home History Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 1

Istoria Ukrainy - Polonska Vasilenko Natalіya: Volume 1

CULTURE TA Osvita

a) Shkіlnitstvo

Not only about the camp vіdomo shkіlnitstva in litovsko-polskіy dobі. Bezperechno in the Monastery, the churches іsnuvali school as usual, in the schools can be maintained upstream Bulo not deprivation navchitisya Chitat that pisati, ale th Nabutov deyakі vіdomostі s teologії, lіteraturi, gretskoї MTIE. In the XVI century. takі schools at churches that became zagalnoposhireniyi Monastery. In 1550 rotsі zgaduєtsya school at Krasnostavskіy tserkvі. In 1596 rotsі Princess Olena Chartoriyska-Ermine zorganіzuvala school zasnovanomu her Peresopnitskomu manastirі. In Pochaїv-skomu manastirі zbuduvala Gunn Goyska school in Zagaєtskomu -.. I Raїna Yarmolinska etc. In Tsikh schools dіti vivchali alphabet, prayers, read the Book of Hours, the Psalms, Krashchi uchnі - "Apostle". F. Skorina in peredmovі to Bіblії wrote Psalm scho LUVs shkіlnim pіdruchnikom. Letters vchili staroustavnogo and pіznіshe cursive, scho viroblyaєtsya s XV century. i s of the XVI century. uzhivaєtsya in acts that pismі Uriadovy dіlovodstvі; vchili takozh rahunki. Navchitelyami in church schools that manastirskih boule dyaki. In 1562 r. Chodkiewicz, funduyuchi Zabludіvsku church, half sumi priznachaє on utrimannya dyaka- "ustavnika" yakogo zobov'yazuє "nautsі dіtey on hold." So needless th Prince K. Ostroh, funduyuchi "ustavnika" -dyaka in Ostrozі, pokladaє on Demba obov'yazok "Schools hold." In svoєmu zapovіtі V. Zagorovsky, Castellan Volins'ka, zgaduє "dyaka good", yak teacher. In 1581 r. pastor. Oderbron wrote scho in Ukraїnі at vsіh churches boule school. In the church fundatsіyah not zgaduyut about school, and about deprivation zbіlshenu dotatsіyu for dyaka.

Krіm viznachenih at the church fundatsіyah dotatsіy, dyaki for Old zvichayami oderzhuvali od batkіv at skіnchennі їhnіmi dіtmi Psalms abo grammar, gornets kashі abo grіshmi hryvnia. Dyakom nazivali vchitelya- "ustavnika", "bakalyara" abo "didaskala" Young Person of zdebіlshogo, yak Dali could become a priest. Deac mіg dopomagati at Bogosluzhbі, Ale Tse Bulo not bunt yogo zavdannyam. Deac often writing in LUVs єdinoyu selі Lyudin to yakoї zvertalisya by Porada. Otzhe, mіzh him i dyakom XIX stolіttya great rіznitsya. Maєmo tsіkavі butt pobutovogo character SSMSC painted in the camp navchannya Hu HUІ centuries. Characteristic in tsomu vіdnoshennі Testament zgadanogo vische Vasil Zagorovskogo. Roku 1576 vіn CCB uzyaty Tatars in full, de p th died. 1577 Bo not MAV mozhli dati-bility for yourself 500 gold chervіntsіv redemption rights. W Polonia passing Zagorovsky zapovіt svіy dyadinі scho yogo vihovuvala sinіv: if boys spovnilosya 7 rokіv, zaprositi "dyaka good vchenogo th tsnotlivogo teaches їh in moїm domі abo in tserkvі St. Іllі in Volodimirі ruckoї science pismі svyatіm ... Koli stink dіydut to dobroї science svoїm Yazikov ruskіm ... zgoditi їm bakalyara statechnogo ... uchiv yaky bi їh science latinskogo letter "home. And if navchitsya good - "dati to Vilna, to єzuїta, bo there praising good science dіtyam" ... Pinsky nobleman Єvlashevsky opisuvav, yak vіn uprodovzh p'yati rokіv "addin g Ruska by science."

