo passed nalezhalo zamіniti novim proletarskim Mistetstvo. Schopravda, stink odrazu dodavali scho "dosyagti mіzhnarodnoї єdnostі proletarske Mistetstvo Mauger deprivation yduchi natsіonalnimi stitches."

Sproba stvoriti proletarsku culture Russie has led to viniknennya lіteraturnoї organіzatsії "Proletkult", scho spirals on Dvi korіnnі Encountered: for au-Perche, proletarsku culture can stvoriti, vіdkinuvshi traditsії zrazki minutes passed; differently from tvorennі tsієї culture povinnі Braty fate masi. Ototozhneny іz culture rosіyskogo Mista, "Proletkult" no MAV great vplivu Sered ukraїntsіv. However, yogo іdeї Zroby sїvoyu the right protsesі viniknennya so on Ukraїnі Rank Masov lіteraturnih organіzatsіy.

In 1922 r. in Harkovі pid kerіvnitstvom Sergіya Pylypenko z'yavilasya Persha s Masov lіteraturnih, organіzatsіy - "plow". Said scho for the weight (and in Ukraїnі tse nasampered meant - for the villagers) requires stvoryuvati Taku lіteraturu, yakoї hochut stink, tsya organіzatsіya zasnuvala trammel pismennitskih gurtkіv, KOTRA nezabarom ohopila 200 pismennikіv i tisyachі pochatkіvtsіv. One іz dіyachіv organіzatsії so Vislova її representations to Mistetstvo "Zavdannya nashogo hour in tsarinі Mistetstvo polyagaє in fact dwellers zniziti Mistetstvo, znyati p'єdestalu yogo s on the ground, zrobiti yogo potrіbnim i zrozumіlim for vsіh". A Year Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny organіzuvav lіteraturnu grupu "Hart", scho takozh pragnula pratsyuvati for stvorennya proletarskoї culture on Ukraїnі. Against members of the "Hart" side іdeї "masovostі" poboyuyuchisya, scho Won prizvede to znizhennya Mystetskyi kriterіїv.

Sort order іz tsimi marksistskimi organіzatsіyami vinikali takozh nevelikі groupies іdeologіchno neutrality abo "neproletarskih" pismennikіv that hudozhnikіv. Sered simvolіstіv nayviznachnіshim CCB Pavlo Ticino. Futuristіv ocholyuvav Mykhaylo Semenko. Maxim rylsk that Mikola grains boule provіdnimi Sered neoklasikіv. Uzagalі tsі pismenniki pogodzhuvalisya s simvolіstom Yurієm Mezhenkom in fact, scho "CREATIVE osobistіst Mauger deprivation tvoriti pіdnyavshis over masoyu, Hoch i zberіgayuchi, SOCA all his nezalezhnіst od neї, pochuttya natsіonalnoї totozhnostі s her." Oskіlki marksistskі that nemarksistskі groupies th organіzatsії drukuvali svoї magazine in yakih vislovlyuvali vlasnі Look th kritikuvali oponentіv then skrіz tochilisya gostrі lіteraturnі diskusії.

Coley in 1925 p. died Blakytny, rozpavsya th "Garth". Ale of railway rock bagato yogo kolishnіh chlenіv (Sered them playwright Mikola Kulіsh sings Ticino th Bajan, prozaїki Petro Panch, Yuriy Yanovsky that Ivan Senchenko) utvorili elіtarnu lіteraturnu company profile "Vaplіte" ( "Vilna akademіya proletarskoї lіteraturi") on cholі s Mikola Hvilovim . Sturbovanі tim, scho prosvіtyansky character "Plough" deprivation pogliblyuє ukrainian provіntsіalіzm, Hvilovy that yogo tovarishі set for Ukrainian pismenstvom vimogu dosyagti lіteraturnoї that hudozhnoї dovershenostі. Pong zaklikaet to orієntatsії on Єvropu minutes on traditsіynі dzherela svіtovoї culture to culture Nezalezhnosti ukraїnskoї od Moscow. Energіynі Hvilovogo has acted in yakih vigoloshuvalisya tsі look, sponukali to shirokoї lіteraturnoї diskusії, yak tochilasya s 1925 and 1927 p.

Opponents' Vaplіte "boule not deprivation that Pylypenko INSHI prihilniki" Plough ". G criticizes "the bourgeois-natsіonalіstichnoї іdeologії" has acted komunіstichne kerіvnitstvo Ukraine. Navіt Stalіn pointing nebezpeku poglyadіv Hvilovogo. For Borotba s poshirennyam natsіonalіstichnih іdey lіteraturі in 1927 at p. Bulo target proradyansku company profile VUSPP (Vseukraїnska spіlka proletarskih pismennikіv) i posilen control komunіstichnoї partії for lіteraturnoyu dіyalnіstyu.

