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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Ohanian GA

Penny system. Tipi penny systems

Penny system - tse form organіzatsії trumpery obіgu scho іstorichno sklalas in pevnіy kraїnі i zakrіplena zakonodavchimi acts. Groshovі Sistemi sformuvalisya s been approved, tsentralіzovanih powers.

Ninіshnі groshovі Sistemi vklyuchayut in itself takі osnovnі Elements: Pevnyi penny odinitsyu (її naymenuvannya i tsіn scale); Vidi i Reigning Credit paperovih znakіv rozmіnnoї penny coins, scho toil platіzhnu the laws in force; FORMS th minds bezgotіvkovogo platіzhnogo obіgu; order obmіnu natsіonalnoї groshovoї odinitsі on іnozemnu i valyutnі courses; organic, scho zavіduyut organіzatsієyu obіgu trumpery.

Іstorichno іsnuvali three tipi penny systems - bіmetalіzm, monometalіzm i system of credit pennies. In osnovі groshovoї Sistemi bіmetalіzmu Je threw two - gold i srіblo. However bіmetalіzm viyavivsya nezhittєvoyu system Aje іsnuvannya dvoh made by Mir vartostі superechit sutnostі pennies yak єdinogo zagalnogo ekvіvalenta. Tom drugіy polovinі in the XIX century. in bіlshostі єvropeyskih kraїn i in the United States established a system of gold monometalіzmu.

monometalіzmu gold system at svoєmu rozvitku proyshla kіlka etapіv:

• System obіgu gold coin;

• System nomіnalnih penny znakіv (banknotes) іz zolotozlivkovim abo zolotodevіznim standard;

• System-paperovo credit obіgu, foundation yakoї stanovlyat kreditnі groshі, scho not obmіnyuyutsya gold.

System obіgu gold coin - naydorozhcha, ale s time tim i naystіykіsha penny system. Usі funktsії pennies vikonuyut spravzhnі (Zoloti) groshі in formі coins. For takoї system does not buvaє nestachі abo nadlishku gold pennies, SSMSC vіlno vipadayut s obіgu i vіlno povertayutsya to Demba zavdyaki funktsії nagromadzhennya (utvorennya skarbіv). Gold coin obіg zavzhdi poєdnuєtsya s obіgom banknotes SSMSC vіlno obmіnyuyutsya gold for nomіnalom. Unaslіdok tsogo such penny system Got vіdnosnu stіykіst i zabezpechuє neobhіdnu elastichnіst obіgu trumpery.

Sered reasons scho prizvodyat to demonetizatsії gold (gold penny vtrati funktsіy) i od vіdmovi Sistemi obіgu gold coin, Je great іnertsіynіst takoї System (maloruhomіst, require at chasі for zdіysnennya penny operatsіy). For digit zrostannya obsyagіv suspіlnogo virobnitstva i commodity obіgu became vіdchuvatis nestacha trumpery metals, gold reserves no longer nayavnі zadovolnyati zrostayuchі demand from pennies to obslugovuvannya vnutrіshnogo i zovnіshnogo obіgu trumpery. Before w obіg povnotsіnnih coins uniquely zbіlshuє vitrati obіgu.

On the cob XX century. zmіnu on gold coin penny obіgu priyshla system nomіnalnih penny znakіv (banknotes) s obmezhenim obmіnom natsіonalnih pennies on Zlivko gold (zolotozlivkovy standard) abo on devіzi (zolotodevіzny standard). For the gold-standard zlivkovogo Zoloti coins in obіg not vipuskayutsya, rozmіnyuyutsya banknotes for gold in gold sales rezultatі zlivkіv for fіksovanoyu Reigning tsіnoyu. For zolotodevіznogo standard groshovі vzagalі signs not obmіnyuyutsya gold and fіksovany course natsіonalnoї groshovoї odinitsі pіdtrimuєtsya for Relief kupіvlі-sale іnozemnoї currency (devіz). For oboh systems obіgu vіdsutnі Zoloti coins, all monetary gold to the Central Bank kontsentruєtsya Kraina. Ninі komertsіynі banks vtratili right vipuskati vlasnі banknotes, banknote emіsіyu zdіysnyuє deprivation central (emіsіyny) bank yaky kontrolyuє power.

Zolotodevіzny standard Bulo zaprovadzheno zgіdno s lands mіzh provіdnimi powers svitu, ukladenoyu in 1944 p. y m. The Bretton Woods (USA, Vermont) that Qiu penny system called Bretton Vudskoyu monetary system. Bulo zaprovadzheno zolotodevіzny standard s amerikanskim Dolar yak provіdnoyu currency and takozh tverdі (fіksovanі) rates. Rozval Sistemi zolotodevіznogo standard vіdbuvsya naprikіntsі 60 rokіv and z 1971 r. zaprovadzheno so titles plavayuchy exchange rate. Vіdbuvsya perehіd paperovih until the system (credit) pennies, SSMSC not obmіnyuyutsya gold.

System-paperovo trumpery obіgu Got spetsifіchnі Find our i became novim type groshovoї system. Її harakternі osoblivostі: Basic System stanovlyat kreditnі groshі (notes); Gold viluchaєtsya s vnutrіshnogo i mіzhnarodnogo obіgu, skasovuєtsya ofіtsіyny gold vmіst zabezpechennya groshovoї odinitsі i rozmіn banknotes for gold; zmenshuєtsya obіg nayavnih pennies (gotіvki) i uniquely zrostaє obіg bezgotіvkovih penny koshtіv; vіdbuvaєtsya Povny monopolіzatsіya Key infrastructure pennies powers; zrostaє values ​​sovereign regulyuvannya obіgu trumpery.

In protsesі demonetizatsії gold vono perestaє vikonuvati funktsії mіri vartostі, zasobu obіgu, zasobu payment i svіtovih pennies. Vіdbuvayutsya pevnі peretvorennya funktsії zasobu nagromadzhennya abo utvorennya skarbіv. When tsomu vtrachaєtsya phone reception groshovoї masi іz gold stocks Kraina. Not vistupayuchi penny goods from mіnovomu protsesі i do not obmіnyuyuchis bіlshe on banknotes vtrativshi direct phone reception іz penny signs, gold perestaє vikonuvati funktsіyu mіri vartostі navіt іdealno. Tsya zakrіplyuєtsya role of credit groshima through them zdіysnyuyutsya rozrahunki s kіntsevim spozhivachem, kupіvlya zasobіv pratsі i sirovini, payment pratsі toscho.

Otzhe, kreditnі groshі, vikonuyuchi funktsії povnotsіnnih pennies penny roblyat obіg Square od gold. Gold perestaє Buti zagalnim ekvіvalentom for vsіh tovarіv, yogo perestayut vikoristovuvati at vnutrіshnіh i zovnіshnіh rozrahunkah. Role zagalnogo ekvіvalenta dedalі bіlshe zakrіplyuєtsya for credit groshima. Ale at tsomu evolyutsіya groshovoї system does not zakіnchuєtsya. Ninі vіdbuvaєtsya perehіd to the system "Elektron" pennies, if gotіvka vіdіgraє maloznachnu role.