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Polіtichna ekonomіya - Ohanian GA

Teorії zaynyatostі

In ekonomіchnіy nautsі іsnuyut takі teorії zaynyatostі: klasichna, keynsіanska, neoklasichna, monetaristska, іnstitutsіonalіstska, marksistska.

Klasichna teorіya zaynyatostі XIX century. pov'yazana s іmenami Rіkardo D., J. V. Mіllya that Pettі. Її authoritarian vvazhali scho rinok Got OAO All mozhlivostі for efektivnoї kooperatsії usіh protsesіv, pov'yazanih іz zaynyatіstyu, zabezpechennyam Povny vikoristannya resursіv pratsі, yakimi volodіє suspіlstvo. Power is not to blame in vtruchatis processes scho vіdbuvayutsya, oskіlki in rinkovih minds ob'єktivnі Zakoni upravlyayutsya ekonomіchnimi yavischami in suspіlstvі. Yakscho in the XIX century. ekonomіka kraїn rozvivalasya shvidshe dovіlno, rather than for specific Modell, then suchasnі processes ekonomіchnogo rozvitku sformuvali pevnі vimogi to strategіy rozvitku kraїn in XX-XXI Art.

For teorієyu J. Keynes, rinok pratsі harakterizuєtsya postіynoyu rіvnovagoyu. Basic Controls zaynyatostі Je power, yak vplivaє on sukupny popit for goods i is the Hotel on the Pratzen. Cena Je pratsі not control market analysis, and the result spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh popitom i propozitsієyu. J. Poslіdovniki. Keynes poyasnyuyut bezrobіttya skorochennyam sukupnogo popitu.

On vіdmіnu od keynsіantsіv predstavniki neoklasichnoї teorії (A. Marshall, A. Pіgu, J.. Perі, R. Hall that іn.) Vvazhali scho rinok pratsі dіє on osnovі tsіnovoї rіvnovagi, tobto regulator Rinku Je Rate robochoї Sealy (zarobіtna fee) yak i regulyuє popit propozitsіyu robochoї Seeley. Yakscho popit perevischuє propozitsіyu, pratsіvniki proponuyut svoї Hotel for dedalі bіlshі rates zarobіtnoї pay, i robotodavtsі zmushenі platiti zarobіtnu fee for vischu rinkovu. In Taqiy sposіb ustanovlyuєtsya rіvnovaga, pіdvischuєtsya zaynyatіst population.

Monetarism (Frіdmen M., F. Maklup, L. Robbіns that іn.) Ґruntuєtsya neobhіdnostі on "natural" rіvnya bezrobіttya, zhorstkoї structuring tsіn on robochem force. Predstavniki tsієї kontseptsії vvazhayut scho dosyagnennya rinkovoї stabіlnostі i rіvnovagi mozhlive in the minds vіlnoї konkurentsії on Rinku s gnuchkimi tsіnami i zarobіtnoyu dress without vtruchannya powers i profspіlok. Urіvnovazhennyu market analysis on їh Dumka, Mauger spriyati vikoristannya mehanіzmu penny-kreditnoї polіtiki (oblіkova rate of the central bank, rozmіri obov'yazkovih rezervіv komertsіynih bankіv rahunkah on the central bank).

Іnstitutsіonalіstska teorіya poyasnyuє character zaynyatostі Especially dinamіki okremih Galuzo i profesіyno-demografіchnih group. Especially uwagi pridіlyaєtsya not makroekonomіchnomu analіzovі pratsі market analysis and analіzu profesіynih structures i galuzevih vіdmіnnostey strukturі robochoї in Sealy, rіvnyah zarobіtnoї pay.

Marksistska teorіya nagoloshuє scho zaynyatіst population viznachaєtsya zagalnimi rinkovimi zakonomіrnostyami. Zgіdno s tsієyu teorієyu, goods "robochem force" in protsesі pratsі stvoryuє vartіst and vartіst usіh іnshih resursіv deprivation transferred to Novo vartіst Prace. Okrіm of robochem force yak goods vplivaє on spіvvіdnoshennya popitu i Offers that its rinkovu tsіnu.