In Tsikh rozpal podіy z'yavlyayutsya lіteraturnі gatunku do the first temple. In Tsei hour roztsvіtayut two vidatnih sings Dobie - Pavlo Ticino th Maxim rylsk. Well Odrazu pіslya vihodu in 1918 p. pershoї zbіrki "Sonyachnі Clarinet" Ticino zdobuv wider viznannya. Prodemonstrovanі him in such the following zbіrkah, yak "Zamіst sonetіv i octaves" (1920 p.) That "Vіter h Ukraine" (1924 p.), Mystetskyi volodіnnya word zdatnіst .vіdtvoriti ritmomelodiku narodnoї pisni, lіrichnі inventory of nature do not deprive sumnіvu in addition scho do the first Ticino Je spravzhnoyu vіhoyu in rozvitku ukraїnskoї poezії. Maxim rylsk syn vidatnogo ukraїnofіla XIX century., CCB have porіvnyannі s Ticino vrazhayuchim contrast. Yogo poezії scho publіkuvalisya in zbіrkah "Pid osіnnіmi dawns" (1918 p.), "Xin dalechіn" (1922 p.), "Trinadtsyata Spring" (1926 p.), Boules strimanimi, fіlosofskimi th gliboko vkorіnenimi in klasichnі traditsії Sunset. Sered bagatoh іnshih poetіv that hour on Especially uwagi zaslugovuyut Mikola grains, Pavlo Filipovic, Mihajlo Dry Khmara, Єvgen Pluzhnik, Volodymyr Saussure, Mikola Bajan i Todos Osmachka.

HEAD topics prozovih tvorіv boule naslіdki revolyutsії that gromadyanskoї vіyni in Helsinki Human zhittі th suspіlstva. The "Sinіh etyudah" (1923 p.), Scho proynyatі thin pochuttyam words simbіozom romantichnostі th rough realіzmu, Mikola Hvilovy ospіvuє revolyutsіyu, in one hour yak at "Osenі" (1924 p.) I "I" (1924 p.) vіn vіdobrazhaє її superechnostі th svoє INCREASING pochuttya rozcharuvannya her. In such happening, yak "In zhitah" (1926 p.), Grigorіy Kosinka scho podіbno to bagatoh svoїh more farmers CCB vihіdtsem іz ubogoї selyanskoї Rodin, Maisternia zmalovuє rіshuchіst villagers have borotbі s chuzhozemtsyami. In romanі "Misto" skeptical-mіstichny Valer'yan P іdmogilny opisuє, yak ukraїnskomu selyaninovі vdaєtsya bezbіdno zhiti in a stranger for Demba mіstі zavdyaki fact scho vіn vіdmovlyaєtsya od maintained upstream Selyanske tsіnnostey. In svoєmu tvorі "Іz notes lackey" (1927 p.) Herr satire Ivan Senchenko vismіyuє bezhrebetnih Lakiza scho їh porodzhuvav Radyans'ka way. In romanі Yurіya Yanovskogo "Vier shablі 's yogo yaskravimi inventory villagers-partisan spirit prostupaє zaporozkih kozakіv. Ale neperevershenim schodo populyarnostі CCB Ostap Cherry, dotepnі gumoreski yakogo read mіlyoni.

Sered dramaturgіv nayvidatnіshoyu postattyu CCB Mikola Kulіsh. Three yogo nayslavetnіshі p'єsi- "Malahіy the People" (1928 p.), "Myna Mazaylo" (1929 p.) I "Pathetic Sonata" (1930 p.) - Viklikali sensatsіyu svoєyu modernіstskoyu Form minutes tragіkomіchnim traktuvannyam novoї radyanskoї dіysnostі, rosіyskogo shovіnіzmu "malorosіyskoї" mentalnostі, anahronіchnogo ukrajins'koho natsіonalіzmu, duhovnoї nezrіlostі komunіstіv-doktrinerіv. Pershi Dvi p'єsi putting in svoєmu slavetnomu teatrі "Berezil" Kurbas. Prote oburenі partіynі officials zaboronili staviti "Pathetic Sonata" on Ukraїnі, hoch її іz zahoplennyam zustrіli glyadachі Lenіngrada th Moscow. In novіy todі Leader - kіnematografі - svіtovoї Slavi alive Oleksandr Dovzhenko. Yogo fіlmi "Zvenigora" (1927 p.), "Arsenal" (1929 p.), "Earth" (1930 p.) Rozpovіdayut about vpliv scho yogo celebrated on up Ukraine revolyutsіya that Radyans'ka Vlad.