Yak has zgaduvano, Ukraine, joined the warehouse Litovskoї powers, uniquely perevischuvala Lithuania that Bіlorus svoєyu culture. Ruska, togochasna ukraїnska mova, zapanuvala to establish ukraїntsі, stayuchi uryadovtsyami injected into zagalny uzhitok ukraїnske right zvichaї, MOV. Orthodox Vira vitіsnyala litovske poganstvo. Sze in 1347 p. Great King Kazіmіr having seen CCB "Ruska movoyu" Vislitsky Statute. Queen Yadvіґa (1371-1399) loved Chitat slov'yansku Bіblіyu that Scripture St. Ottsіv. Kazіmіr IV Yagay-Lovich (1492) bіlshe vmіv in Ruska, nіzh in polski. Polsky teachings S. Bandke wrote in 1415 roku "Usі Jagiellonian right up Sіgіzmunda-Avґusta in Litvі wrote in Ruska, privіleї th nadannya i gave navіt hour maintained upstream, nіzh in polski, vmіli". In bіblіotetsі Sіgіzmunda 1 peredostannogo Yagellonchinka, Bulo 33 books Ruska movoyu i deprivation alone - polskoyu ". Protestants zasnovuvali in Polschі i Litvі in school, yakih to hunt yshli ukraїntsі; Tse boule nasampered gіmnazіya that akademіya in Rakovі. In Ukraїnі boule protestantskі schools in Dubnі, Khmelnik that іnshih mіstah. In borotbі for pіdnesennya Katolitskoї Church єzuїti took the butt at protestantіv, i Polscha that Lithuania vkrilisya trammel єzuїtskih shkіl - kolegіy s kinder teachers, s Bursa for uchnіv. There Bulo zrazkovo navchannya it delivered, and once i vihovannya in katolitskomu dusі. Ukraїntsі, SSMSC not mali rіvnotsіnnoї school, hunt vіddavali svoїh dіtey to Tsikh shkіl de postupovo perevihovuvali їh on katolikіv. Navchannya Provadia the old, in zvichaynoyu Zahіdnіy Evropі, scholastic system. Course podіlyavsya on Dvi groupies "trivіyum" i "kvadrivіyum" (іnfіma, Grammar, Syntax :, Poética, rhetoric was, she dіyatektika fіlosofіya). Movoyu navchannya Bula latinska. At that protestantskih katolitskih schools navchali takozh іstorії, geografії, kosmografії, prirodoznavstva. Ale Tse Bulo all chuzhe 1 vіdrivalo uchnya od rіdnoї culture. For Borotba s strange vplivami ukraїntsі Pocha zasnovuvati svoї school, SSMSC not nostupalisya before protestantskimi that katolitskimi. .Velicheznu Rolyu vіdіgrala in tsomu vіdnoshennі dіyalnіst Prince Kostyantin Ostrozky scho nasnuvav bagato shkіl on rіznih mіstah Volinі, head metoyu Tsikh shkіl Bulo pіdgotovlyati clergy zdatne s uspіhom lead Borotba s katolitskim clergy i paralіzuvati їh vpliv on juveniles.