Cutaneous s teorіy zaynyatostі Got svoї pozitivnі, negativnі abo diskusіynі moment s yakimi mozhna pogodzhuvatis ni abo.

Povny zaynyatіst

Pid Povny zaynyatіstyu J. Keynes rozumіv Taku zaynyatіst at yakіy popit on Praca dorіvnyuє yogo Offers, tobto tse not 100 vіdsotkova zaynyatіst. Vіn vvazhav, scho if zaynyatіst perevischuє Taqiy Normal rіven then vinikaє іnflyatsіya. On Dumka M. Frіdmena, 100 vіdsotkova zaynyatіst nemozhliva, oskіlki structural i friktsіyne bezrobіttya neminuchі. Pong stanovlyat natural rіven bezrobіttya, yaky in whether yakіy kraїnі becoming 4-7%. Otzhe, Povny zaynyatіst - tse taka Quantity zaynyatih, s yakoї virahuvano chiselnіst nepratsyuyuchih through structural she friktsіyne bezrobіttya. Natural rіven bezrobіttya naprikіntsі 80 rokіv in kraїnah Zahіdnoї Єvropi becomes 7%. Yakscho bezrobіttya perevischuє Tsey rіven, it seems about nepovnu zaynyatіst i about those scho Ekonomichna system daє pereboї.

Povny zaynyatіst - tse not deprivation dіyalnіst protyagom Povny robochem day (tizhnya, season), yak bring dohіd scho vlashtovuє Lyudin and second mill Economy for yakogo Quantity vakansіy vіdpovіdaє chiselnostі bezrobіtnih abo perevischuє Yogo (tobto Taqiy camp for yakogo Absent nezaynyatih, SSMSC bazhayut pratsyuvati). In razі povnoї zaynyatostі rіven bezrobіttya dorіvnyuє sumі structural i friktsіynogo bezrobіttya. Taqiy rіven povnoї zaynyatostі nazivaєtsya natural bezrobіttyam. For rinkovoї Economy tse not rіven zaluchennya pratsezdatnogo population to suspіlnogo virobnitstva and principle scho gromadyan vsіh vіdobrazhaє right to Prace th osvіtu, pіdkrіplene zobov'yazannyam powers to svoїmi gromadyanami zabezpechuvati vsіh bazhayuchih Prace.

A. Ouken sformulyuvav law vіdpovіdno to yakogo mіzh rіvnem bezrobіttya i obsyagom real gross product vnutrіshnogo іsnuє Auburn zalezhnіst: znizhennya bezrobіttya one point vіdsotkovy schodo yogo natural rіvnya daє dodatkovy prirіst priblizno real GDP by 2-2.5% i navpaki. Number 2 ABO 2.5 wear titles koefіtsієnta Okun. Okun's Law pokazuє vzaєmozv'yazok vikoristannya labor potentsіalu Kraina i vіddachі zaluchenih resursіv (efektivnostі virobnitstva).

The Labour potentsіal - tse mozhlivіst Kraina zaluchiti to trudovoї dіyalnostі pratsezdatne population for virobnitstva tovarіv i nadannya rіznomanіtnih poslug. Kіlkіsno vіn skladaєtsya іz zaynyatih i bezrobіtnih, SSMSC on Pevnyi currently not toil robot ale bazhayut її will win. Efektivnіst virobnitstva - tse dotsіlne vikoristannya vsіh virobnichih resursіv, yakіsna characteristic gospodaryuvannya on vsіh rіvnyah upravlіnnya. Kohli just past about efektivnіst virobnitstva then maєtsya on uvazі stupіn vikoristannya virobnichogo potentsіalu, tobto spіvvіdnoshennya mіzh vitratami i results. The I scho bіlshy RPPOs mіzh otrimanimi results that vitratami on їh otrimannya then efektivnіshe pratsyuє ekonomіka Kraina abo sub'єkt rinkovih vіdnosin.