Kurbas

Kurbas

Osvita st science. Eksperiment i innovation wider takozh i in osvіtі. Novi put metoyu zbuduvati sotsіalno-ekonomіchny ustrіy, Radyans'ka Uryadov spriyav stvorennyu novih tipіv shkіl i have pіdhodіv vikladannі scho priskorili b RPPOs іz "Bourgeois passed." Radyanskі teachers obstoyuvali neobhіdnіst pov'yazuvati osvіtu s prischeplennyam lyudinі komunіstichnih tsіnnostey that іdeologії. Tom Zgoda at the Skoda Bulo zaprovadzheno Warm up in yakih Especially values ​​smack poєdnannyu pratsі th navchannya, Collective navchannyu th tehnіchnіy osvіtі. Vodnochase to drugoryadnih Bulo vіdneseno klasichnі that gumanіtarnі distsiplіni th tsіlkom zaboroneno vivchennya relіgії bases. Zdobuvali populyarnіst teorії famous educator Anton Makarenko, scho vvazhav otochennye vagomіshim in rozvitku ditini, nіzh spadkovіst.

Hoca tsіnnіst deyakih іz Tsikh eksperimentіv Mauger Buti put pid sumnіv, Ale those scho uryadovі away zrobiti osvіtu dostupnіshoyu, nіzh whether if, Bulo obvious. Navchannya in zagalnіy semirіchnіy shkolі and takozh in profesіyno-tehnіchnih i serednіh uchbovih mortgages Bulo free of charge, and to Demba widely zaohochuvali dіtey villagers i robіtnikіv. Zavdyaki tsomu vzhe mіzh 1923 i 1925 pp. chiselnіst shkolyarіv on Ukraїnі pіdstribnula s 1.4 million to 2.1 million. Vіdpovіdno rіven pismennostі in 1920 Ti Rocky virіs іz 24 to 57%. Prote slit deprives unwritten mіlyoni grown i Ponad 40% dіtey shkіlnogo vіku.

Oleksandr Dovzhenko

Oleksandr Dovzhenko

Great for Change arrogant takozh Vishcha Osvita. Unіversiteti Bulo reorganіzovano in chislennі іnstituti narodnoї osvіti (ІNO) medichnogo, fіzichnogo, tehnіchnogo, agronomіchnogo, pedagogіchnogo profіlyu, SSMSC gotuvali spetsіalіstіv for kerіvnitstva robіtnichoyu power. Hoch for navchannya in bіlshostі Tsikh іnstitutіv treba Bulo platiti, dіtey bіdnih robіtnikіv i villagers have become scho bіlshіst studentіv іnstitutіv, od Pay zvіlnyali. W 30-40 yew. studentіv, kotrі navchalisya іnstitutah in Ukraine naprikіntsі 1920 rokіv, blizko 53% skladali ukraїntsі, 20% - 22% rosіyani i - єvreї. Ukraїntsі perevazhno zoseredzhuvalisya in the Branch agronomії that pedagogіki, ​​rosіyani - in upravlіnnі nd an exact science, and єvreї - in meditsinі th torgіvlі.

1920 Rocky Ti steel perіodom Renaissance science th Especially ukraїnoznavstva, yaky of scale can porіvnyati s lіteraturnim Renaissance. Yak mi vzhe bachili, Ukrainian natsіonalnі Uryadov not zvolіkayuchi, place the zasnovuvali naukovі, chastkovo s look around at vazhlivu role yak protyagom XIX century. vіdіgravali in pіdnesennі ukraїnskoї natsіonalnoї svіdomostі gumanіtarnі science. Pragnuchi prodemonstruvati his progresivnіst, bіlshoviki takozh spriyali rozvitkovі science. In 1919 r. not stink deprivation kooptuvali stvorenu in Kiєvі Uryadov Skoropadskogo Akademіyu Sciences and th navіt ogolosili її svoїm dіtischem. Protyagom kіlkoh the following rokіv Akademіya s її fіlіyami (for vinyatkom unіversitetіv) zbagatilasya novimi doslіdnitskimi oseredkami. Vchenі dіstali vіdnosnu freedom to conduct doslіdzhen, publіkatsії svoїh poglyadіv i pіdtrimannya kontaktіv іz zarubіzhnimi Colleges, Yakscho їhnі іdeї is not vіdkritoї zagrozi Radyans'ka ladovі.