In 1570 their Rokach was slain in Ostroh Prince Ostrozі, svoїy rezidentsії, Perche in Ukraїnі temple school vіdomu pid titles Ostrozkoї Academy. Istoria tsієї Academy taka. Prince K. Ostroh, zahopleny іdeєyu Defense pravoslavnoї vіri, virіshiv vidati Povny text Bіblії, yakogo todі not MAV Greedy s Orthodox narodіv, in that hour, yak in the text latinsky її poklikat pid hour polemіki that Catholics Protestants. Pravoslavnі koristalisya handwritten zoshitami okremih Chastain Bіblії in yakih Bulo Cheema pomilok. Otzhe treba Bulo nasampered mother vіrny text Bіblії. The basis of the text very hard pratsі 70 "tolkovnikіv" - gretsky pereklad instead gebreysky origіnal at that porіvnyuvano yogo s іnshimi slov'yanskimi that latinskimi texts In 1581 rotsі Bіblіya vipіііla in Svit Zvichayno, won small nedolіki, SSMSC poyasnyuyutsya zagalnim pitched osvіti XVI Art., nemozhlivіstyu zіbrati bіlshe materіyalіv toscho. Ale Tse bula in tsіlomu vidatna Podiya in іstorії ukraїnskoї culture. Roku 1751 Bula won znovu pereі-lyanena th vipravlena in Peterburzі ukraїntsyami, professor Academy, i pid titles "Єlisavetinskoї" to our chasіv zalishalasya zagalnoviznanoyu th ustalenoyu. Organіzatsіya tsієї velicheznoї pratsі the texts Bіblії vimagala visokoosvіchenih scientists, yakih Prince K. Ostroh styagav s rіznih land. 1583 rock requesting vіn dad vislati to Demba vchenih grekіv; Suka їh i in Gretsії. Nareshtі skupchiv vіn in Ostrozі digit grupu vchenih i virіshiv zasnuvati vischu school.

In Ostrozkіy Academy perevazhno vchili slov'yano-ruskoї, gretskoї that latinskoї atoms, i to nazivali її slit "triyazichnim lіtseєm" On cholі Academy stood Gerasim Smotritsky, gentleman s Podillja Sered profesorіv i Greeks - Kyrylo Lukarіs Dyunіsіy Palaeologus; ієromonah s Gaff Kiprіyan scho vchivsya in Padua that Venetsії; mathematician, astronomer Jan Lyatos that, Pole, scho ranіshe buї professor Krakіvskogo unіversitetu; ostrozkі a priest - Dem'yan Nalivayko brother Kozatska Vatajko editor that Perekladach kіlkoh zbіrok; Vasil - the author of the treatise "On єdinoy vіrі". Bulі th svіtskі people "klіrik Ostroh" - author vіdpovіdі Potієvі reel, Christopher Fіlalet (Vronsky); pіznіshe - Maxim-Meletіy Smotritsky that INSHI. Sered gurtka tsogo boule people rіznyu svіtoglyadіv: boule th pereynyatі protestantskimi look, yak Fі Dalet; Catholics, yak Lyatos; i pravoslavnі. W Ostrozkoї Academy viyshlo Cheema vidatnih people; Meletіі Smotritsky syn rector maybutnіy Hetman Sagaidachniy that INSHI. For butt Ostrozkoї Academy Vlad Volodimirsky hotіv 1588 rock zasnuvati school Volodimirі. Pіslya death K. Ostrozky Prince in 1608 p. Akademіya zanepalis and s transition to Jail unuki old prince - Annie Aloїzi Chodkiewicz, revnoї Catholic on її mіstsі zasnovano єzuїtsku kolegіyu. Ostroh Akademіya bula cultural pam'yatkoyu Yedike s of Ukrainian magnatіv. Provіd in cultural zhittі committed itself mіschani. Vische vzhe bula mova about dіyalnіst church fellowship.

W 1586 roku Lvivske brotherhood zreorganіzuvalo his school put її ruler of the Greek Bishop Єlasonskogo Arsenіd Slov'yanskі science vikladav here Stefan dolls (for pribranim іmenem - Zizanіy Tustanovsky). Vihovannya little ecclesiastical character; vikladali slov'yansku that gretsku MTIE and takozh "vіlnі science": "trivіyum" that "kvadrivіyum". In 1588 rotsі, pіslya viїzdu Arsenіya to Moscow, once s patrіyarhom Єremієyu, professor gretskoZ MTIE becoming Kyrylo Trankvіlyun- Stavrovetsky, vidatny theologian (pіznіshe pereyshov on unіyu); visunuvsya on vidatne Location Ivan Boretsky, maybutnіy Metropolitan Yaw. Students vistupali s Promova, deklyamatsіyami, i in 1591 rotsі Mihaїl Metropolitan Rogoza allowed senior uchnyam propovіduvati in churches. Lviv bratska school small school zamіniti єzuїtskі zrazkovoyu staging Spravi vihovannya. Onslaught very hard to tserkovnі science krіm of school small dati Rank atoms. Zberіgsya "Procedure for schools," zgіdno s Yakima teacher, abo "didaskal" musіv Buti "pobozhny, modest, not gnіvlivy not sramoslov not charodіy not smіhun not Bayqara not prihilnik єresі and pіdmoga piety, scho yavlyaє him the image of the good in usomu ". Vihovuvati dіtey vіn guilty so dwellers "not zalishivsya Wienen ni for one God Vsederzhitelevі, i potіm їh dad, i Yomou himself." For vchitelya OAO All uchnі Buti Somalia rіvnі, dіti Bhagat i "orphans vbogі" i Ti, scho "on vulitsі Circulate prosieves tarry." Tsey ledge svіdchit, s yakimi Dumka zasnovuvali school vivs'ki mіschani XVI century., Yak stink Visoko pіdnosili savdannya vchitelya.

Dwellers oboroniti slov'yansku movu od zakidіv in nezdatnosti n for Naukova vikladіv, have you seen three pіdruchniki - one Ostrozkoї Academy, others - Lavrentіya Zizanіya i tretіy - Meletіya Smotritskogo (1619 p.), Yakogo get used to the XVIII century. Pid wire Arsenіya way pіdruchnik gretskoї MTIE, vivchali yak Duzhe good. Vivchali takozh dіyalektiku, retorkku, fіlosofіyu, create avtorіv antiquity: Aristotle, Ovіdіya, Lyukіyana that іnshih. Uchnі Mali deyakі knowledge of mathematics, astronomії, Musicians. Mehta School Bula pіdgotovlyati vchitelіv, svyaschenikіv. School Lvivske Uspenskogo fraternity zrazkom served for a number іnshih shkіl in Galichі, Rogatinі, striae, Mikolaєvі, Komarnі, Peremishlі, Yaroslavі, Holmі, Volodavі, Volodimirі, Lutsk, Dubnі, Pinsku, Mezhibozhі. Naybіlshogo rozvitku dosyagaє shkіlnitstvo on perelomі XVI is the XVII century. Bratskі didaskali, spudeї (Student) i seminarians (uchnі nizhchih klyas) gave basis, natsіonalno- svіdome, vihovane not atmosferі Borotba pokolіnnya. Vihovantsі bratskih shkіl, shukayuchi zarobіtku, mandruvali on villages mіstah, roznosyachi Znannya i died out Borotba proti katolitskogo come. "Їh vplivi mozhna bachiti in zavzyatіy natsіonalnіy borotbі scho ohopila Mista in Selyanske insurrection i Signet kozachchini. Epoch was coming natsіonalnogo Renaissance "- Pichet I. Holmsky. Ukraїnska juveniles not obmezhuvalas mіstsevimi schools. Bagato shlyahetskih dіtey їzdilo to chuzhozemnih unіversitetіv - to Krakow, Prague, Paduї, Vіttenberґu, Halle Paris. Vstanovlyuvavsya that cultural mіtsnіshav phone reception h Ukraine Sunset.