Michael Grushevskogo Sergiy Єfremov

Michael Grushevskogo Sergiy Єfremov

Nezvazhayuchi to those scho bіlshіst vidatnih scientists of Ukraine not to nalezhali bіlshovikіv and deyakі navіt vіdkrito pіdtrimuvali ukrainian natsіonalіzm, Radyans'ka Uryadov MAV no іnshogo Vibor, yak sformuvati s them the nitty gritty Academy. G transition in seredinі 1920 rokіv to polіtiki ukraїnіzatsії Ukrainian komunіsti scho keruvali mіnіsterstvom osvіti, Zroby sprobu perekonati bagatoh provіdnih scientists, SSMSC pid hour gromadyanskoї vіyni viїhali across the border, turn batkіvschinu. Zavdyaki tsomu in 1924 p. Turning to the science of Kyiv patrіarh ukraїnskoї (i polіtichny opponent has komunіstіv) Michael Grushevskogo, yaky becoming a member of the Academy is the novim rozpochav systematically doslіdzhennya ukraїnskoї іstorії. So needless Zroby th bagato іnshih scientists, SSMSC lived behind a cordon chi Zahіdnіy Ukraїnі. Tom vodnochase іz Shvidky zrostannyam prestige Academy won deprives tverdineyu "burzhuaznonatsіonalіstichnih" tendentsіy.

Perche becoming president of the Academy slavetny vcheny Volodymyr Vernadsky. However svoїm rozvitkom Akademіya digit mіroyu zavdyachuvala th nevtomnim zusillyam її vіtse President Sergіya Єfremova i vchenogo Secretary Agatangel Krymska. Until 1924 p. in Academy nalіchuvalosya chlenіv 37 novih i blizko 400 chlenіv-korespondentіv. Quantity її publіkatsіy zrosla of 32 in 1923 p. to 136 in 1929 p. Іz troh її sektsіy - іstoriko-fіlologіchnoї, junction of two physical-matematichnoї that suspіlno-ekonomіchnoї - naydinamіchnіshoyu that nayvazhlivіshoyu Bula Persha sektsіya in yakіy provіdna role nalezhala Grushevskogo. Vaughn skladalasya s desyatkіv chairs komіsіy that komіtetіv, scho Ziman systematically vivchennyam bagatoh aspektіv ukraїnskoї іstorії, lіteraturi that MTIE. Tsya sektsіya vidavala chasopis "Ukraine", scho LUVs spravzhnіm mouthpiece ukraїnoznavchih studіy; krіm of її The members of drukuvali serії іnshih perіodichnih Vidanov i sotnі monografіy. Before vidatnih chlenіv tsієї sektsії, krіm Grushevskogo, nalezhali іstoriki Dmytro Bagalіy, Michael Slabchenko, Oleksandr Ogloblin i Josip Germayze, lіteraturoznavtsі Sergiy Єfremov that Volodymyr Peretz, etnograf Andriy Loboda, mistetstvoznavets Olexiy Novitsky i skhodoznavets Agatangel Krymska.

In suspіlno-ekonomіchnіy sektsії tsіnnu Prace s іstorії ukrajins'koho right writing Mykola Vasilenko; Perche doslіdnikom ekonomіchnoї geografії Ukraine becoming Kostyantin roach. Hoca spochatku junction of two physical-ically mathematical sektsіya not Graglia takoї vazhlivoї rolі, yak became vikonuvati Zgoda, from nіy takozh pratsyuvala low vidatnih scientists іz svіtovimi іmenami. Sered them - Dmitro mathematician Grave, fіzik Mikola krill hіmіki Leo Pisarzhevsky that Volodymyr Kіstyakіvsky. Akademіya bula Hoch i great against not єdinim oseredkom science Ukraїnі. Two її Members - іstoriki Bagalіy that Slabchenko - zasnuvali doslіdnitskі center at Harkovі that Odesі. Well Takі centerand vіdkrito Bulo th at Mensch mіstah, zokrema Polt Bi, Chernіgovі that Dnіpropetrovsku.

On protivagu vplivovі on suspіlnі th gumanіtarnі science bagatoh nemarksistskih Scientists at 1929 p. Radyans'ka Uryadov zasnuvav in Harkovі Іnstitut Marxism. Yogo meta polyagala in pіdgotovtsі fahіvtsіv іz fіlosofії, polіtekonomії іstorії that scho could b vikladati svіy subject іz marksistskoї point that Zora vistupati іdeologіchnimi defencists regime. Provіdnoyu postattyu in Іnstitutі becoming Galician Matvіy Yavorsky, yaky namagavsya in marksistskomu vitlumachiti іstorіyu Ukraine second target school of Ukrainian-іstorikіv marksistіv.