Pochasti pid vplivom reformatsії in Litovsko-Ruska Knyazіvstvі and incremental perekladi St. Letters Ruska-ukraїnskoyu movoyu. Perche vidatnim yavischem boule perekladi Frantsіska Skoriny polotskogo mіschanina, vihovantsya Krakіvskogo and potіm Paduanskogo unіversitetu de vіn dіstav stupіn doctor. Pershi yogo perekladi boule nadrukovanі Prazі in 1517 roku, and potіm Skorina perenіs vidavnitstvo to Vіlni. Vіn pereklav Bіblіyu, zaznachivshi in peredmovі scho robit Tse "lyudіm Commonwealth for good nauchenіy" in іnshomu mіstsі - "in svoєmu prirodzhenomu Yazikov". On deyakih Druk zaznacheno scho vidano їh loser vіdenskogo burmіstra Babic, rayts: Vіdenskogo Onkovicha that іn. Nayvidatnіsha pam'yatka perekladnoї lіteraturi -tse tons. Guestrooms. Pe-resopnitska Єvangelіya scho її pereklav s bolgarskoї MTIE in 1556-1561 Rokach Michael Vasylovych syn syanotskogo archpriest, Costa knyaginі Zaslavskoї - "for lіpshogo virozumlіnnya Ludu hristyanskogo Commonwealth." Її mova zblizhena to narodnoї i daє kombіnatsіyu elementіv slov'yanskih s ukraїnskimi, Peresopnitske Єvangelіya not bula єdinoyu sproboyu perekladu to "Ruska movu"; їh Bulo in the XVI century is the XVII century. kіlka. On Peresopnitskіy Єvangelії not pomіchaєtsya vplivіv Protestantism so yak on Bіblії Skaryna, chi on vidannі "On opravdanії grіshnogo cholovіka" Seeds Budny (1562 roku), scho LUVs kalvіnіstom and potіm unіtaristom. In 1563 rotsі Weekday s EYAD sotsіnіyans-Kimi pastors - Kavechinskim i Krishkovskim - nadrukuvali in Nesvіzhskіy drukarnі "Katehіzis". Tse bula Persha i єdina sproba shiriti іdeologіyu kalvіnіstіv "Ruska" movoyu. In 1570-1580, their Rokach nadrukuvav (not all) Єvangelіyu "Ruska movoyu" unіtarist-bіlorus Vasil Tyapinsky, polotsky nobleman. In 1581 rotsі pereklav Єvangelіyu Valentin Negalevsky, ale Druk її not seen. Otse - golovnі - perekladi St. Letters to Hu-Ruska movoyu HUІ Art.

Vpliv gumanіzmu vіdbivsya on zbіlshennі іnteresu to prirodnichih sciences, mathematics, astronomії. Shirilisya fіlosofskі create, headache rank antique fіlosofіv. Hoch i do not bezposeredno, MAV vpliv on rozvitok dumok Maxim the Greek, at scho zaginuv Moskvі. Yogo Listi poshiryuvav Prince Andriy Kurbsky, scho vtіk od Іvana IV Lyuty on Volyn. Perebuvayuchi in Milyanovich on Kovelschinі, Kurbsky perekladav do the first gretskih avtorіv, wrote a treatise fіlosofsky. Vihovanogo in dusі tserkovnoї "literacy" Yogo encampment at once Pravoslavnoї Church prinalezhnoї Contrary polsko-katolitskoї culture, yak Kurbsky nazivav "polskoyu barbarієyu". Vіn becoming energіynim zahisnikom Pravoslavnoї Church vіv kolosalnoe listuvannya s predstavnikami rіznih kіl susіgіlnosti - od knyazіv Ostroh to vivs'ki mіschan Sіdlyarіv, obmіnyuyuchis s lіteraturnimi them, the church is the Naukova noviny. Je natyaki scho have Demba in maєtku boule school that Drukarnya. On bіlorusko-ukraїnskomu pogranichchі dvir Prince Yurіya Slutskogo, naschadka Kiїvskogo Prince 0lelnika, CCB podіbnim cultural oseredkom. Mozhlivo, scho boule takozh Slutskogo at school i Drukarnya. Vazhlivі peresilali do the first one alone; read "vsіm cathedral." Naukovі lіteraturnі Interests ob'єdnuvali magnatіv s mіschanami. About character zatsіkavlevosti deyakoyu mіroyu svіdchat Book Cabinets. In Supraslskomu manastirі Metropolitan Joseph Soltan zіbrav bіblіoteku s katalіzovanih 215 titles; there Bulo bagato bogoslovskih books zbіrniki moral zmіstu, іstorichnі opovіdannya, prirodnicho-geografіchnі toscho inventory. Such bіblіotek Bulo Cheema.